Zhao Xu
Zhao Xu
Zhao Xu (May 25, 1048 - April 1, 1085), the first name of Zhao Zhongzhen, the eldest son of Zhao Shu, the emperor Yingzong of Song Dynasty, and his mother, empress xuanren shenglie Gao, were the sixth emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty (January 25, 1067 - April 1, 1085). In the first year of Zhiping (1064), Jin was granted the title of King Ying. In December of the third year of Zhiping (1066), he was made the crown prince. He succeeded to the throne in the first month of the fourth year of Zhiping (1067).
At the beginning of his accession to the throne, Shenzong heard and witnessed the plight of poverty and weakness. Soon after his accession to the throne, he called Wang Anshi to Beijing to carry out the reform, which is known as the "Xining reform". In the process of reform, Shenzong ensured the implementation of a series of new laws with the power of monarchy. In February of the second year of Xining (1069), Wang Anshi was appointed as a political advisor. From July to November of the same year, he promulgated and implemented the equal transportation law, the green seedling law, and the farmland water conservancy law. During the Xining political reform period, Wang Anshi appointed Wang Shao to fight against the Xixia and to develop five prefectures, which was known as "the opening of the Xihe River". Although the reform won in the previous stage, the attacks of the conservative forces did not stop. As a result, Shenzong began to swing left and right, trying to maintain the new deal. In Yuanfeng years, Shenzong personally presided over the reform, hoping to promote the reform on the basis of maintaining the achievements of the new law. In the fourth year of Yuanfeng (1081), the Xixia royal family was in civil strife. Shenzong thought that there was an opportunity, so he sent five troops to attack the Xia Dynasty. However, when they went deep into the Xia Dynasty, all the troops failed because of poor food and grass. In the fifth year of Yuanfeng (1082), he listened to Xu Xi's plan and built Yongle city. Xixia sent 300000 troops to besiege Yongle city and was defeated. The song army was defeated twice, and Shenzong's plan to attack Xia Xueshi and save "Sui Ci" went bankrupt.
In the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1085), Zhao Xu, Emperor Shenzong of Song Dynasty, passed away melancholy in Funing hall. He was 38 years old. His temple name was Shenzong, and his posthumous title was Emperor Xiao. He was buried in Yongyu mausoleum and his son Zhao Xu succeeded him. Under the opposition of the conservative forces, Shenzong wavered between the old and the new parties, but his determination to maintain the new deal and reform remained unchanged. He was an ambitious and promising emperor of the Song Dynasty.
Life of the characters
Early experience
Zhao Xu was born on April 10, the eighth year of Qingli reign of emperor Renzong of Song Dynasty (May 25, 1048). He is the eldest son of Zhao Shu, Emperor Yingzong of Song Dynasty, and Gao Shi, Queen of xuanren shenglie. In August, Emperor Renzong of Song Dynasty named Zhao Zhongzhen. He was soon granted the title of deputy leader of the leader's office. Later, he was promoted to general youqianniuwei three times.
In 1063, Zhao Xu and his father zhao shu entered juqingning palace together. At that time, he had a dream that a man of God was carrying him to heaven. In March of the lunar calendar, song Renzong passed away, Zhao Xu's father zhao shu ascended the throne, granted Zhao Xu the observation envoy of Anzhou, and granted him the title of Duke Guangguo. In May of that year, Zhao Xu received scriptures in the east palace. According to the records, Zhao Xu has an extraordinary appearance and his manners are different from those of ordinary people. Zhao shu, the emperor of song Yingzong, was so eager to learn that he always asked for knowledge until sunset and forgot to eat. When he saw that he was so eager to learn, he often sent his servants to stop him. Zhao Xu paid great attention to his clothes and Salute every time. He never used a fan even in the hottest season. When Wang Tao entered the palace, Zhao Xu led his younger brother Zhao Hao to pay homage to him, which shows his respect for the master. In September, he was given the title of Zhongwu Jiedushi, tongzhongshu Xiaping Zhangshi, and Huaiyang Jun Wang, renamed Zhao Xu.
