Zhang Xiu
Zhang Xiu
Zhang Xiu? -He was born in Bajun at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty and was the real founder of wudoumidiao. "Lingdi Ji in the book of the later Han Dynasty" says: "in the first year of Zhongping (184 A.D.), in autumn and July, Zhang Xiufan, a witch in Bajun County, was born in koujun county." The notes quoted Liu AI's Ji as saying: "Zhang Xiu, a wizard of the time, was employed to cure his illness, and the healer was given five Dou of rice
< Wu lemma data
。”
In the book of Three Kingdoms, Wei Shu, Zhang Lu Zhuan, it is said in Dian Lue that in Xiping, demons and thieves rose up, and Luo Xun was the third assistant. In Guanghe, there is Zhang Jiao in the East and Zhang Xiu in Hanzhong. Luo Xun taught the people to live in Burma and hide the Dharma. That is to say, while Zhang Jiao spread Taiping Dao, Zhang Xiu also spread wudoumi Dao. As for Zhang Xiu, according to Dian Lue, his activities should be later than that of Zhang Ling, and he was the early leader of wudoumi Taoism in the Ba Han area at the same time as Luo Yao and Zhang Jiao. "Lingdi Ji in the book of the later Han Dynasty" says: "in the first year of Zhongping (184 A.D.), in autumn and July, Zhang Xiufan, a witch in Bajun County, was born in koujun county." "Note" quoted Liu AI's "Ji" as saying: "Zhang Xiu, a sorcerer at that time, was employed to cure his illness, and the healer was called wudoumi master." The annotation of the biography of Zhang Lu in the annals of the Three Kingdoms quoted dianlue as saying: "in xipingzhong (172-177 A.D.), demons and thieves arose, and Luo Yao was the third assistant. Guanghezhong (178-183 A.D.), Zhang Jiao in the East and Zhang Xiu in Hanzhong. Luo Yao taught the people the law of Burmese concealment. The horn is the way of peace, and the cultivation is the way of wudoumi. " This is a clear record of Zhang Xiu's earlier activities in historical materials. He explained: first, Zhang Xiu's activity area was mainly in Bajun and Hanzhong. Secondly, Zhang xiuneng held an armed uprising during the reign of emperor Guanghe or Zhongping. His initial activities and preparations should have been several years or even more before that. After the failure of the armed struggle, Zhang Xiu was driven out of Hanzhong by Su Gu and forced to go south to continue his activities in Bajun. Later, he was recruited by Liu Yan, a herdsman in Yizhou, and was granted the title of Sima, a member of other divisions (namely the Ba Division). Thirdly,
Zhang Xiu is the real leader of wudoumi, not Zhang Ling.
Chen Shou said clearly in the biography of Zhang Lu in the annals of the Three Kingdoms: "from those who receive (Zhang Ling) Tao, five Dou of rice will come out, and the name of the old world will come out
Rice thief
”。 Chang Yu, a native of Jin Dynasty, also said in Hanzhong annals of Huayang: "the way of offering is limited to five Dou of rice, so it is called" the way of rice " "Mianshuizhu of Shuijing" also said: "Zhang Lu was generous in his deeds, and the common people were close to him. The Fermi of offering Tao was limited to five Dou, so it was called wudoumi Dao in the world." The citations are all called "world name" and "world name", which indicates that they are said by posterity. What's more, Zhang Ling didn't rebel against the imperial court. How can he be called a "rice thief"? It is obviously reflected that it was added by later generations. At the same time, according to legend, Zhang Ling "got rid of ghosts" in Qingcheng Mountain and rebuilt it in Qingcheng Mountain“
Ghost town
”, with
sorcery
Governing the people. According to historical records, Zhang Heng's wife "began to be married"
sorcery
”"And" coerce "
sorcery
”"With
sorcery
See letter in Yizhou Mu Liu Yan. In Hanzhong, Zhang Lu "taught the people by the way of ghosts and called himself the master.". so
What is the way handed down by the three generations of the Zhang family“
sorcery
”。
