Zhang Zongchang

Zhang Zongchang

Zhang Zongchang (February 13, 1881 - September 3, 1932), whose name is Xiao Kun, was born in Ye County, Shandong Province (now Laizhou, Shandong Province). Feng was one of the warlord leaders and occupied Shandong for a long time.

In 1899, he went to Northeast China to make a living. After the Wuchang Uprising, he personally led more than 100 people to vote for Hu Ying, the governor of the Shandong people's army, as the head of the independent cavalry regiment of the Recovery Army. In July 1913, he took refuge with Feng Guozhang and successively served as the supervisor of Jiangsu army officers' education regiment, the deputy commander of Jiangsu General's office, and the military commander of the presidential palace. The first division commander of Jiangsu was temporarily appointed. He led the troops to attack the French guards and served as the commander in chief of the second route. In 1920, the army was defeated and the headquarters were dissolved. From 1921 to Zhang zuolin's office in Fengtian, he successively served as senior consultant of the patrol department, commander of the gendarmerie, commander of Suining bandit suppression and garrison envoy of Suining. In September 1924, he was deputy commander of the second Fengjun army during the second Zhifeng war. After the second Zhifeng war, he was appointed commander of the first army of Xuanfu army. At the beginning of 1925, he was the commander of suppressing bandits in Jiangsu, Anhui and Shandong provinces. In April, he served as Shandong military affairs supervisor. The brutal crackdown on the strike of workers in Qingdao Japanese yarn mill resulted in the "Qingdao Massacre". He also served as governor of Shandong Province in July. At the beginning of 1926, he served as commander-in-chief of the Zhilu allied forces.

In August 1928, he was defeated in the army and died in Dalian and Japan. During the period of the third year of the reign of governor Lu (1925-1928), there were over 50 kinds of taxes and levies, which suppressed the workers' movement in Jinan. In 1932, he returned from Japan and lived in Tianjin concession. On September 3 of the same year, Zheng Jicheng, a counsellor of Shandong provincial government, was shot dead at Jinan Station of Jinpu railway.

Overview picture reference:

Life of the characters

Young and hard

Zhang Zongchang was born on the 15th day of the first month of the seventh year of Guangxu (February 13, 1881). Because this day is the Shangyuan Festival, also known as the Lantern Festival, and there is a folk saying that "the official of the 15th day of the first day of junior high school", so he gave Zhang Zongchang a nickname "Lantern official". Zhang Zongchang received a short private school education in his childhood, which laid the foundation for his ability to read and write. Zhu Xiude, an old school teacher, named him Zhang Zongchang, which means to prosper the Zhang family. In his youth, Zhang Zongchang often had no food and clothing, and suffered from hunger and cold. In order to make a living, Zhang Zongchang let cattle go, worked as a blunderbuss hand, wine meter and so on. His miserable childhood not only made him enjoy the coldness of the world prematurely, but also tempered his will and enhanced his ability to adapt to the harsh environment.

Guangxu 23 years (1897), Jiaodong area again in famine, people in dire straits, Zhang Zongchang fled outside the pass. During his exile in the northeast, he worked as a part-time laborer in the northeast, shouldered long-term jobs, and pastured for the rich family. With pickpockets and bandits.

In 1899, Zhang Zongchang was recruited as a road builder for the Middle East Railway. During this period, he worked as a stevedore and a switcher. As Zhang Zongchang was tall, he had the courage to do heavy work, was generous, and valued justice over profit. Therefore, he had great prestige among the workers, and was gradually favored by the Russians. And learn to speak fluent and accurate Russian, who is also very generous. All the Chinese policemen are under his command. The Chinese will come to him for all kinds of things, even the Russians will let him get three points. Later, he went to Siberia to search for gold and served as the chief foreman. When he was the chief foreman of the gold mine, he not only learned excellent gold panning skills, but also trained himself to be an outstanding hunter of shooting beasts, and trained himself to be a very accurate shooter.