When he was young, Shenzong of Song Dynasty "knew his ancestors' ambition to swallow you, Ji, Lingwu, and count the defeated soldiers", and determined to "snow the shame of several generations". When he was in his teens, Shenzong was "filled with great ambition, and wanted to ask about the crimes in the two regions of Northwest China". When his father Yingzong ascended the throne, Shenzong was 16 years old. During this period, Wang Anshi's reform theory had a wider influence in society. In addition, Han Wei and sun Yong, who worked in Yingdi, were Wang Anshi's admirers. Between their daily speeches, Shenzong would also be influenced by them and pay more attention to Wang Anshi.
In 1064, Zhao Xujin became king of Ying. In March of the third year of Zhiping (1066), he took Xiangmin's granddaughter as his wife. In October, song Yingzong was seriously ill. According to the old system of song Renzong, Zhao Xu asked to come to you Yingge once every two days to talk and read, so as to reassure the officials of the imperial court. In December, Zhao Xu was made the crown prince. When Emperor Shenzong of Song Dynasty was studying in the East Palace, he advocated legalism very much. Among the Legalists, he especially liked Han Feizi and was very interested in the Legalists' skill of "enriching the country and strengthening the army"; he also read Wang Anshi's "the book of emperor Renzong's speech" and highly appreciated Wang Anshi's thought of financial management and governance. Legalism has a great influence on Shenzong. Later on, when talking about the way of governing the country, song Shenzong often mentioned some Legalists who were determined to reform in ancient times, "if the ancient Legalists were famous for their meritorious deeds, Guan Zhong was in Qi, Shang Yang was in Qin, Wu Qi was in Chu, they all made the government decrees go.". The spirit of reform and enterprising in legalism and the thought of strengthening autocratic monarchy combined with "law", "technique" and "potential" had a profound impact on the life of song Shenzong.
The first administration of Shenzong
In the first month of the fourth year of Zhiping (1067), song Yingzong died, and the crown prince Zhao Xu succeeded to the throne. In the next year, he changed to Xining and announced a general amnesty. He sent Feng Xingji to mourn for the Liao Dynasty. He also respected the Empress Dowager as the empress dowager, the empress Gao as the empress dowager, and ordered the Prime Minister Han Qi as the mausoleum envoy. In the same month, Han Qi served as Sikong and minister, Zeng Gongliang served as his servant, Minister of the Ministry of official affairs, and Minister of Jin Feng, Wen Yanbo served as minister Zuo pushe, inspector situ, and Minister of Zhong Shu, Fu Bi served as the governor of Wuning army and Minister of Jin Feng, Cao Yi served as the governor of Zhaoqing army and inspector Taifu, Zhang Min served as the governor of three cities in Heyang, zonger served as the governor of Tongzhong army, and Zheng Guogong served as the governor Zuo pushe, the governor of Jiqing army, and Zuo Cheng, the governor of Ouyang Xiu and Zhao Kuan, were still involved in politics. Chen Shengzhi was the Minister of the Ministry of household affairs, LV Gongbi was the Minister of the Ministry of punishment, and Yunbi and Yunliang were the guardians of Taibao. His younger brother Zhao Hao, the king of Dongyang, was granted the title of King Chang, and Zhao Kaijin was granted the title of King Le'an.
When Zhao Xu ascended the throne, the Northern Song Dynasty was faced with a series of crises, such as huge military expenditure, overstaffed bureaucracy and various political expenses. In addition, a large number of year old coins were given to Liao and Xixia every year, which made the financial deficit of the Northern Song Dynasty year by year. According to the records of Shi Huo Zhi in the history of Song Dynasty, in 1065, the financial deficit of Song Dynasty was more than 17.5 million. Because of the annexation, usury and the aggravation of taxes and corvee, the peasants revolted repeatedly. At this time of internal and external hardship and financial distress, Zhao Xu had doubts about the "ancestral law" formulated by song Taizu and Song Taizong. Young Zhao Xu firmly believes that reform is the only way to alleviate the crisis.
