Cai Chang
Cai Chang
Cai Chang (1900-1990), formerly known as Cai Xianxi, was one of the early leaders of the Communist Party of China, a proletarian revolutionist and one of the leaders of the women's liberation movement.
Cai Chang is the oldest female Red Army in the long march of the Red Army, the leader of the Chinese women's movement and a famous activist of the international progressive women's movement. Chairman of the first to third and honorary chairman of the fourth all China Women's Federation, vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the fourth and Fifth National People's Congress, and member of the seventh to Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.
Life of the characters
Rebel against patriarchy
Guangxu 26 years on April 16 (May 14, 1900) was born in Hunan Shuangfeng County Heye guangjiatang, breast name maomeizi, is the parents' sixth child. Under the Ziyun peak surrounded by the mountains in her hometown, sister Mao spent a happy childhood with her brother and sister cutting grass, herding cattle, planting flowers and beans, catching butterflies and picking wild fruits.
His mother, Ge Jianhao, has a strong personality and firm political views. Cai Chang's brother and sister became Communists and were greatly influenced by his mother. In 1913, under the influence of revolutionary thought, her mother sold her clothes, gold and silver jewelry and other dowries, and went to school with her son Cai Hesen, daughter Cai Xianxi (CAI Chang) and Cai Chang's sister Cai Qingxi. The days of studying in school with his mother were one of the best in CAI Chang's life. She cherished the learning opportunities her mother had won for her. She studied very hard and kept reading until late at night. As a result, she got very good grades. She jumped several levels in a row, and it took only two years to finish what others could learn in four or five years.
After her mother graduated from senior primary school, she returned to her hometown to set up a school and became her own principal. In order to save money, Cai Chang went to his mother's school and taught music and physical education. Cai Chang, who is 13 or 14 years old, has to stand on the bench to speak in music class, so that the students in the back row can see her.
Just as Cai Chang was concentrating on his studies, his father Cai Rongfeng returned home from Shanghai. He always believed that girls should be good at following the old adage of "be a girl in your mother's home, never go out of your daughter's home." therefore, he was disgusted with CAI Chang's study. In the summer of this year, he went to a landlord's house several times, accepted the bride price of 500 yuan Guangyang, and betrothed Cai Chang to the landlord's wife. Cai Chang, who wants to study hard and make progress, was shocked to learn the news.
The mother was extremely indignant at her husband's pushing her daughter into the fire pit for a few dollars, not to mention that Cai Chang was such a studious child. In the face of her husband's madness, she made up her mind to let her daughter run away. With the support of his mother, Cai Chang fled to Changsha and was admitted to the music and sports major of Zhounan women's school. After graduating in the spring of 1916, he remained as a PE teacher.
join the revolutionary ranks
Cai Chang fled to Changsha against marriage. Soon after, she enrolled in Changsha Zhounan women's school. She went to apply for the music and sports major. In the name column of the application form, she wrote her new name "Cai Chang" (formerly Cai Xianxi), which not only expressed her happy mood after fighting with fate, but also reflected her desire for a smooth life in the future.
Cai Chang met Xiang Jingyu, Tao Yi, Lao Qirong and other progressive students in Zhounan women's school. They often talk about current affairs and life together, and express their ideals and aspirations. She also participated in the meeting of "opposing Yuan Shikai's signing 21 articles of treason" held by Zhounan women's school. For the first time, she heard a touching patriotic speech and took to the streets with her classmates for propaganda speech. She realized the excitement of arousing the public's awakening. Through this anti imperialist and anti yuan struggle, she began to realize the meaning of "revolution". She explored with great interest the ideas of feminism, women's liberation, equality between men and women, and socialist revolution, and gradually sympathized with the proletarian revolution. At that time, although Cai Chang did not have a clear revolutionary goal. However, her thirst for truth paved the way for her to embark on the revolutionary road in the future. In 1919, Cai Chang and Xiang Jingyu launched the Hunan Women's work study movement to France. As the organizer of the movement, she came to France to study Marxism Leninism with her brother, to study the experience of the October Revolution in Russia and the theory of women's liberation, and to continuously transmit the new ideas learned in France to China, which effectively promoted the in-depth development of the domestic women's movement.
Study in France
His brother Cai Hesen and Mao Zedong had a deep friendship. They organized and established the new people's society in Changsha, which had a huge repercussion in China. Inspired and helped by Mao Zedong, Cai Hesen and others, Cai Chang learned a lot and decided to follow the same path as them.