A single soldier

On October 10, 1911, after the Wuchang Uprising, Russian newspapers constantly reported the news of the Chinese revolution. According to people's introduction, Zhang Zongchang had contact with Zhang Ximan and Hu Jinzhao of the revolutionary party. In addition, Zhang Zongchang had already been in contact with revolutionary ideas when he was in Vladivostok, and through propaganda, he encouraged his team to return to China to participate in the revolution. Hu Ying, the governor of the Shandong people's army, soon went to Shanghai with the army and served as the head of the Recovery Army under Chen Qimei.

In 1913, Zhang Zongchang was promoted to commander of the third division of Jiangsu army. During the second revolution, Jiangsu was the main province where KMT attacked yuan. The third division of Zhang Zongchang was sent to Xuzhou to defend Yuan Shikai's northern army. However, Zhang Zongchang defected in the front line and surrendered to Feng Guozhang, the general of Beiyang, who became one of the lineage from then on.

In November 1916, Feng Guozhang became the acting president, while Zhang Zongchang was the head of the bodyguard. After the outbreak of the French war in 1918, Zhang Zongchang became the commander of the sixth mixed brigade in Jiangsu Province. He went to Hunan with Zhang Huaizhi to fight against the southern army, but he was defeated and fled. He became the commander of the first division.

In 1921, Zhang Zongchang was ordered to lead his troops into Jiangxi Province to fight against Chen Guangyuan, the governor of Jiangxi Province. As a result, he was defeated by Chen Guangyuan in Ji'an area and his troops were dissolved by Chen Guangyuan. Zhang Zongchang had no place in Jiangsu Province, so he had to go north to Baoding, the capital of Zhili Province, to rely on Cao Kun, the patrol envoy of Zhilu and Yu. Cao Kun wanted to take in Zhang Zongchang, but Wu Peifu and other generals could not tolerate the bandit. In a rage, Zhang Zongchang and Xu Kun, one of Cao Kun's frustrated officers, went to Fengtian to take refuge with Zhang zuolin and Zhang Xueliang's father and son, and transferred from the direct line to the Fengtian line.

Take refuge in Fengxi

In 1921, after taking refuge in Fengxi, Zhang Zongchang had no choice but to start from scratch and become the commander of xianbingying. Soon after, Gao Shijia, the brigade commander of Jilin Army (the nephew of Meng Enyuan, the former governor of Jilin Province), united with Lu Yonggui, a bandit, to fight Zhang zuolin. At that time, as soon as Zhang zuolin was defeated in the Zhifeng war, he decided to send Zhang Zongchang to lead the gendarmerie battalion to fight. This was originally a contest of great disparity in power. However, many of Lu Yonggui's leaders were fellow townsmen who went to Guandong together with Zhang Zongchang. In addition, many Shandong villagers, either from Huangxian or Yexian, had heard the name of "Zhang changleg" for a long time. With this kind of relationship, Zhang Zongchang was bloodless, that is, he incorporated the bandits into three regiments, and Zhang Zongchang absorbed the help of others Russia fled to the Russian White army in China. Zhang zuolin was very happy to appoint him as the commander of the third brigade of Jilin provincial defense army and the garrison envoy of Suining, Jilin Province. In this way, Zhang Zongchang has a foothold. Soon after the Russian Civil War, the White Russian guards were defeated and fled to China. Most of them took refuge in Zhang Zongchang. Soon, Zhang Zongchang had nearly ten thousand people.

Zhang Zongchang's military expenditure was huge because of the large number of people and guns. Although Zhang zuolin continued to allocate funds from Fengtian, he was unable to make ends meet. However, Zhang Zongchang allowed his soldiers to grow opium in his own area to make up for the shortage. This caused dissatisfaction among the Fengjun departments and asked Zhang zuolin to demobilize the troops. In addition, Zhang Zongchang's troops had always been extremely bandit and had a bad reputation, so Zhang zuolin had the intention to abolish them.

