Goebbels

Paul Josef Goebbels

Paul Joseph Goebbels (German: Paul Joseph Goebbels, birth and death: October 29, 1897-may 1, 1945) is a German politician and speaker. As the Minister of national education and propaganda in Nazi Germany, he was good at giving speeches and was known as "the genius of propaganda" and "the mouthpiece of Nazi". He defended Hitler's regime and maintained the system of the third empire with an iron hand and was regarded as "the creator of Hitler".

Goebbels received his Ph.D. from Heidelberg University in 1921. His doctoral dissertation is about romantic comedy in the 19th century. He worked as a reporter, bank teller and stock exchange summoner. He also wrote novels and comedies, but was not recognized by publishers. In 1923, when the French and Belgian allied forces occupied Ruhr, in 1924, influenced by Hitler's speech, Goebbels joined the Nazi Party and sought to get ahead through political activities. Goebbels began to contact with the Nazi Party and joined the party the next year. He was appointed as the leader in Berlin. During his reign, he gave full play to his propaganda skills and united with the local socialist and Communist parties with the help of Nazi newspapers and the Nazi paramilitary stormtroopers. In 1928, he became one of the top figures in the party.

In 1933, after Hitler and the Nazi Party came to power, he was appointed Minister of propaganda. The first thing he did after taking office was to burn the banned books listed by the Nazi party, and his totalitarian control of German media, art and information began.

Goebbels was always with Hitler until the last moment. He was appointed German prime minister before Hitler committed suicide in 1945. Shortly after Hitler committed suicide, Goebbels and his wife committed suicide outside the basement of the imperial chancellery at 8 pm.

Early experience

On October 29, 1897, Goebbels was born into a Catholic family in Leiter, Rhine, Germany. As a child, his left leg contracted due to poliomyelitis, and he was even refused to serve in the army during the first World War. A year and a half before his suicide, he still said to people, "the most severe punishment that can be imposed on me is to inspect the guard of honor. This is not always avoidable. I can't get a good night's sleep every time an activity of reviewing the guard of honor is included in the celebration schedule. " When he graduated from Catholic high school, his graduation speech on behalf of the whole class was well received.

From the summer of 1917 to the spring of 1921, Goebbels studied history and literature in Bonn University, Freiburg University, utzburg University, Munich University and Heidelberg University with the support of the Catholic Association of Albert Magnus. In April 1921, Goebbels obtained his Ph.D. under the guidance of Professor Friedrich gongerf, a historian of Jewish literature at Heidelberg University. At first, Goebbels devoted himself to writing novels, plays and poems, including the novel Michael, the play tramp and the lonely guest, but no publisher was willing to publish them at that time. It was not until 1926 that Goebbels' novel Michael was published.

political life

Join the Nazi Party

In 1924, influenced by Hitler's speech, Goebbels joined the Nazi Party and sought to get ahead through political activities. Goebbels publicized the idealism about German national and racial excellence, believing that the allies, Marxists and Jews deceived the Germans in order to win the military victory of the first World War. In June 1924, Goebbels said in his diary that he should "think more simply, love more highly, expect more sincerely, believe more ardently and speak more modestly." In October of the same year, Goebbels vowed in his diary that "we must find God, and that is why we live in the world.". In 1925, Goebbels became the party secretary of the Ruhr district of the Nazi party, and became the main partner of Gregor Strasse, the leader of the North German faction of the Nazi party. Goebbels founded and published Nazi newsletters and other publications belonging to the Strasse brothers. In order to win the hearts of the people, the brothers Goebbels and Strasse often made speeches catering to the feelings of the working people, proposing that the Nazi party, the Communist Party and the social democratic party jointly carried out the campaign of expropriating aristocratic property, and advocated the nationalization of large industries and estates. Because Hitler was extremely dissatisfied with this, Goebbels once claimed at the meeting of the Nazi party in Hanover in November 1925 that "I demand that the petty bourgeois Adolf Hitler be expelled from the Nazi party".

Recommended to Hitler

After the split between Hitler and Strasse, Goebbels was introduced to Hitler. Hitler appreciated this orator who was good at propaganda and encouragement. He invited Goebbels to give a speech in Munich with his Autographed "my struggle". Goebbels once recorded with surprise: "I entered the hall, the sound of joy was deafening,... I talked for two hours,... Finally Hitler hugged me. In February 1926, Goebbels completely fell on Hitler's side at the Nazi Bamberg conference. In August, Goebbels issued a statement breaking with Strasse through the people's observer.

