Li Duan
Li Duan
Li Duan (743-782), whose name is Zhengji, was born in Zhaozhou (now Zhaoxian County, Hebei Province). He was born in Zhaojun, the eastern ancestor of the Li family and a poet of the Tang Dynasty. He is the sixth grandson of Li Xiaozhen, the cousin of Li Zue, empress Gaoyang of emperor Wenxuan of Qi Dynasty.
He lived in Lushan Mountain as a teacher and served as a monk. Jinshi in the fifth year of Dali. He used to be Secretary of the provincial school, Sima of Hangzhou. In his later years, he resigned and lived in seclusion in Hengshan, Hunan Province. Today, there are three volumes of Li Duan's poetry anthology. Most of his poems are for social intercourse, and most of them show negative thoughts of avoiding the world. Some of his poems also reflect the social reality. Some of his poems about girlfriends are elegant and can be recited. His style is similar to that of sikongshu. Li Duan is one of the ten talents in Dali. Today, there are three volumes of Li Duan's poetry anthology. His son, Li Yuzhong, was a minister of the Ministry of war.
Life of the characters
Youth
Li Duan's youth is rarely mentioned in the existing historical materials. In the poem "Shu Zhi Xiang Chang Dang", it is said: "I'm not happy with the immortal art, but it's wasted before I go. If you are tired of ambition, there will be more and more floating life. " And in the preface of the poem, he describes the situation of his youth as follows: "Yu Shaoshang was immortal, and failed to go." There is also a poem "drama to Han judge officials, gentry and ministers", which says: "less Taoist to live in Songling." This shows that Li Duan once left his hometown when he was young. Before the an Shi rebellion, he went to Songshan to seek immortality and visit Taoism. His feelings should be related to the prevalence of Taoism in the period of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty.
According to the epitaphs of Li Duan's parents Li Zhen and Wang, Li Duan once served as a petty official in Yiyang, Jiangxi Province. In Chang'an Shu Shi Ji Lu Lun: "Lu Yue, a weak family, has been a teacher for a long time." This is consistent with "living in Lushan when I was young and studying according to Jiaoran".
Li Duan's learning track should be in his youth, that is, before the an Shi rebellion, he went to Songling to learn Taoism. When he was weak, he felt that the years were wasted and the immortals were hard to find. We can see his regret about the difficulty in finding immortals in a large number of his poems. When he left Songshan to become an official in Yiyang, he went to Lushan again and became the disciple of Jiaoran monk. He changed his way to Buddhism, but he could not do it. This can be seen from Li Duan's poems to Jiaoran. Li Duan also wrote several poems to the masters. In his middle age, he gradually understood Zen.
During the an Shi rebellion, Li Duan wrote a large number of realistic works, reflecting the harm and disaster brought by the war. These poems are before Li Duan's entering the curtain, which mostly show Li Duan's enthusiasm of patriotism and serving the country. At the same time, Li Duan's poems at this time also have a kind of vigorous vigor, few of them have the same attitude of chanting the wind and the moon, as well as sad and depressed thoughts and feelings.
Bumpy official career
Li Duan had a bumpy career. Zheng Gu, a poet in the late Tang Dynasty, said in his two poems of crying Jinshi Li Dong: "Li Duan ended up being a poor official, and Jia Dao got a high reputation." When Li Duan was in Chang'an, there were two major events that should not be ignored. The first was Li Duan's good performance at the banquet at the residence of Guo Wan and Princess Shengping. The other was Li Duan's Jinshi and the scholar of the school.
Li Duan came to Chang'an in the first year of Yongtai (765) or a little ago after he was called "the home of Lu Yue". During the period of Chang'an, his poems were famous. With his outstanding talent, he was favored by his son-in-law Guo Han and Princess Shengping. He made friends and sang with dignitaries, and was good at the banquet.
At this time, Li Duan's poems were mostly about giving rewards and seeing off, and his fresh and bright poetic style had already begun to appear. Among many poets, Li Duan is especially outstanding for his quick thinking, and his poems of this period give people a sense of "being accomplished as soon as one works.". Of course, these poems are difficult to be good for lack of consideration, but there are also some light and incisive works. Such as "send Wei Guang to Yangzhou ningqin", "give Guo Fuma" and so on.
Li Duan took the imperial examination twice before and after, but it was disadvantageous to take the examination twice from the first year to the third year of Dali. After three years of failure in Dali, he began to go on the road of ganye. Such as the poem "the next son is the first minister of Xue".
Next, Li Duan in the fifth year of Dali (770), "Li baobang Jinshi and, awarded the Secretary of the provincial school Shulang.". Coincidentally, in the second to fifth year of Dali, the Minister of rites and the person of Dian Sui Ju was always Xue Yong. It was Li Duan who wrote this poem when Xue Yong was canonizing Gongju, so scholars focused on this song, but ignored the quotation of Li Duan's son-in-law Guo Han and his son-in-law at that time.
In fact, the imperial examination in Tang Dynasty was a combination of examination and recommendation, and the role of the promoters was very important. Before taking the exam, Ju Zi should first "stab" and "write a paper" to the dignitaries and ask for recommendation. But the scholars only got the qualification of being an official. If they want to be an official, they have to be elected by the Ministry of officials. Gu Zhiqi, who is as good as Li Duan as Jin Lan, was a Jinshi in the second year of Baoying (763) before Li Duan, but he has never been given an official position. However, Li Duan gave the position of xueshulang soon after he became a Jinshi, which shows that his official career is quite different.
