Emperor Tongzhi

Aixinjueluo Zaichun

Aixinjueluo Zaichun

(April 27, 1856 - January 12, 1875), i.e

Mu Zong of Qing Dynasty

The tenth emperor of the Qing Dynasty, the eighth emperor after Beijing was established as the capital of the Qing Dynasty“

Tongzhi

”。 He was the eldest son of emperor Xianfeng of Wenzong of Qing Dynasty, and his mother was yehenala, the empress of xiaoqinxian. He was in office for 13 years from 1861 to 1875. Emperor Tongzhi was born on March 23, 1856 in the Forbidden City of Beijing. Xianfeng ascended the throne in 1861. During the reign of Tongzhi emperor, the Qing government relied on Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo Zongtang and other important officials to suppress the Taiping rebellion.

In 1865, the Nian Army was ambushed by the Manchu and Mongolian cavalry (eight banners) of Seng greenqin and annihilated completely. Zuo Zongtang and Li Hongzhang, the Westernization faction, destroyed the western and Eastern twists respectively. The rebellion of the Nian Army lasted until 1868. During his reign, the Qing Dynasty successively pacified the changes in Shaanxi and Gansu, and set up a new foreign policy. In the late Qing Dynasty, there was a period of political stability, known as "Tongzhi Zhongxing". Tongzhi 12 years (1873) Tongzhi emperor personally, Tongzhi 13 years (1874) December 5 (Gregorian calendar January 12, 1875) collapsed in Beijing Forbidden City Yangxin hall, 19 years old. Temple name

Mu Zong

. His posthumous title is "following heaven to carry on fortune" and "being protected by Zhongju Zhengbao and Dading Gongsheng Zhicheng Xiaoxin Mingmin gongkuan Mingsu"

Emperor Yi

It was buried in Huiling, the eastern Tomb of Qing Dynasty in Zunhua, Hebei Province.

Life of the characters

Chong Ling ascends the throne

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In the sixth year of Xianfeng (1856), Zaichun was born on March 23 of the lunar calendar (April 27 of the Gregorian calendar). In the eighth year of Xianfeng (1858), Zaichun's younger brother, Prince min, died early. Since then, Zaichun has always been the only surviving son of emperor Xianfeng and the son of Empress Dowager Cixi. In 1861, Zai Chun began to go to school and was taught by Li Hongzao. In July, Emperor Xianfeng was critically ill. He summoned the Minister of household affairs SUSHUN, Prince Yi Zaiyuan, Prince Zheng Duanhua, assistant bachelor and military aircraft ministers Mu Yin, Kuangyuan, Du Han and Jiao Youying to write Zhuyu on his behalf. He made Zaichun the crown prince and ordered the above ministers to assist in government affairs. After emperor Xianfeng died, 6-year-old Zaichun ascended the throne and decided his year“

Qixiang

”His mother, Niu Hulu, and his mother, ye henala, were honored as empress dowagers.

After Xianfeng's death, Empress Dowager Cixi colluded with Yixin to launch a coup in Beijing. At that time, the imperial court was mainly divided into three political forces: the first was the minister's power, the second was the emperor's power, and the third was the empress's power. The core of the three political forces is Zaichun. Which political force can combine with the empress forces will increase the possibility of victory. Empress Dowager Cixi instigated empress dowager Ci'an of the eastern palace to fight for power with the eight ministers and secretly contacted Prince Gong Yixin in Beijing for help. The imperial censor Dong Yuanchun played the role of Empress Dowager of Qing Dynasty to listen to the government from behind the curtain, and sent Prince Gong to assist the government. Eight ministers to the Qing Dynasty without such a precedent, the military aircraft department to write an order to refute. Cixi colluded with Ci'an to refuse to seal, leaving the order in the middle. The eight ministers held a demonstration to force the empress dowagers to give in and issue an edict to refute Dong Zhe. After the event, the eight ministers failed to take precautions with a small victory, while their opponents stepped up their secret planning. After gaining the support of foreign forces, Yi Xin, regardless of the obstruction of the eight ministers, went to Rehe in mid September to plot a coup with the two palaces. He summoned Cao Yuying, the young minister of Honglu temple, to ask questions and immediately returned to Beijing for arrangement. Yi Xin won the support of Jia Zhen, Zhou Zupei, the Bachelor of the Central University of the DPRK, Shen Zhaolin, the Minister of the Ministry of household affairs, and Zhao Guang, the Minister of the Ministry of punishment. The military powerful Seng greenqin and Sheng Bao also expressed their loyalty to the empress dowagers of the two palaces. Urged by the two palace empresses, the eight ministers agreed to return to Beijing.

