Liang Shiyi

Liang Shiyi

Liang Shiyi (1869-1933), a famous economist, banker and politician in the early Republic of China, was born in Gangtou village, Baini Town, Sanshui City, Guangdong Province. In his early years, Liang Shiyi studied with his father Liang Zhijian in Sanshui, Guangzhou and Hong Kong, and later traveled with Liang Qichao to Foshan Academy. In the 20th year of Guangxu (1894), he passed the imperial examination and served successively as Minister of the Ministry of Posts and communications, Minister of state, and director of the General Administration of railways. He made great contributions to China's early railway industry. In 1911, he helped Yuan Shikai coerce the Qing Royal family to abdicate.

At the beginning of the Republic of China, he served as secretary-general of the presidential palace of Yuan Shikai, Prime Minister of the Bank of communications, Vice Minister of the Ministry of finance, and Premier of the Beiyang government. As head of the Department of communications and President of the National Railway Association, he fully supported Sun Yat Sen's national railway construction plan. Liang Shiyi is known as "living God of wealth" and "second president". In 1916, he was called "the brain of China" by the New York Times and "the powerful minister behind the throne". He was a very active and important political figure in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. On June 6, 1918, Liang Shiyi founded the Beijing stock exchange, the first stock exchange founded by the Chinese themselves. In 1932, the January 28 Incident broke out. Liang Shiyi called British Prime Minister MacDonald in his private name, asking him to unite with other countries to stop Japanese atrocities. On March 3, 1932, he went to Shanghai to discuss the Anti Japanese plan with Duan Qirui, and died on April 9.

Life of the characters

During the period of the Republic of China, he was a senior official of transportation and finance of the Beiyang government and the head of the old transportation department.

Guangxu (1894) was a Jinshi of the Jiawu section, who was granted the editing of the Imperial Academy. In 1903, he was employed by Yuan Shikai as the general manager of Beiyang book company. Since 1907, he has been promoted by the Ministry of post and telecommunications to Beijing Han railway and Shanghai Nanjing fifth railway, assistant director of Bank of communications and director of General Administration of railway. In November 1911, he acted as deputy minister and Minister of the Ministry of post and communication in Yuan Shikai's cabinet, and participated in Yuan Shikai's activities to coerce the Qing Royal family to abdicate. In March 1912, he served as Secretary General of Yuan Shikai's presidential palace. In May, he served as prime minister and vice minister of the Ministry of finance of the Bank of communications. He vigorously raised funds to support Yuan Shikai's claim to the throne, and also initiated the formation of a national petition union to petition the Senate

Change the national system

In order to please. After Yuan Shikai's death, he was listed as the chief culprit of the imperial system and wanted. Since Liang Shiyi was wanted as the chief culprit of Hong Xian in the fifth year of the Republic of China, he has been staying behind the scenes in Beijing's political arena. Compared with his popularity in the early years of the Republic of China, it is just two extremes. Since he was not on the stage, there has been no way for the Beijing government's financial affairs, and he also relied on this to return to the political arena.

In September 2010, he returned to Guangdong from the north and lived in Hong Kong. Because of his potential diplomatic and financial influence, he had contacts with political figures of the northern and southern armies. Seeing the financial situation worsen, Xu Shichang also pinned his hopes on Liang Caishen, believing that Liang might come back from the dead. Of course, members of the old Transportation Department refused to give up this thousand year opportunity, and urged Liang to go north.

So Liang Shiyi left Hong Kong on November 10 and went to Shanghai on November 12 to visit Tonglu, qililong and other places of interest in Hangzhou. He made a gesture of leisure. At the end of November, I went back to Beijing along Jinpu road.

It was the best time for Liang Shiyi to come to Beijing, because Jin's cabinet was on the verge of collapse, so Xu Shichang approached him to form a cabinet.

On December 24, 2010, Xu Shichang ordered Liang Shiyi to be appointed premier of state, which of course was agreed by Zhi Cao and Feng Zhang. The list of Liangge is as follows:

Foreign Minister Yan Huiqing

Minister of the interior Gao lingfu

Zhang arc, chief financial officer

Army chief Bao Guiqing

Navy chief Li Dingxin

Chief justice Wang Chonghui

Huang Yanpei, director general of Education

Qi Yaoshan, director general of agriculture and Commerce

Traffic chief ye gongchuo

In Liang Shiyi's cabinet, Bao Guiqing and Qi Yaoshan belong to the Feng system, Gao lingfu belongs to the lineal system, Yan Huiqing and Wang Chonghui belong to the Anglo American school and are close to the lineal system, Zhang arc belongs to the new communication system of the pro Japanese school, ye gongchuo belongs to the old communication system, while Li Dingxin and Huang Yanpei belong to nothing. This is a mixed cabinet of the two departments and the old traffic department, while the old and the new parties of the traffic department are separated and combined.

Liang Shiyi's luck is not very good, because Cao Kun, especially Wu Peifu, who is directly in charge of the cabinet, opposes the formation of Liang Shiyi's cabinet. When Zhang zuolin recommended Liang Shiyi to form a cabinet, he tried to draw Cao Kun in as one of the recommenders. However, Wu Peifu cabled Cao again and again to persuade him to leave Beijing and not to be used by others.