It can be seen from Li Duan's two poems "Fenghe Wang Yuan's second prime minister, huaidu Taiwei" and "sujianfu temple's homestead sent yuanxiaoshu" that Li Duan's Jinshi and official worship were closely related to the quotation of Yuanzai's son-in-law and guohan's son-in-law at that time. Just as Hu Zhenheng said in Tang Shi GUI Qian Tan Cong of Ming Dynasty: "ten talented scholars like Sikong (Shu) attached to the gate of Yuan Zai, Lu Lun was recommended by Wei Qu and Mou, Qian Qi and Li Duan entered the curtain of Guo's noble leader, they could not be far away from power."
During the Dali period, Li Duan spent most of his time in Chang'an. After he left Chang'an, he also went to some other places, but where he went is unknown, so we can only infer from his poems. Such as Bian tou Zuo, Hu tenger and Xiao FA Guazhou, we can know that Li Duan has been to Guazhou. Another example is "late baling", "late visit to Dongtian to send sikongshu", "stay in Dongting", and have been to Hunan.
Old age
Li Duan only wrote the poem "you Zhongnanshan because you sent Su Fengli to respect Miao Yuanwai", but no poem shows that Li Duan once lived in Zhongnanshan. It is obviously difficult to be persuasive with only one poem.
In the autumn of the third year of Jianzhong (782), Li Duan lived in Qishan. For a period of time, he was engaged in business under the curtain of Zhang Yi, who was awarded Zhang Yin by Fengxiang. "Even if it's true, it's true." Around the autumn of the fourth year of Jianzhong, Zhang Yi was killed by Li chulin, and Li Duan moved to the south of the Yangtze River. There is a poem that says, "I want to live in Maodong with mountains and waters, and I have a garden in Huqiu."
On the issue of Li Duan's final official, the old book of Tang Dynasty: "give Hangzhou Sima to die", jixuanji and biography of Tang caizizhuan also think that Li Duan's final official is Hangzhou Sima, but his son Li Yuzhong's epitaph records that "father Duan, Hangzhou Si Bing, gave to the minister of the Ministry of war."
Li Duan was born in the Li family of Zhao county, and his seventh and sixth ancestors, Li Xili and Li Xiaozhen, have been passed down in historical books. Li laiwang, the fifth ancestor of the Five Dynasties, was named guidao. He was the chief of Fufeng County in the Sui Dynasty. Duan que, the Deputy censor in the early Tang Dynasty, comforted Zhu can. He was injured by thieves and presented to the Kaifu and Yuan Wai for free riding. Li siliang (602-659), the emperor of Gaozu, was a doctor of cangbu in the Tang Dynasty. He was once the Minister of Honglu temple and an envoy to Tubo. Li Jingzhong, the great ancestor, joined the army when he was an official of Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty. Grandfather Li Min, official with the state Sima, all water envoys. His father, Li Zhen (696-755), has served successively as a military officer in Wei County, a Sikang in Xinping County, a Shiling in Qizhou County, a Shishi in Huayin County, and a Cheng in Dali temple. His wife, Wang, has five sons and four daughters. Li Duan is the eldest son. Li Duan's family cemetery is located in the west mountain of Longmen, Luoyang. More than a dozen epitaphs have been unearthed, including Li siliang, the great ancestor of Li, Li Jie, Li Zhen's wife, Li Ang's younger brother, Li Rong's wife, Li Fan's son, Li Yuzhong's son, Li Fangyi's grandson and Li Qun.
Representative of poetry
Worship the new moon
Open the curtain to see the new moon, even if the next step worship.
Whisper people do not hear, the north wind blowing skirt.
Boudoir
The moon falls, the stars are rare, the sky is bright, the lamp is not extinguished, the dream is difficult to become.
Shayi looked to the door, not angry at the sound of magpies.
Listen to Zheng
In front of the Jade House, there is a zither singing.
If you want to get Zhou Lang's attention, you should always brush the string by mistake.
Chanting
Prince in law Du Wei
Guo Han
The young Duwei is the most romantic, and he will worship the Marquis when he is successful.
Gold distance cockfighting over the court, jade whip riding out long catalpa.
Incense Xun make partial pity less, Fu powder he Lang does not relieve worry.
At dusk, the Willow Road blows, and passers-by point to the Phoenix Tower.
The first four sentences of this poem praise Guo Han's early success and his elegant demeanor, while the last four praise him for being as versatile as Xun Yu and he Yan, and describe people's admiration for him at that time. It is an impromptu poem.
"Money" rhyme
Fangtang like mirror grass Qianqian, the first month, such as hook did not string.
New kaijinlong looks at tiaomao, old Tongshan Xu coin.
Willow blowing jade flute into the building, lotus water jealousy flower mother of pearl.
At present, the captains are like friends. They took off their long train to learn from the youth.
This is the surname of Qian Qi, the "ten talents of Dali". Qian Qi wrote poems on the spot with the rhyme of Qian Qi. It was because Qian Qi was in trouble with Li Duan. After Li Duan knew the rhyme, he began to recite the poem after a little meditation. Since then, Qian Qi admired Li Duan very much.
Anecdotes
Chinese music has a long history. From the book of songs, the oldest collection of poems, we can read a lot of sentences about musical instruments. Of course, they are all the products of the pre Qin period. There is a musical instrument called Zheng, which was invented and made by Meng Tian, a general of frontier defense in the Qin Dynasty, according to custom. It can be seen that general Meng is really versatile. He not only made great achievements in the border areas, but also left many practical things for later generations because of his unique inventions. For example, the invention and manufacture of the well-known brush is based on his outstanding contribution.
It's really interesting to talk about the origin of the name Zheng. According to yinhualu, a pair of brothers in the Qin Dynasty argued with each other over Guse (which is also a musical instrument) for a while, so an elder came forward to mediate and said, "according to the old man, I don't think you need to argue any more. Well, divide it into two parts, one for each, and you need to fight again
Chinese PinYin : Li Duan
Li Duan
