Wu Zhongxin

Wu Zhongxin

Wu Zhongxin

(March 15, 1884 - December 16, 1959)

Li Qing

One word

Keep firm

, No

Shuan

. Hefei, Anhui Province, Han nationality. He was a military general and political figure of the Republic of China. He was chairman of the Mongolian Tibetan Committee of the national government, chairman of the Xinjiang Provincial Government, and Secretary General of the presidential palace. He died in Taipei on December 16, 1959 at the age of 76.

Wu Zhongxin has a unique position and role in the history of the Republic of China and the frontier nationalities. He believed that his most unforgettable, rare and arduous mission in his life was to preside over the 14th Dalai Lama's accession ceremony in Tibet in February 1940.

Life story

Wu Zhongxin was born in Hefei on March 15, 1884. When Wu Zhongxin was young, his parents died. He lived with his brother and studied hard. In 1901, at the age of 17, Wu Zhongxin, feeling the weakness of his country, resolutely joined the army and was admitted to Nanjing Jiangnan military school. Four years later, Wu Zhongxin graduated with excellent results and distributed it to the ninth town of the new army. He was gradually valued by Xu Shaozhen, who was also the governor of Jiangbei. Soon, he was promoted to the Third Battalion of the 35th bid of the town. In 1906, Wu Zhongxin secretly joined the alliance led by Sun Yat Sen. After the outbreak of the revolution of 1911, Wu Zhongxin urged Xu Shaozhen to revolt, and was appointed as the chief law enforcement officer of the general headquarters of the uprising army and the chief commander of the military station. In 1905, he graduated from Jiangnan military school and held the posts of management and staff officer in the 35th standard of the ninth town. The next year he joined the alliance in secret. After the revolution of 1911, he served as the police chief of the national government, and then went to Japan to join the Chinese revolutionary party. On the new year's day of 1912, Sun Yat Sen took office as the provisional president of the Republic of China in Nanjing. At the age of 28, Wu Zhongxin became the chief police officer of the capital and concurrently managed municipal affairs. One day, Sun Yat Sen's coachman drove into a drum tower in the center of Nanjing and was detained by the police. The general secretary of the grand presidential palace called Wu Zhongxin, hoping to release people. When Wu Zhongxin replied, he had to enforce the law impartially. The general secretary had to go to the police station in person and go through the compensation procedures. As a result, the local ruffians and hooligans in the market have been able to stop making trouble and disturbing the people, the wounded soldiers and extortionists have almost disappeared, and social security has greatly improved. Sun Yat Sen praised Wu Zhongxin's various measures for their quick success. On July 15, 1913, Huang Xing assumed the post of commander in chief of Yuan Jun in Nanjing, and Wu Zhongxin returned to the post of Nanjing police chief. Jiangxi, Anhui, Guangdong and Sichuan provinces declared independence one after another, and the "second revolution" broke out. The two sides fought fiercely in Ningzhen area for more than 20 days, but failed to fight yuan because of the lack of enemies. Wu Zhongxin followed Huang Xing aboard the Japanese ship Shizuoka to the river and died in Japan. Sun Yat Sen organized the Chinese revolutionary party in Japan, and Wu Zhongxin became one of the first 120 party members. In 1915, Sun Yat Sen ordered Wu Zhongxin and Chen Qimei to sneak back to China successively to preside over the military affairs of Shanghai and concurrently take charge of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui provinces. They set up a series of anti yuan activities in Shanghai with No.5 yuyangli, Xiafei road as their headquarters. On December 5, the uprising of Zhaohe, Yingrui and Tongji launched the Shanghai uprising against Jiangnan manufacturing Bureau. Chen Qimei, commander in chief of the Yijun army and Wu Zhongxin as chief of staff, Chiang Kai Shek was also called to Shanghai to take part in the incident. However, Yingrui and Tongji were on the verge of mutiny. The local bombs made by the revolutionaries with tins and cigarette barrels were not powerful enough. The uprising was defeated by Yuan Shikai's powerful military force. After Chen Qimei was assassinated, Wu Zhongxin, a colleague, only knocked down his front teeth and survived. After 1917, he followed Sun Yat Sen to fight in Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian provinces. After Yuan Shikai's death, Sun Yat Sen went south to Guangzhou to organize the military government of the Republic of China. Wu Zhongxin also served in the Guangdong army. He successively served as the chief of staff of the general headquarters, commander of the seventh detachment, chief of staff of the second army, and commander of Guilin garrison. Sun Yat Sen valued him for his bravery in fighting and good command. In May 1922, Sun Yat Sen appointed Wu Zhongxin as the "military plenipotentiary" and went north to contact the leaders of Anhui and Feng factions to discuss the formation of a "triangle alliance" to jointly deal with the warlords directly under Cao Kun and Wu Peifu. During his stay in Shanghai, Wu Zhongxin urged Chiang Kai Shek to go to Guangzhou to guard Sun Yat Sen against Chen Jiongming's rebellion. Because of his own stubborn disease of intestines and stomach, he went to Suzhou to recuperate. In 1926, he was employed as a consultant of the general headquarters of the Northern Expedition army. After the victory of the northern expedition, he advocated disarmament and took charge of the deployment of the armies in North China. After the establishment of the Nanjing National Government, Wu Zhongxin came to Anhui Province in 1932 and became the chairman of Anhui Province. He was appointed chairman of Guizhou Province in May 1933 and resigned in June 1936. In August 1936, Wu Zhongxin was appointed chairman of the Mongolian Tibetan Committee of the national government. In dealing with ethnic affairs and strengthening frontier defense, he has been conscientious and cautious. He was the chairman of Anhui Province in 1933. The next year, he served as chairman of the Military Commission and general counsellor of Nanchang Xingyuan. In 1935, he was transferred to the chairman