Later, according to the biography of Zhang Lu in the history of the Three Kingdoms and the biography of Liu Yan in the history of the later Han Dynasty, it was Zhang Lu who developed into a general with his mother. Later, he killed Zhang Xiu and "captured (or merged) his people", that is, Zhang Lu annexed Zhang Xiu's troops and also took Zhang Xiu's wudoumi road. Mr. Lu simian said: "the methods of suspecting Lu are all based on the practice of killing. He didn't want to follow the way of the cloud, but entrusted them to his father's ears." The history of Chinese Taoism edited by Ren Jiyu also says that Zhang Xiucai is the true name of wudoumi Taoism. After the death of Zhang Xiu, the biography of Zhang Lu in the annals of the Three Kingdoms said: "Lu was in Hanzhong, because of his people's faith and practice, so he decorated it." this record is just in line with the previous saying that Zhang Lu killed Zhang Xiu and "captured (or merged) his people", but contrary to Chen Shou's saying that "when the mausoleum died, Zi Heng performed his way, and Heng died, Lu revived his way". If Zhang Lu's way was really influenced by his father and ancestor, it would not last long for three generations. Then why did Emperor Wen of Wei and he were contemporaries and never mentioned his father and ancestor? Some people say that Zhang Xiu is Zhang Heng's mistake. This is impossible: first, in the same paragraph of the Three Kingdoms biography of Zhang Lu, it is impossible to write all four "Xius" wrong; second, it is more unreasonable if Zhang Lu killed Zhang Heng. about Zhang Xiu's activity area, mainly in Bajun and Hanzhong. This is also well founded. First, historical materials call him "Wuren" and "Bawu" and say "there is Zhang Xiu in Hanzhong"; second, Hanzhong is the main base of his activities. When Zhang Xiu and Zhang Lu went together to fight Hanzhong, the former sage's female chief praise in Huayang national records (Part 2) said such a sentence: "Su Gu, the prefect, was killed by Zhang Xiu, the rice thief, and song was in pain." Disease is hatred. Zhang Xiu was ordered to fight Su Gu in Hanzhong. Why did he hate him so much? The only explanation is: Su Gu robbed Zhang Xiu of Hanzhong first! This shows that Zhang Xiu was mainly active in Hanzhong before, but later he was defeated by Su Gu and driven out. Third, Zhang Xiu's roots lie in Bajun, south of Hanzhong. In the Han Dynasty, Sanba refers to a large area of Chongqing, Sichuan and Shaanxi. The south of Hanzhong should mainly refer to Dazhou in Sichuan and many similar areas in Chongqing. This can be known from the fact that many Ba leaders came to attach themselves to Zhang Lu after he killed Zhang Xiu and seized his religious power. According to Hanzhong annals of Huayang state annals, in the second year of Jian'an of Xiandi (197 AD), "Zhang killed Lu's mother and brother, Lu said Du Xun, Pu Hu, Yuan Yue and so on, and betrayed them as enemies.". These Ba Yi leaders should be the old members before Zhang Xiu. They did not understand the truth that Zhang Xiu was killed by Zhang Lu, and they continued to belong to Zhang Lu, because after all, Zhang Lu inherited the religious power of wudoumi Dao. If Zhang Lu had so many members before, why did he have to rely on others and take the women's route? Therefore, after Zhang Xiu was defeated by Su Gu and lost the territory of Hanzhong, it did not prevent him from moving southward to Bajun area to carry out activities and even revolt. Moreover, from the perspective of people's behavior characteristics, when people encounter failure, the first consideration is to run back to their hometown in order to make a comeback. From this point of view, Zhang Xiu's behavior, combined with his "Ba Wu" characteristics, we can think that Zhang Xiu's old base should be in Ba County area. Let's talk about Zhang Xiu's missionary work. In the "Three Kingdoms · biography of Zhang Lu" note cited "Dian Lue", then describes Zhang Jiao Taiping Road, Zhang Xiu wudoumi road missionary content, also describes Zhang Lu in Zhang Xiu wudoumi Road on the basis of many