Party secretary

In November 1926, Goebbels was appointed party secretary of the Nazi Berlin Brandenburg District, responsible for the party's clean-up and institutional reorganization, which soon made the Nazi party in the district a powerful organization. In 1927, Goebbels founded and concurrently served as editor in chief of the offensive newspaper to strengthen the propaganda of Nazism. Goebbels designed posters, published publicity materials, organized parades in the streets, held a memorial assembly of Munich's "beer house riot" and a large-scale speech in Berlin stadium; created the myth of the "always right" of the head of state, portrayed Hitler as the "dominator" and induced people to blindly obey; and wrote the March "the fall of wessel" written by the slain Stormtrooper Horst wessel As a song of the Nazi party, "down" advocates devoting oneself to the cause of the Nazi. In 1929, Goebbels was appointed Nazi propaganda minister.

Minister of national enlightenment propaganda

On January 30, 1933, Hitler came to power. In the parliamentary election on March 5 of the same year, the Nazi Party won 43.5% of the votes, and formed a coalition government with the "German national popular party". On March 13, Goebbels was appointed as the head of the Propaganda Department of the Nazi party as the newly established Minister of the "national education and Propaganda Department" and the chairman of the "National Writers Association". At this time, Hitler gave Goebbels a job An important political task - "anti Semitism".

Under the planning of Goebbels, two months after he took office, he carried out book burning activities in Berlin and several important university towns, burning the works of some non German writers such as Freud and Marx. And promote the boycott of Jewish shops, hospitals and lawyers. On April 7 of the same year, the berufsbeamtentum law was passed again, which stipulated that non Asians were not allowed to hold public office, and began to clean up Jews in various fields. However, there are some difficulties in this provision. For example, when Martin Heidegger, the famous philosopher who was the president of Freiburg University at that time, was ordered to "clean up" the Jewish Professor, he found that the school was in danger of closing down immediately, but the following anti Semitic action continued.

Goebbels also used his part-time position as the president of the newly established National Academy of culture to attack "decadent art" and boycott Jewish artists in propaganda, systematically eliminating the influence of Jews on German cultural life, and bought UFA, the largest film company at that time, finally bringing all media and artistic performance under state control.

In the Second World War, Goebbels also played an important role in war propaganda. At the end of the war, when Germany was at a disadvantage, in order to rescue the bombed cities, the national defense team "werwolf" was organized among the middle-aged, old and young men who had never been conscripted, so it won considerable support. When it was certain that Germany would lose, Hitler seldom made speeches, but instead he was replaced by Goebbels, who told the people on the radio that they would make the final resistance against the allies. When the Soviet army invaded Berlin in April 1945, Goebbels also called on the citizens of Berlin to defend the capital. Goebbels most famous propaganda war is after the defeat of the battle of Stalingrad, he gave a propaganda speech in Berlin Sports Palace, advocating the first world war with all his strength.

According to his diary, because his propaganda department was bombed, he suffered a considerable blow. In addition, he repeatedly hoped that Hitler would give direct encouragement to the bombed citizens of Berlin, but it was not adopted. During Hitler's assassination on July 20, 1944, he accidentally became the only top cadre of the Nazi party in Berlin. He made considerable contributions to suppressing the rebels. Therefore, on July 25 of the same year, he was ordered by Hitler to be the national leader of the general war and had a great say in all aspects of internal affairs. On January 30, 1945, he also served as the defense director of Berlin.

Anecdotes and allusions

Hitler was deeply impressed by Goebbels' ability to work, so that in 1942, Hitler still had a lot of emotion: "Dr. Goebbels has two kinds of talents: speech and intelligence. Without these talents, the situation in Berlin can not be controlled... For Dr. Goebbels, he won Berlin with his true feelings of speech."

The course of political participation

Enter parliament

Goebbels, who has been a member of Parliament of the Weimar Republic since 1928, once declared: "we enter parliament so that we can take out democratic weapons from its arsenal to arm ourselves. We should be members of Parliament so that Weimar can help himself

Chinese PinYin : Ge Pei Er