In the autumn of 1923, Zhang zuolin dispatched Guo Songling, a review committee member, to the third brigade of Zhang Zongchang to inspect Zhang's drill, which was called the review drill. In fact, he was waiting for the opportunity to demobilize. The process of the drill was rather harsh. Later, Zhang zuolin greatly favored Zhang Zongchang, transferred him from Jilin to Shenyang, and changed Zhang Zongchang's Department into the third brigade of the Fengtian army, under the jurisdiction of four regiments.

The dispute between Zhejiang and Shandong

In the second Zhifeng war in 1924, Zhang Zongchang was appointed deputy commander of the second army of Zhenwei army. After the war, Duan Qirui's Provisional Government of the Republic of China was established, and Zhang Zongchang was appointed commander of the first Xuanfu army, stationed in Shanghai. While Zhang Zongchang was still enjoying himself in Shanghai, Duan Qirui's government appointed Lu Yongxiang as the military supervisor of Jiangsu. Zhang Zongchang's desire to seize the territory of Jiangsu failed. In a rage, he withdrew his troops to Jiangbei and concentrated in Xuzhou. When Zhang Zongchang withdrew his troops, Zhang zuolin, anxious, pleaded with Duan Qirui, demanding that Shandong, which was under the control of Zheng Shiqi of Anhui Department, should be transferred to Zhang Zongchang. At that time, Duan Qirui relied on Zhang zuolin to compete with Feng Yuxiang in order to maintain his ruling position. He had no choice but to remove Zheng Shiqi's military supervision and change to Zhang Zongchang. Although Zheng Shiqi was removed from office, he did not leave. Zhang Zongchang waited for three months. Finally, he sent Xu Kun to lead two brigades into Shandong, and sent Wang Hanming, chief of staff, to Jinan to meet Zheng Shiqi. He used both hard and soft methods, and Zheng Shiqi had no choice but to leave Jinan. In February 1925, Zhang Zongchang was appointed commander in chief of the three provinces of Jiangsu, Anhui and Shandong, stationed in Xuzhou.

In April 1925, Zhang Zongchang led a large group of people from Xuzhou into Shandong Province and took the post of military affairs supervisor of Shandong Province. Then, Zhang Zongchang forced Gong Boheng, the provincial chairman, away by force, and became the provincial chairman himself. As a result, Zhang Zongchang dominated Shandong Province, but he was called "dog meat general" by the people because of his cruel and cruel behavior and punishing the people. Zhang Zongchang, like other generals in the Feng clan, was backed by Japan. In May 1925, Zhang Zongchang suppressed the Japanese workers' strike in Qingdao, which led to the "Qingdao Massacre". During his reign in Shandong Province, Zhang Zongchang accumulated a large amount of private property and deposited it in Japanese banks in Dalian.

Although Zhang Zongchang became the commander of the army, he did not have his own territory in the northeast, Zhili, Shandong and other provinces under the control of Fengxi. If he wanted to be a governor or governor, he had to fight south for Jiangsu and Zhejiang. At that time, the governor of Jiangsu Province was Qi Xieyuan, the governor of Zhejiang Province was Sun Chuanfang, and Jiangsu and Zhejiang were the direct spheres of influence. Duan Qirui appointed Lu Yongxiang, a close confidant, as the Xuanfu envoy of Jiangsu and Zhejiang, to destroy Qi Xieyuan and seize the territory of Canada. Zhang zuolin also wanted to expand to the south of the Yangtze River, so he supported Zhang Zongchang to go south. In October 1925, the national army of sun Chuanfang and Feng Yuxiang, the military supervisors of Zhejiang Province, began to join hands to challenge Fengxi, and Zhang Zongchang met them. After the second Zhifeng war, Wu Peifu, who was once weak, took part in the war, forming the National Army's opposition to the Zhili, Zhili and Zhili

Chinese PinYin : Zhang Zong Chang