Zhang Zong

Wan Yanjing

Wan Yanjing (August 31, 1168 - December 29, 1208) was born in Rouyuan County, Fuzhou (now Zhangbei County, Hebei Province). The sixth emperor of Jin Dynasty is the grandson of Wan Yanyong, the son of Wan yanyungong and the younger brother of Wan yanxuan.

At the beginning, he was appointed king of Jinyuan Prefecture. He was appointed the original king and sentenced Daxing government affairs. He was the right Prime Minister of the minister, and was appointed emperor TAISUN. Dading 29 years (1189), the throne for the emperor. It is the law of a generation to revise the rites, music, punishment and administration. In the early days of his reign, he was politically pure and bright, known as "the rule of Ming and Chang". With the vigorous development of cultural administration and the respect of Confucianism, the cultural level has reached its peak and the military strength has become increasingly low. Indulge in drinking and writing poems, the government decayed. Suffering from various natural disasters such as the flood of the Yellow River, the comprehensive national strength is declining day by day. He defeated the northern expedition of Han kuozhou in the South Song Dynasty and signed the Jiading peace agreement.

Taihe eight years (1208), died, uncle Wei Shao Wang Wanyan Yongji ascended the throne, posthumous title Xian Tianguang Yun Ren Wen Yiwu, holy yingxiao emperor, temple Title Zhangzong. Buried in Daoling.

Life of the characters

Early experience

Wan Yanjing, the king's Zhangzong, was born on July 18, 1168, with the small character of MADAGE. He was named after his birth on MADAGE mountain in jinlianchuan. He was the grandson of Wan Yanyong, the son of Wan yanyungong, the king's Shizong, and his mother, empress Xiaoyi, was a disciple of Shan family.

In 1178, he was granted the title of king of Jinyuan. He began to learn Nuzhen's small characters and Chinese classics. He took Jinshi wanyankuang and Sijing Xu Xiaomei as his attendants. In the 25th year of Dading (1185), his father Wan Yan Yungong died and was granted the title of the former king and sentenced to the Daxing mansion. The following year, the Prime Minister of the book of worship was appointed the grandson of the emperor.

Ascend the throne for the Emperor

In the 29th year of Dading (1189), on the first day of Guisi, Jin Shizong died, and WAN Yanjing succeeded to the throne in front of the coffin on the same day. The next year, it was renamed Mingchang. Zhang Zongsheng grew up in the "Dading rule" period of Jin Shizong's administration. He was deeply influenced by his grandfather's cultural and military strategies and integrated Confucian culture. After he ascended the throne, he followed his grandfather's "benevolent government" and tried his best to follow the example of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, who denied his family's old system, and no longer followed Shizong's national standard. Constantly improve various political and economic systems, and realize the complete feudalization of Nuzhen nationality.

Zhang Zonggang ascended the throne in February of the 29th year of Dading (1189), which solved the historical problem of slaves in Jin Dynasty, also known as "Er Shui Hu". With the development of feudalism, the existence of slavery has become a serious obstacle to the development of production. Through Zhang Zong's efforts, the vast majority of slaves became civilians.

The rule of Ming Dynasty

Zhang Zong was intelligent and studious. He had his father's style. He liked literature and advocated elegance. Therefore, there were many celebrities. Most of the ministers in power had literary talent and knowledge. Capable officials and upright ministers were appointed. They had a clear politics and brilliant culture.

Zhang Zong inherited the flourishing age of Dading, strengthened the reform of the official system, and set up many new institutions to meet the situation and needs. At the same time, Zhang Zong made great achievements in the construction of the legal system, which played a great role in consolidating the political power, stabilizing the society, developing the economy, and safeguarding the interests of the ruling class. The feudalization of Nuzhen society was finally completed. This was the most prosperous period in the Jin Dynasty. The economy was developed, the population grew, the Treasury was substantial, the world was rich, and historians rated it as "well-off in the world".

The period of Jin Zhangzong was the period with the largest population in Jin Dynasty. In the sixth year of Taihe (1206), the number of Han households in Qidan and Nuzhen was 7223400, 48490400, an increase of more than 1623700 households and 8827000 people compared with that in the 27th year of Dading (1187). During the Taihe period, the population was the most prosperous, with a total population of more than 56 million.

From prosperity to decline

In the later period of Zhang Zong's reign, floods, droughts and locusts occurred frequently in the Central Plains, and the three major breakdowns of the Yellow River made it a foregone conclusion that the river moved southward to capture the Huaihe River and into the sea, at the same time, it also made the economy of Jin Dynasty collapse. This is because: on the one hand, farmers on both sides of the Strait have been displaced, agriculture in the Central Plains has been seriously damaged, and central finance and taxation have been greatly affected. On the other hand, the large-scale disaster relief and river defense made the finance of Jin Dynasty even worse. Only in the year of Zhang Zong's accession to the throne, more than 4.3 million people were employed to repair the river embankment, 150 Wen for each wage, 50 Wen for the daily government expenditure, and 1.5 liter of rice.

Zhang Zong doted on Li shi'er (later granted yuan imperial concubine) and trusted Li's relatives. He appointed Xu Zhi, who was born in Jingtong, to manage the government. The two colluded with each other to make profits, which made the political style of Zhang Zong decline gradually in the later period, and the flooding and diversion of the Yellow River made the national power of Jin Dynasty decline. At this time, the military of Jin Dynasty was gradually abandoned, and the northern Mongolian tribes rose. Zhang Zong once sent troops to Mongolia to reduce Ding, and induced each other to kill, but the effect was not good, finally unified by Genghis Khan.