improvements. It can be seen that the article clearly points out that Zhang Jiao was reformed for Taiping Dao, Zhang Xiu for wudoumi Dao, and Zhang Lu added wudoumi Dao. At the same time, there are differences in the names of Zhang Jiao, Zhang Xiu, and Zhang Lu in historical books. As a "Ba witch", Zhang Xiu was very familiar with Ba people's Witchcraft and used it to preach. During the reign of Guanghe, he formed a great influence in Hanzhong and Bajun. After Zhang Jiao's uprising in February of the first year of emperor Zhongping, Zhang Xiu also launched an uprising in Bajun in July of the same year. They attacked counties, killed corrupt officials, and dealt a heavy blow to the rule of the imperial court in Central Sichuan. Some landlords exclaimed that "the season is ominous, and the rice witches are fierce", so that historians specially juxtaposed him with Zhang Jiao, the leader of the yellow scarf uprising. the main content of Zhang Xiu's preaching of wudoumi Taoism, which is described in the biography of Zhang Lu in the annals of the Three Kingdoms: "the cultivation method is slightly the same as the angle, and the quiet room is added, so that the patients can think about their mistakes. He also ordered people to offer wine for the sake of treachery. The owner of the sacrifice took "Lao Tzu's five thousand writings" as an example to make the capital practice, and called it treachery order. For the ghost official, please pray for the sick. Please pray: write the name of the patient, persuade the meaning of sin, make three links, one of which is on the mountain, the other is buried in the ground, the other is sunk in the water. So that the patient's home out of rice that often, so the name wudoumi division. It is not beneficial to cure disease, but it is obscene. However, the villain is so stupid that he has to work together. " Zhang Xiu's religious activities are roughly the same as Zhang Jiao's, such as emphasizing kowtow and Fu Shui to treat diseases, but there are unique aspects: first, he added meditation in the quiet room. Secondly, it was the first time that Laozi was combined with folk religion in the history of Taoism. It shows that the combination of Taoist activities and Taoist theory indicates that Taoism has begun to get rid of the level of secular superstition and common folk religion and move towards an independent big religion. Thirdly, it is more influential and deceptive to write "three official handwritten letters" to combine medical treatment with religious activities. Fourthly, "it is common for the family of the sick to produce rice." the family of the sick is willing to produce rice or other things, rather than all the believers have to hand in rice. This is also more in line with the saying that "although a villain is stupid, he should work together.". Later, after Zhang Lu's reform, all believers had to hand in. Therefore, there is a saying in historical materials that Han people and Bayi "dare not not not to worship.". The theory that the believers lose rice is not entirely accurate. Li Ying said in the book of Shu: "those who are influenced by Zhang Lu's Taoism are rice, meat, cloth, silk, utensils, paper, pen, recommendation mat and multicolor." According to Zhang Lu's "Yishe", there are both rice and meat, which shows that what Li Ying said in Shu Ji is not false. However, there are so many things that it is not known who started them. In any case, Zhang Xiu's wudoumi Taoism had a great influence on the later Zhengyi religion of Zhang Lu, and became the foundation of Zhengyi religion. there are also some discrepancies in the historical materials about Zhang Xiu's death. During the Three Kingdoms period, mermaid said, "if you kill the back horn, you will die." But he didn't tell Zhang Xiuzhi whether he had been killed, died or escaped? In the biography of Zhang Lu in the annals of the Three Kingdoms, it is said that Liu Yan, a herdsman in Yizhou, took Lu as his governor, Yi Sima, and other SIMAS
Chinese PinYin : Zhang Xiu
Zhang Xiu
