Li Shuchang
Li Shuchang (1837-1898), a native of Yumen, Dongxiang, Zunyi County, Guizhou Province, was a man from Guizhou Province. Li AI's fourth son. Diplomats and essayists in the late Qing Dynasty.
In his early years, he studied from Zheng Zhen, focusing on the study of statecraft. In the 11th year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty (1861), Guizhou Province stopped the rural examination because of the local war, and Li Shuchang went north to shuntianfu for the rural examination. At that time, the British and French allied forces attacked Beijing, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom occupied Nanjing, and the Qing court was besieged both at home and abroad.
Character experience
In the first year of tongzhi (1862), Empress Dowager Cixi issued an imperial edict. Li Shuchang went to the book of ten thousand words as a tribute student, denouncing the shortcomings of the times and advocating reform. The imperial court decreed that the county magistrate should make up for the use and send it to Zeng Guofan's Jiangnan camp. After entering Zeng Guofan's tent, Li Shuchang was deeply trusted. He spent six years with Zhang Yuzhao, Wu Rulun and Xue Fucheng, and was known as the "four disciples of Zeng clan". Zeng Guofan was transferred and Li Shuchang was an alternate in Jiangsu Province. He served as an agent for Wujiang county magistrate, Qingpu County Magistrate and Yangzhou Hehuachi county magistrate.
Since 1876, China has sent envoys to other countries. Li Shuchang was recommended and sent to Europe with Guo Songtao, Zeng Jize and Chen Lanbin. He served as counsellor of embassies in England, Germany, France and Spain. He began his diplomatic activities all his life.
During his five years in Europe, he traveled to Belgium, Switzerland, Portugal, Austria and other 10 countries, paid attention to the politics, economy, military, culture, geography and folk customs of various countries, and wrote Western magazine, which became the first person in Qianbei in Qing Dynasty to go out of the closed "open eyes to see the world".
In the seventh year of Guangxu (1881), he was appointed minister in Japan. Li Shuchang was 44 years old. Three years later, when I returned home, my mother was worried. In the 13th year, he was stationed in Japan again. In the 16th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu, he returned home.
From 1881 to 1884 and from 1887 to 1889, Li Shuchang served as the Minister of China in Japan twice as a Taoist for six years. In all foreign affairs, he insisted on safeguarding national dignity, handled the incident of Japan sending troops to Korea tactfully and decisively, and maintained the suzerain vassal relationship between China and Korea. During the diplomatic mission to Japan, they protected the legitimate rights and interests of overseas Chinese living in Japan, also paid attention to good neighborly and friendly relations, and received heavy diplomatic courtesy. He has made outstanding contributions to promoting friendly exchanges between China and Japan. When he left office, the Japanese people who saw him off took a farewell trip hundreds of miles away. The envoys of western countries praised it, saying that it was a phenomenon never seen before.
In his spare time, Li Shuchang made friends with Japanese scholars, set up a wine party in the spring and Autumn Festival, and took the lead in singing poems. The collection of poems is a collection of six episodes of Li Xing envoys' banquets, which contains hundreds of poems and dozens of articles by more than 90 Japanese friends, more than 20 Chinese embassy personnel and domestic people. Li Shuchang's moral articles are deeply admired by Japanese people. Li Shuchang once wrote an epitaph for Japanese sinologist Fujino Zhengqi. After the death of Mrs. Zhao of Li, shinko Fujino, the daughter of Fujino, wrote an epitaph in the 24th year of Meiji in Japan. She was sincere and affectionate with her mother and daughter. The inscriptions are extant in Zunyi County.
In the 17th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu, Li Shuchang returned to China after his term of office as a member of Eastern Sichuan and a supervisor of Chongqing customs. He has invested in the establishment of Yungui guild hall, held Westernization school, and trained talents to study abroad. Three years later, the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895 broke out, and Li Shuchang asked him to go eastward to solve the problem, but he failed. Every time I heard of a defeat in the war, I cried bitterly, or I didn't eat all day long, so that I couldn't get sick. He donated ten thousand yuan to repay his wish to serve the country.
In the 21st year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu, there was a severe drought in his hometown. Li Shuchang gathered in his hometown of Chongqing to donate 20000 taels of silver to buy rice and transport it to Zunyi for disaster relief. The next year, when the drought in Zunyi returned, Li Shuchang was ill and returned to his hometown.
In the winter of the 23rd year of Guangxu (1897), Li Shuchang died at the age of 61.
Main impact
Li Shu Chang was determined to use the world, claiming that he was "elegant but not willing to be a scholar" (preface to qingpingxuan's manuscript). Therefore, he argued that learning should be regarded as literature, and advocated "seeing Tao according to Literature" (answer to Zhao Zhongying's book). In the 10th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu, he proposed to rectify the internal affairs, use western methods, build railways, train naval officers, promote merchants, and take the road of strengthening the country and enriching the people. Unfortunately, it was not adopted.
On the issue of Xinjiang, we should uphold our sovereignty, oppose Li Hongzhang's abandonment of Xinjiang, and support Zuo Zongtang's recovery of Xinjiang. In order to prevent Russia, he wrote to Zeng Jize three times, volunteering to go deep into Siberia and the hinterland of Central Asia, saying that he would not hesitate to drive his life.