of Guizhou provincial government. In August 1936, he was appointed chairman of the Mongolian Tibetan Committee and elected executive member of the Central Committee. After taking office, he made remarkable achievements in Tibet affairs. On September 23, 1938, the representative of Tibet's deputy capital reported to Wu Zhongxin that after the 13th Dalai Lama passed away in Lhasa on December 17, 1933, his reincarnated spirit child had been found in Huangzhong County, east of Qinghai's Ta'er temple. He planned to ask the central government to allow the child to enter Tibet and send senior officials to Lhasa to preside over the confirmation ceremony and the Dalai Lama's bed sitting ceremony. Wu Zhongxin believes that the identification of young children and the bed sitting ceremony of the 14th Dalai Lama are related to national sovereignty, the relationship between the central government and the local government, and the unity and harmony of all ethnic groups in China. He proposed an implementation plan to the national government and formed Xingyuan, chairman of the Mongolian Tibetan Committee, to go to Tibet on behalf of the central government. On December 28, 1938, the national government issued an order that it, together with local Regent Rezhen Hutuktu, presided over the bed sitting of the 14th Dalai Lama, Danzengjiacuo. In October 1939, Wu Zhongxin arranged some of his entourage to escort the Lingtong Lama Dengzhu (the 14th Dalai Lama who was about to sit in bed) into Tibet by land. He himself led some of his entourage to bypass Hong Kong, Myanmar and India and enter Tibet from the south to show his solemnity. Thousands of miles away, rough and hard. When crossing the Himalayas, the roof of the world, the British military stations along the way made Wu Zhongxin and his party feel more about the imperialist ambition to invade China and the great responsibility of this trip. On the top of the mountain at the border of Xijin and Tibet, Wu Zhongxin specially asked his entourage to put the Chinese flag on the top of the mountain and lead the people to sing the national anthem. After Yadong and Gyangze, they arrived in Lhasa on January 15, 1940 and received a warm welcome from all walks of life in Tibet. The next day, however, when Wu Zhongxin went to the Potala Palace to pay his respects according to the law, some people were full of twists and turns. It turned out that there were three main steps. The middle road had been blocked by ropes, saying that only the Dalai Lama could walk, and others had to walk on the left and right roads. Wu Zhongxin said sternly: "on behalf of the Central Committee, I can walk everywhere in my own territory." After that, he ordered to remove the rope, hold the staff calmly and go up the middle road. On February 22, 1940, the 14th Dalai Lama's bed sitting ceremony was solemnly held in the main hall of Potala Palace. Previously, some people with ulterior motives had proposed that Wu Zhongxin should pay homage to Lingtong at the grand ceremony, and put Wu's seat on the left side below the Dalai Lama's seat. Wu Zhongxin believes that this is not his personal matter, but the status of the central government. Tibet's local government has been subordinate to the central government for more than 800 years. To preside over sitting in bed is to exercise the power of the central government, and outsiders are not allowed to interfere. After serious negotiations, Wu Zhongxin and Dalai both sat side by side in the north and south of the ceremony, while the British and other representatives were ranked below Wu Zhongxin's entourage, so angry that Goode refused to attend the ceremony. China's insinuation that Tibet is "a suzerain state, not a sovereign state" advocated by imperialists for many years has gone bankrupt. They and ethnic separatists have failed in their attempt to split the motherland and boycott the central government. In 1942, the local government of Tibet set up the "Foreign Affairs Bureau" without authorization in an attempt to create the illusion of independence. After hearing the news, he called the local government of Tibet on behalf of the Mongolian Tibetan Committee, reiterating that "all issues concerning national interests must be handled according to the will of the central government", and firmly supporting the Tibet office to take a tough attitude and not to have any contact with the "Foreign Affairs Bureau". He also made contact with the relevant parties of the Central Committee to smash the separatist plot of a few people. In order to safeguard the reunification of the motherland and oppose the division of Tibet, he paid more attention to the formulation or amendment of laws and regulations on local affairs in Tibet. During his term of office, he promulgated a series of relevant documents in the name of the central government, such as the "instructions for escorting Panchen envoys to Tibet" in September 1936, the "measures for reincarnation of lamas" amended in 1938, and the "measures for the recognition of Panchen hubilehan" in 1942. In the same year, according to the "Lama registration method" published in 1936, the government issued instructions to register the lamas in the border areas. Around the 36th year of the Republic of China, Wu Zhongxin successively served as the chairman of Zhongfu bank and a member of the national government in Nanjing. After Chiang Kai Shek became president through the "constitutional National Congress", Wu Zhong trusted the senior officials and Secretary General of the "presidential palace". On January 21, the 38th year of the Republic of China, Chiang Kai Shek "retired" and Li Zongren acted as president. Wu Zhongxin resigned as secretary general and remained as senior minister. On the eve of the liberation of Shanghai, the whole family moved to Taiwan. He died in Taipei on December 16, 1959. he has written "summary of Tibet" and "Diary of entering Tibet" and other books, which record in detail the process of the 14th Dalai Lama who was ordered to preside over Tibet sitting in bed.

Characters and deeds

Wu Zhongxin, chairman of the special Mongolian Tibetan Committee of the national government, came to Tibet to preside over the Fourteenth Dalai Lama's decision to sit on the bed. In the study of modern Tibetan history, there has been a dispute between different opinions for decades, which has not been accepted for a long time

Chinese PinYin : Wu Zhong Xin