On October 26, 1861, the Empress Dowager of the two palaces and the young emperor Zaichun set out to return to Beijing. SUSHUN escorted the coffin of emperor Xianfeng. On November 1, when the two empresses arrived in Beijing, they summoned Yi Xin and other ministers to arrange the coup. The next day, he dismissed Zaiyuan, Duanhua and SUSHUN, and dismissed Jingshou and other military aircraft ministers. On the third day, he ordered Yi Xin to be the king of political affairs and entered the military aircraft department, with GUI Liang and other five as the military aircraft ministers. The year title of Qixiang was changed to Qixiang on July 7“

Tongzhi

”。 On the eighth day, Zaiyuan and Duanhua committed suicide. They were executed in SUSHUN. Jingshou, Kuangyuan, Duhan and jiaoyouying were removed from their posts. Muyin stationed at the military station.

The young son of heaven

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In the first month of the first year of tongzhi (1862), Zeng Guofan and Zuo Zongtang were ordered to keep Quzhou and then solve the encirclement of Huizhou. He ordered Zeng Guofan to dispatch troops to defend Shanghai from the invasion of the Taiping army. Jiang Yili was transferred to Zuo Zongtang's army. Soon after the Taiping Army entered Shanghai, Xue Huan wrote to the British and French that they would cooperate with the Qing army to encircle and suppress the Taiping army. Emperor Tongzhi praised him. When Nian army invaded Shuyang, Zaichun ordered Seng gelinqin to garrison both north and south, and Qing army to recover Shen county. Before long, Li Shizhong's army conquered Jiangpu and Pukou. Bao Chao was promoted to governor of Zhejiang and Feng Zicai to governor of Guangxi. In February, according to Empress Dowager Cixi's edict, Zaichun enrolled in Hongde hall and was taught by Qi Ganzao, Weng Xincun and others. In March, the compilation of the book on the politics of emperors and the previous dynasties was completed, and it was named "treasure of peace". In June, the capital Tongwen hall was set up, attached to the premier's national affairs office, to train translators for the Westernization Movement. In August, qingduan army conquered Jinyun and duolong a army conquered Jingzi pass. The troops of Hubei conquered Zhushan, Zhuxi, Guizhou conquered Tianzhu, qiongshui, Taiping and fled to Laohekou.

In February 1863, Zuo Zongtang led his army to conquer Jinhua, Tangxi, Longyou, Lanxi and other places in Zhejiang Province. Sichuan army besieged Shi Dakai of Taiping Army in Sichuan Dadu River and broke him down. In July, yizhi ordered Prince Mianyu to take charge of the emperor's reading in Hongde hall, and ordered Mianyu's sons Yi Xiang and Yi Xun to accompany Zai Chun. In May of the third year of tongzhi (1864), the Empress Dowager Yizhi wanted to teach zaichunjin Zhiping Baojian. In June, the Qing Dynasty finally put down the rebellion of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. In July, after the pacification of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Zaishu, the son of Prince Gong, was granted the title of Baile. Zaishun was not included in the title of fuguogong, Zaiying was not included in the title of zhenguogong, the Minister of military affairs, Wenxiang was granted the title of Taibao, and Baoshu and Litang were granted the title of Shaobao.