Li Shuchang was good at narration and patriarchal school. He tried to compile "Xugu Wenci Lei Zuan", expounding Tongcheng Yifa and deducing the purpose of "Jingshi Baijia zachao". However, his essays in his later years were free to express, clear and moving, and were not all bound by Tongcheng's righteousness and law. In addition to Western magazine, there are some achievements, such as the story of Brighton, a brief account of the Paris Games, a visit to mount sunshine, a visit to Yanyuan and a visit to Xu Fu's tomb.
Educational philosophy
In addition to his remarkable achievements in prose writing, ancient books sorting and diplomatic work, Li Shuchang is quite commendable for his international vision of keeping pace with the times, his ability to compare his own experience with China's feudal system, put forward scientific suggestions for reforming China's feudal education, and set up "new learning" to put it into practice. He can be described as an educational reformer. In terms of its attitude towards education in different periods, it can be roughly divided into three stages: "respecting the traditional way of education, forming the idea of education reform, and practicing education reform".
Li Shuchang, as a scholar from Guizhou, a remote area, can't get rid of the imperial examination if he wants to fundamentally change his destiny. Therefore, at the age of 12, he studied traditional Confucian classics and imperial examination knowledge under the guidance of Mr. Yang kaixiu. After Mr. Yang kaixiu, he learned from his uncle Li Xun (the name is xuelou, the late name is Zhuoshi). Mr. xuelou once worked as an official outside. When he resigned in his later years, he bought a large number of ancient books with Dai salary and brought them back to the beach. They were stored in the Chujing hall and opened for his nephews to read. Li Shuchang was one of the beneficiaries. In addition to his cousin Zheng Zhen, his brother-in-law Mo Youzhi, and his brothers Shu Tao and Shu fan, he not only broadened his reading horizon, but also formed a good quality of forging ahead and studying hard, which laid a solid foundation for later taking the imperial examination and presenting wanyanshu to the imperial court Foundation.
In terms of the background at that time, the fundamental motive force of Li Shuchang's hard work was to become an official through the imperial examination. At that time, he still agreed with the imperial examination system. Therefore, he respected the traditional education system which mainly taught four books and five classics and Confucianism. Otherwise, he would not be able to go to Shuntian to take part in the local examination as mi Gongsheng. In addition, when he was in a poor family, he went to Weining as a private school teacher of Gu Kunyang (zifuting), then governor of Weining Prefecture. His teaching contents and methods should also focus on the contents of the imperial examination, because in the background of the times, it was impossible for anyone to hire a private school teacher who violated the imperial examination system to educate his children.
Therefore, it can be said that before the age of 26, that is, before the book of emperor Mu Zongyi (1862), Li Shuchang respected the imperial examination system and the teaching content of feudal private schools.
With the continuous development of experience and the failure of Mo Youzhi and his brilliant brother-in-law to take the imperial examination, Li Shuchang gradually realized that the imperial examination system buried outstanding talents, which led to his deep thinking. When the imperial court issued the imperial edict in 1862, Li Shuchang, who was in a state of desolation and poverty, according to the situation of the ten sons and the current situation in China, with the courage of "committing crimes against Tianwei", presented to the imperial court all kinds of malpractices existing in the society at that time. This is the letter of emperor Yi of shangmuzong. In the above book, Li Shuchang clearly pointed out the importance of talents for the prosperity of the country, and objectively pointed out the drawbacks of the imperial examination.
These bold suggestions, in essence, pointed out that the selection of talents by the imperial court was not the right way, and it was a rational reflection on the education system at that time. He further analyzed the malpractice of the imperial examination, which led to the unhealthy atmosphere of "scholars don't talk about the etiquette and music of poetry and books, but focus on the small regular script" and put forward the suggestions to the imperial court to attract talents: "speak about the method of selecting scholars, use the talents' style widely, and listen to the words to attract the world's talents".
Although his remarks were not in line with the general mood at that time, they were recognized by the imperial court and granted official posts. However, due to the advice of his superiors, he was sent to Zeng Guofan's office for inspection.
Later, with his personal experience of the feudal education system and what he saw and heard in foreign countries, Li Shuchang gradually formed the idea of reforming the system and rejuvenating the country. So he wrote to the imperial court again to express his views, put forward some opinions and suggestions on the reform of the national policy, and set up schools to put his idea of education reform into practice Scientific knowledge was a pioneering work for the government and education of the Qing Dynasty.
As early as in the second book of emperor Mu Zongyi, Li Shuchang mentioned the establishment of "unique learning" in China. At that time, the "Westernization school" of the imperial court had already started the Westernization Movement of "learning from foreigners to improve themselves". The government also set up a number of Westernization schools, such as the "capital Tongwen school". These Westernization schools broke through the feudal traditional education system by following the guiding ideology of "middle school as the body and Western learning as the use" Only learning four books and five classics, including foreign languages, natural science knowledge, skills and so on, greatly impacted the traditional imperial examination education system.
Li Shuchang was born many years ago
Chinese PinYin : Li Shu Chang
Li Shuchang