In April of the first year of Xining (1068), Wang Anshi was appointed to the capital. When Zhao Xu heard that Wang Anshi had come to Beijing, he was very excited and immediately called him to the palace. After meeting with Wang Anshi and listening to Wang Anshi's political, financial, economic and military reform strategies, Zhao Xu deeply felt that Wang Anshi was a talent who could accomplish great things with him. Wang Anshi was also impressed by Zhao Xu's great ambition to make the country prosperous and strong. The monarch and his officials came together for the common ideal and belief. It is undeniable that the reason why Zhao Xu's reform ideal could be put into practice at the beginning of his succession is closely related to Wang Anshi's support.
Xining new law
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In February 1069, Zhao Xu appointed Wang Anshi as a political advisor, mainly responsible for the reform. At the same time, personnel arrangement was adjusted to form a new ruling group. The reform measures can be divided into three parts: the method of enriching the country, the method of strengthening the army and the method of selecting the scholars. Then the new law came out gradually.
As soon as the new law was introduced, it attracted a lot of criticism and abuse from both the government and the public. It not only criticized the new law in terms of content and efficiency, but also criticized Wang Anshi in terms of ideology and morality. It said that Wang Anshi "changed his ancestral law", "enlightened his heart with the skill of enriching the country and strengthening the army, and wanted to get close to success and forget his old learning", "advocated the law and decrees, then called Shang Yang, and said that wealth and profit were against Meng Ke. Despising the old became the cause and abandoned the public opinion It's vulgar. In front of all the court debates, Wang Anshi was not moved. He called out the slogans of "Heaven change is not enough to be afraid, people's words are not enough to be compassionate, and ancestors' laws are not enough to be observed". Zhao Xu expressed his support for Wang Anshi, saying: "it is not helpful for people to be able to speak morality instead of fame." He advocated that morality and fame should be paid equal attention to, and opposed the old school's empty talk about morality and inaction in politics. Among the disputes between the two schools, Zhao Xu successively dismissed a number of officials who had negative opinions on the reform: for example, Lu Gong, the Prime Minister of the imperial censor, wrote "to invite the new law to strike Yingzhou"; Liu Shu, Liu Qi, Qian Luo, sun Changling, Wang zishao, Cheng Hao, Zhang Jian, Chen Xiang, Chen Jian, Xie Jingwen, Yang Hui, Liu Zhi, and fan Chunren, Li Chang, sun Jue, and Yang Zongyu, the admonishment officials, were speechless and went one after another“ Fan zhensan, the academician of Hanlin, talked about the young people and won the post to become an official; Ouyang Xiu begged to become an official, "but he listened to it"; "Fu Bi explained the prime minister with the young people"; Wen Yanbo said that Shi Yi was competing with Xia Yi for profits and that he was "out of Yan Bo and guarding Wei".
In the third year of Xining reign (1070), Wang Anshi was promoted to be the chief minister of Tongzhong, which gave him more power. As a result, the new laws, such as the irrigation and water conservancy law, the Qingmiao law, the Junshu law, the Baojia law, the exemption law, the Shiyi law, the Baoma law, and the fangtianjun tax law, were promulgated successively, and the reform reached a climax. In order to enact and implement the new law in time and effectively, Zhao Xu specially set up a special agency to formulate the regulations of the household department, Duzhi and Yantie, which was presided over by Wang Anshi and Chen Shengzhi, the governor of the Privy Council. In this agency, Zhao Xu listened to Wang Anshi's recommendation and employed a number of new officials, such as LV Huiqing, Zhang Dun, Cai que, Zeng Bu, LV Jiawen, Shen Kuo and Xue Xiang People.
Reform failed
Although the Xining new law was strongly supported by Zhao Xu, it was difficult to implement because it violated the privileged officials, landlords and merchants in many ways
Chinese PinYin : Zhao Xu
Zhao Xu
