Ibsen

henrik ibsen

Henrik Ibsen (1828-23 may 1906) is a Norwegian dramatist and the founder of modern European drama. His works emphasize the happiness of the individual in life and ignore the stale etiquette of traditional society. The most famous ones are the poetic drama "Pell gent" (1874-1875), the social tragedy "doll's house" (1879), "ghosts" (1881), "enemies of the people" (1882), "Haida Gabler" (1890); its symbolic plays "wild duck" (1884), "when we die and wake up" (1899), etc., which reflect his thought of "spiritual death".

Life of the characters

Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906) is a Norwegian dramatist. His choice of writing theme and innovative writing skills and structure make him a pioneer of modern drama. Ibsen provides a new stimulating method for examining social and psychological problems. He also gets rid of the writing tradition of the 19th century and begins to use colloquial prose to write. He had been a theater director for a long time and lived in Rome for a long time after the outbreak of the Danish and Prussian wars in 1864.

In 1850, Ibsen went to the capital, Christiania (now Oslo), to take the entrance examination of Medical University

Greek

、

mathematics

And Latin speaking performance is poor, not admitted. Under the surging tide of bourgeois revolution sweeping over European countries, Ibsen made some friends with progressive thinking tendency in the literary and art circles, actively wrote articles for the workers' Association and other journals, participated in the workers' movement led by the Norwegian socialist Marcus Trane, and published the satirical weekly andrymana in cooperation with two friends. He also wrote a group of sonnets entitled wake up, Scandinavians, calling on Norway and Sweden to join forces to support Denmark and fight against the Prussian invaders. In his first historical play cartirina (1850), he turned the old story and wrote the "traitor" in Roman history as an outstanding character fighting for civil liberties. The play not only reflected the revolution of 1848, but also showed his personal rebellious spirit. The play was funded by a friend of his. In the autumn of 1851, he wrote a prelude for Bergen theatre, which was appreciated by the founder of the theatre and the famous violinist ole bull. He was employed as a boarding playwright and also as a director. He agreed to write a new play every year. In 1852, he was sent to visit theaters in Denmark and Germany. His plays at Bergen theatre include midsummer's night (1853), Tomb of the warrior (1854), lady inger of ESTRO (1855), salhoug's Banquet (1856) and Olaf lilekron (1857). During this period, Ibsen participated in the editing and directing of no less than 145 plays. His practical experience in drama creation is comparable to that of Shakespeare and Moliere.

In 1857, Ibsen transferred to the capital theatre as director. The next year, I married Susannah torreson. In 1862, when the theater went bankrupt, he had to borrow money to live on, but he continued to work tirelessly. In this theatre, he wrote the Pirates of Helgeland (1858), the comedy of love (1862), the man coveting the throne (1863), etc. The comedy of love, which advocates free love and opposes old-fashioned marriage, was maliciously attacked by the conservative forces in the society. At the same time, the war between Denmark and Prussia in 1864 caused him to worry about the future of independence of the whole peninsula. So he decided to go abroad. In the same year, he left Norway for Italy, where he was in debt and living in dire straits due to malaria and family problems. With despair, he wrote a poetic drama brand (1866), which was his first creation abroad. Later, he wrote "bil int" (old translation of bil int, 1867). These two plays both show the theme of "personal spiritual rebellion". Through brand, he denounces the ugly reality of capitalist society, denounces religious morality, and puts forward his own moral ideal. He angrily advocates extreme individualism in spirit, showing the spirit of uncompromising: "either get everything or have nothing."

For 27 years after 1864, Ibsen lived in Rome, Dresden, Munich and other places. In 1873, he wrote the emperor and the Galileans, in which he put forward the concept of "the third realm" to communicate emotion and spirit.

In 1874 and 1885, he returned to Norway twice for a short stay.

"Doll's house" (1879), also translated "Nora" or "puppet family".