When Wu Peifu was in the north of Liang, he was worried that Liang would come to power. Therefore, he called Zhejiang governor Lu Yongxiang and said:

"Recently, Liang Shiyi went to Guangdong to get in touch with Chen Jiongming, and also had an interview with Sun Wen. This time, he planned to form a cabinet, which would unite Guangdong, Anhui and Hebei, monopolize the railway, merge the central government and endanger the country. Second, I am afraid that if I am not aware of Zhang Feng and am deeply fooled by him, then the day when Liang Ge comes true is the time when the overall situation turns upside down. Yesterday, Cao sent a telegram saying that Liang Ru had formed a cabinet, but the governors of the Yangtze River did not approve of it, and they hoped to employ an old man. If not, Yan Jiudai should be the best. I've heard a lot about it

When Liang Ge was founded, Liang Qichao was also in the northern (Beiyang) government of the Republic of China. He wrote a letter to his family to congratulate him. These two Guangdong talents were very intimate. After receiving Liang Qichao's congratulatory letter, Liang Shiyi wrote a reply in person

"I know that Taiwan has been in Beijing, and I plan to lead a big teaching in the next two or three days. I'm very pleased with my book! This time I jumped into the pit of fire. All those who knew me felt painful. What about those who suffered? The external worries and internal troubles force us to go ahead, and everything is in a hurry. To support this crisis, the wise and wise know the difficulties, and it's not enough to be talented. For many years, he has been living in a estrangement since he began to study. Xinxi is still in the era of examining papers. He is eager to find out the truth, so as to correct his good friends and enlighten them. If my brother can come to Beijing on the second or third day of the Lunar New Year and talk for three hours, he can do what he wants. When there is a sundial after nine o'clock in the evening, it can show the time two or three days in advance, so as to make time free and not to hinder each other. When people are in danger, they often call on their old friends. When they have been friends for 30 years, they should give them a helping hand. "

Liang Shiyi's cabinet is good at diplomacy and finance, but Wu Peifu attacked him with diplomacy (Jiaoji Road) and oppressed him with Finance (military pay). Of course, the actual reason is that Liang Ge was supported by Zhang and had a long way to go with his lineage, especially Wu Peifu. So when Wu caught the topic of diplomacy, he wrote a lot about it.

On January 5, 2011, Wu Peifu published a telegram saying:

“…… Since the Lu case happened, it has spread for several years. After several pavilions, thanks to the people's appeal for help, the outsider has not been killed. Jiaoji railway is the key to the Shandong case. After the opening of the Washington Conference, I strive on behalf of Tandi. Instead of meeting the people's request, we should raise money to redeem the debt. We should draw up a plan to issue debt notes and redeem them in 12 years, but after three years, we can redeem them once. According to the external regulations, the Chinese can buy the debt notes, avoid the form of borrowing, and avoid all kinds of constraints. If we can redeem the road, that is to say, breaking off the relationship with outsiders is not the first emergency. It was about to be settled. Liang Shiyi speculated and stole the premier. Japan's representative suddenly changed his attitude and turned to the front for discussion. On the one hand, Tokyo instructed the Japanese envoys in China to ask the Ministry of foreign affairs to borrow Japanese money, and Japan recommended the employment. The representative of the external PCCW replied that he would reply after contacting the UK and the US. At this critical moment, Liang Shiyi, regardless of his interests and public opinion, made a face-to-face reply without going through the outside world. He allowed the Japanese envoys to ask for Japanese money to redeem the road, and instructed the representatives in the United States to comply. It's the road that still belongs to the Japanese, and it's even more beneficial to use tens of millions of creditor's rights. Liang Shiyi boldly did it now. He took the people's appeals over the years and argued with the representatives. He regarded it as a joke, sacrificed the national vein and destroyed the right of way. What's thicker than outsiders! What is the enemy of the motherland!... "

After receiving Wu's telegram, Liang Shiyi, in the name of the State Council in conjunction with the Ministry of foreign affairs, sent a micro telegram with the date filled in on January 7, announcing the status quo of the negotiation and seeking the consent of the whole country

"Since the establishment of the cabinet, we have adhered to the previous policy for the Washington Conference and passed it on to other countries by notice. The urgent problem to be solved now is the Jiaoji Railway issue in the Shandong case. After repeated negotiations in the United States, I mainly raised funds to redeem and handle it myself. When it comes to fund-raising, whether it's issuing bonds or treasury bonds, whether it's raising funds from home or abroad, it's important to clarify the priority and state that the road will recover its own nature. It's still going to try its best to borrow money from local businessmen in order to win back the right. The dispute between the two sides over the method of employing funds has not yet been settled. On the 27th of last month, the Japanese envoy said to the outside that Japan had made great concessions. If China insisted on immediate redemption, it had to stop negotiations. I'm still going to redeem the road and do it myself. On the 30th, my third representative called and said, "there are two ways to pay for the redemption of Jiaoji Road: (1) after the establishment of the agreement, the Chinese will deposit their cash in a third country's Bank and pay 52% at the end of the third month, 51% at the end of the sixth month and 52% at the end of the ninth month. However, the representative of Japan insisted that the total amount of money should be deposited in the Bank of a third country before it was returned to the railway after evaluation by railway personnel sent by Huitong. （2） China issues treasury bonds according to the amount of money payable, and they are redeemed in 24 installments, every six months. However, after three years, China can redeem them at one time, only after six months' notice. The first phase shall come into force after the agreement takes effect, and the cash shall be paid nine months later. The rest shall be offset by the assets and profits of the railway and interest shall be paid. The Chinese government shall select the engineers of the railway from the Japanese experienced technicians used in the Chinese railway. According to this method, Japan insists that it should use Japan as the deputy chief locomotive operator and deputy chief accountant. ". The government has no preconceived idea of how to return the 30 million day gold that the price of the road is estimated to be. If the government can try to raise enough money to deposit it, it will be the best policy to cut off all kudzu according to the first paragraph. However, due to the financial crisis, it is very difficult to raise money. That is to say, "the representatives of the people's Republic of China and Shandong also advocate annual payment and one person employment

Chinese PinYin : Liang Shi Yi