domestic trouble and foreign invasion

In February of the fourth year of tongzhi (1865), the people of Youyang County, Sichuan Province, could not bear to be bullied by the church, and hundreds of people rose up to destroy the church, namely the Youyang church case. HSBC opened a branch in Shanghai, and foreign banks began to manipulate China's financial market. Akuba of Haohan state in Central Asia took the opportunity of Xinjiang Hui uprising to invade Xinjiang. In March, the Empress Dowager ordered Prince Yi Chen to Hongde hall to urge the emperor to read. He also dismissed Prince Gong from his military and political office, and ordered Wen Xiang to handle the affairs of the premier's Yamen. In April, Lai Wenguang and other commanders of the Nian Army annihilated the main force of the Qing army under the command of Seng greenqin in Shandong Province. Seng greenqin was killed when he broke through the siege. In May, Li Hongzhang set up the Jiangnan manufacturing General Administration in Shanghai, which became the beginning of the Westernization Movement to establish a new military industry. In May, Shen Baozhen was appointed to supervise the anti suppression activities in Jiangxi Province. In July, censor Cai Shouqi seized the post with false words. In August, Britain set up the Supreme Court in the Shanghai concession. In September, he sent emperor Xianfeng's coffin to Zunhua Dingling for burial.

In February 1868, Pu Anshen, the retired minister to China, led the "Chinese mission" to visit the United States, Britain, Russia, France, Prussia and other countries, which was the first time for the Chinese mission to visit foreign countries. In August, yizou invited the court to repair the garden and won the post of imperial censor de Tai. In the first month of the ninth year of tongzhi (1870), the Yunnan army recovered from Lufeng, and the Hui uprising army of Gansu and Shaanxi captured Dingbian. In the same month, a fire broke out in the wooden warehouse of Shenwu gate in the Forbidden City, and Emperor Tongzhi issued an edict to repair it. In February, Liu Songshan was killed when he was in charge of suppressing the Hui uprising army in Jinji castle. Liu Jintang, the Taoist priest of Zai Chun, took over Liu Songshan's troops as the third grade minister. He also sent envoys to Qiqihar and Jilin for talks, and ordered fuminga, Germany and Britain to lead the army to defend according to the treaty, so that they could not give in to Russia. In May, he ordered Chongshi to Guizhou to investigate and handle the teaching plan with Zeng Biguang. In June, he ordered Peng Yulin to go to the south of the Yangtze River to rectify the Yangtze River Navy with the governor along the river.

In February 1871, Liu Jintang and others led the army to conquer Jinji fort, and Ma Hualong and others were killed in the Gansu Shaanxi Hui rebellion. In the Qing Dynasty, Zuo Zongtang was added to the post of commander of the first cavalry, and Liu Jintang was rewarded with Yun Qiwei and Huang Lihua. When Emperor Tongzhi transferred Jiangsu envoy Ying Bao to Tianjin, he prepared to do business with Japan. And Ming Rui is often a bachelor, and Wen Xiang is a co-founder. In March, Jinshun and other troops occupied Ningxia, Ma wanxuan was killed, Yunnan army conquered Shujiang River and entered Jiangna Tucheng, ma he and others were killed. Emperor Tongzhi took Wuren as the Bachelor of wenhuadian and Ruichang as the Bachelor of wenyuange. From early spring to March, Emperor Tongzhi prayed for rain. In May, the Tianjin teaching plan took place. In June, the uprising of folk clubs in Yiyang and other places was leveled off. Bai Yanhu, a native of Shaanxi Hui, harassed Hezhou by the Hui people in Xining. Zaichun ordered yehenara Ruilin to be a bachelor and remain as the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi.

The period of being in power

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As Empress Dowager Cixi was greedy for power, she delayed Zaichun's ruling time on the ground that Zaichun had failed to learn the classics. It was not until September 15, 1872 (October 16, 1872) that he was able to serve his 17-year-old son

Chinese PinYin : Tong Zhi Di