The heroine Nora forges her father's signature and borrows money from others to cure her husband hailmao. After the husband understood the whole story, he was afraid that it would affect his reputation and status, and denounced his wife for being cheap and shameless. When the creditor voluntarily returns the IOU under the influence of Nora's girlfriend, helmao pretends to smile to his wife. Nora saw through her husband's selfishness and the inequality between husband and wife. She was not willing to be her husband's doll and ran away angrily.

Engels once pointed out that Nora is the representative of "Norwegian petty bourgeois women" with free will and independent spirit. The play puts forward such problems as ethics, law, religion and women's Liberation in capitalist society, but it has not and can not be solved. After the performance of "doll's house", it caused a strong response. Nora's resolute attitude of demanding personality liberation and not being a good wife and mother has been criticized and criticized by the upper class. But Ibsen did not give up in the face of censure. He continued to create problem plays to expose social problems

In 1891, Ibsen returned to his motherland as a famous writer. His later works, architect (1892) and when we die and wake up (1899), are autobiographical works. Stroke in 1900. He died on May 23, 1906. The Norwegian Parliament and people from all walks of life held a state funeral for him.

Main achievements

Ibsen is an outstanding representative of European modern realistic drama. His outstanding contribution is to hold high the banner of realism and democracy in the era when European realistic drama is declining and naturalism and decadent literature are rampant, and to create a genre of "social problem drama" with the basic artistic features of skeptical conception, argumentative dialogue and retrospective technique. His creative practice and social influence are comparable to those of Shakespeare, Moliere and other dramatists. He has written 25 plays of various genres. According to its ideological development, it can be divided into three stages: in the 1950s and 1960s, it mainly wrote Romantic historical dramas full of patriotic passion and personal "spiritual rebellion"; in the 1970s and 1980s, it mainly wrote "social problem dramas" criticizing social ugliness and advocating personality liberation; after the 1980s, it mainly wrote exploration dramas with mysterious and symbolic spirit.

Ibsen's works have been translated into Chinese since 1907

China

. It has always played a positive role in China's anti imperialist and anti feudal struggle, socialist revolution and socialist construction.

Character review

The scholar sun does not set points out in Ibsen, the great dramatist who simply interprets the world: "the western world is developing at a high speed, but time is like a rusty clock to China, rotting in stagnation! For example, in Dadu of the Yuan Dynasty, there was a blaring horn, and a line of execution troops crossed the street. In this way, a young woman who suffered a lot was taken to the execution ground. Many kind-hearted people lament the tragic fate of this woman. Aunt Liu in the tavern on the street tells Guan Hanqing about the unfortunate experience of female prisoner Zhu Xiaolan and her tragic life experience. Zhu Xiaolan's tragedy aroused Guan Hanqing's boundless sympathy for the weak woman and his incomparable indignation at the government's carelessness in human life (quoted from Jiang Fang's blog) Guan Hanqing lived between 1240 and 1310, while Ibsen, an outstanding Norwegian playwright and poet, lived between 1240 and 1310. He left 25 colorful dramas and rich poems, letters and literary prose for the world library.) However, he lived between 1828 and 1906. His representative work "doll's house" is as famous in the world as Guan Hanqing's "Dou E yuan". In the structure of intellectuals in old China, few knew Ibsen, except for the ancient Greek tragedy, only knew Dou E yuan. "To write is to sit down and judge yourself." Ibsen wrote this sentence on the title page of his works, which is as profound as his plays and the epitome of an era. Living in the 19th century, he is known as "the father of modern drama". This Nordic cultural giant, with socialized

Philosophy

Thoughts and rich outlook on life reflect the specific era of Norway. "Nora" in Ibsen's works (Nora's departure) is the product of the influence of Marxism or socialist feminist movement, or at least reflects that women in that era demanded liberation from the economic aspect, fought for rights in education and legislation, and won equality with men. Undoubtedly, Ibsen's works have the shadow of feminist movement. If Yan Fu's liberalism based on English liberalism alone maintains the basic reliability of his theory, Hu Shi uses Ibsen's to explain liberalism. Because of the new culture movement, Hu Shi published theoretical articles on the literary revolution, and set up a special brand of "Yi Pu Sheng" in "New Youth"

Chinese PinYin : Yi Bo Sheng