Seeing the decline of Jin Dynasty, Han Xuzhou, a powerful official in the Southern Song Dynasty, ordered Wu Xi, the sun of Wu Xun, to manage Shu and prepare for the northern expedition. Jin Ting also sent his servant San Kui to take charge of Bianjing to resist the song army. In 1206, Han kuozhou launched the Kaixi Northern Expedition, and the song army once recovered the Huaibei area, but Wu Xi, who guarded Shu, surrendered to the Jin Dynasty. At the end of the year, the Jin soldiers went to the Yangtze River and besieged Xiangyang. The next year, Wu Xi was killed and Sichuan returned to the Southern Song Dynasty. So far, the two sides intended to negotiate peace. Han kuozhou was killed at the request of Jin Dynasty and Southern Song Dynasty. The two sides negotiated peace in 1208, which is known as Jiading peace negotiation. Song respected Jin as Bo, increased the annual silver coins to 300000 taels, silk 300000 pieces, and received 3 million taels of "reward money" from Jin Dynasty. Then Jin Dynasty returned the lost land to Southern Song Dynasty.

As the son of Taiping, Zhang Zong was not as frugal as Jin Shizong. He renovated the palace furnishings with 1200 embroidery workers a day, which was completed in two years. With the improvement and expansion of bureaucracy, the number of officials in the last years of Zhangzong increased three times than that in Shizong period. These costs must also be included in the national financial expenditure. In addition to the disaster relief, river defense and military spending mentioned just now, Wan Yanjing felt deeply embarrassed financially.

In order to make up for the financial deficit, the Jin Dynasty began to issue notes indiscriminately. The people refused to use the devalued banknotes and traded them in copper in private. Even if the Court maintained the banknote law by administrative order, it would not help. There are some cases that can quite explain the severity of the devaluation of the banknotes: Wan Yanjing was alive when Wan Guanjiao could only buy a baked cake; two years after his death, 84 carts were used to carry the banknotes for military reward.

Dying of illness

In the eighth year of Taihe (1208), on November Yimao, Wan Yanjing, the king of Zhang Zong, fell ill. On the third day of the same month, he died in Fu'an hall. He was 41 years old. His six

All the sons died before the age of three. Because he had no heirs, his uncle Wanyan Yongji succeeded him. Zhang Zongli's imperial edict said: "I have no son yet. Jia and fan are pregnant and about to give birth. If a boy is born between the two concubines, they will be emperor immediately." For this reason, Wanyan Yongji immediately removed the influence of Li, Jia, fan sanfei and other relatives.

In the first month of the first year of Da'an (1209), his posthumous title was Xian Tianguang Yun Ren Wen Yi Wu Sheng Ying Xiao emperor, and his temple title was Zhang Zong. In February of the same year, he was buried in Daoling.

Political initiatives

Politics

Wan Yanjing is the last one to accomplish the feudalization of Nuzhen, and his actions in this respect have three aspects.

First, the abolition of slavery. During the Shizong period, the slaves were only partially liberated. When Wan Yanjing ascended the throne, he released the maidservant who was originally a slave of the imperial household as a good man and liberated the slave of Nuzhen; the maidservant who was controlled by the monks and Taoists in the temple also knew that he was good. In the second year of Ming Dynasty (1191), the law of enslavement and inducement was changed, which confirmed the results of abolishing slavery and prohibiting enslavement.

Second, restrict the privilege of Jurchen. Wan Yanjing successively formulated a series of regulations on meng'anmuke, such as exempting officials from conferring power, neglecting hereditary power in front of the army, exempting from death in case of affray and homicide, exempting the old, inheriting procedural power and so on. Under the appearance of protecting meng'anmuke's rights and interests, he weakened or abolished the privileges of meng'anmuke's Jurchen households in practice through legal provisions, and eliminated a number of them The mediocre and incompetent Meng an MOU Ke improved the overall quality of Meng an MOU Ke.

Third, protect feudal agriculture. In the third year of Mingchang (1192), Wan Yanjing stipulated that meng'anmuke could only hunt twice in winter, with no more than ten days for each time. This changed the habit of meng'anmuke seizing the hunting ground to practice martial arts. The next year, he ordered the forbidden area and hunting grounds to be cultivated by the people. These measures were obviously beneficial to the development of feudal agricultural economy.

Fourthly, the marriage between the Han and the Tibetan was allowed. In the second year of Mingchang (1191), Wan Yanjing agreed with the proposal of Shangshu province that Nuzhen Meng an MOU Ke's Tuen Tian households and the local Han households "if they were to marry each other, it would be a long-term peace plan for the country.". In the sixth year of Taihe, he issued an imperial edict to allow military households to intermarry with residents. Through intermarriage, Nuzhen nationality accelerated its integration with Han nationality in Central Plains.

Economics

Due to the lack of copper in Jin Dynasty, copper money could not replace paper money as the main currency. During the reign of emperor Zhangzong of Jin Dynasty, a large number of banknotes were issued as permanent circulation currency. In addition, the currency was changed repeatedly and the people resented it. The currency system of Jin Dynasty began to fall into extreme chaos. The social economy is in crisis. For this reason, some economic countermeasures were adopted. One of them was casting silver ingots to make it easy to circulate. Before the second year of Chengding (1162), Jin Zhangzong used ingots to measure silver. Silver ingots weighed 50 Liang. In this year, he began to cast "Cheng'an treasure goods", which included 1 liang to 10 Liang, totally 5 grades. Since then, silver ingots have become legal tender. Although this revolutionary change of currency could not change the economic pole of Jin Dynasty The chaotic situation has a profound impact on future generations.

Culture

Chinese PinYin : Zhang Zong