In 1919, Cai Hesen organized a work study program in France. Through in laws, his mother borrowed 600 silver dollars from Zeng Guofan's son-in-law's family to prepare for the family to go abroad together. On January 30 of the following year, Cai Hesen, his brother and sister Cai Chang, his mother Ge Jianhao and good friend Xiang Jingyu became the 12th batch of work study students studying in France organized by the Chinese French Education Association and came to Marseilles, France.
The life of studying abroad is hard. Due to the limited living expenses, the family of CAI Chang often live on potatoes, hollow flour, black bread and Chinese cabbage. But Cai Chang's spirit is substantial. In their spare time, international students gather in the beautiful montani park to analyze the current situation at home and abroad and argue about the strategies to save the country and the people. At the beginning, Cai Chang didn't speak much. He often listened quietly and savored the truth that people had explained. Later, under the influence of Xiang Jingyu, he became generous and straightforward.
In 1920, Zhao Shiyan, Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, Chen Yi, Nie Rongzhen and a large number of warm-blooded young people came to France with the lofty ideal of seeking truth and rejuvenating China. Introduced by Zhao Shiyan and Liu Bojian, Cai Chang joined the Chinese Socialist Youth League (branch in Europe) in 1922 and became a member of the Communist Party of China in 1923. In order to facilitate the party's work, Cai Chang moved from Lyon to Paris, working in the daytime to support his family and doing Party Propaganda at night.
Li Fuchun and Cai Chang are both from Hunan. They were born in the same year and month. Cai Chang is more than a week older than Li Fuchun. At the beginning of his acquaintance, Li Fuchun affectionately called Cai Chang "elder sister". Therefore, Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, Chen Yi and other leaders, like Li Fuchun, called Cai Chang "elder sister". Even the staff and colleagues around him also called Cai Chang "elder sister", which became Cai Chang's name. At a gathering of students studying in France, young Li Fuchun met Cai Chang with a flyer in his hand. Cai Chang's youthful look attracted him. He caught up with her and sent her home. All the way, he talked about study, life, revolution and the Xinmin society. He was very speculative Cai Chang's mother, Ge Jianhao, liked this simple and lively Hunan young man very much and warmly welcomed him to eat his hometown's spicy noodles.
At the end of 1920, Li Fuchun went to France. At that time, Li Fuchun was just catching up with the Northern Warlord government in collusion with the French authorities to make it difficult to persecute Chinese work study students in France. Therefore, he never got the chance to enter a school. He worked as a worker in a locomotive factory in Paris for four years, only learning by himself in his spare time. At first, Li Fuchun believed in anarchism. After he got to know Cai Hesen, Xiang Jingyu, Cai Chang and other Marxists in France, he began to study Marxist works. He soon abandoned anarchism and stood on the Marxist position.
Li Fuchun and Cai Chang's traditional marriage began with a romantic wedding. In March 1923, Li Fuchun and Cai Chang went into a semi underground cafe in downtown Paris to celebrate this happy day alone. When the bridegroom and bride just sat down, they didn't expect to get the news ahead of time. Deng Xiaoping, who had been hiding in the cafe early, suddenly appeared in front of them with a smile, congratulating them and shouting that he would marry his elder brother and elder sister. Deng Xiaoping, who studied in France at the age of 16, was lively in nature. With a strong Sichuan accent for a day, he said quickly in front of them, "how about inviting me to have a wedding wine?"
Shortly after marriage, Cai Chang became pregnant. She was stubborn and would rather give up the right to be a mother and choose the dangerous and sacred career of "revolutionist". Cai Chang didn't reserve a place for children in her life, not because she didn't want children, but because she was afraid that their career would cause their children's misfortune. After much consideration, Cai Chang decisively made the decision of induced abortion. She went to several hospitals in succession, but at that time, abortion was prohibited by French law, and Cai Chang came home sullen. But her mother, Ge Jianhao, was very happy because she strongly opposed Cai Chang's risk of miscarriage, saying that she had to raise her grandson even if she gave up working. In the mother and Li Fuchun's dissuasion, the child was finally born.
In the spring of 1924, Cai Chang gave birth to a girl by caesarean section in Paris. Ge Jianhao said happily, "it's very similar to her father. The French letters of CAI Chang begin with "Te", so let's name her "Te" Cai Chang and his wife felt that their daughter came to the world under special conditions, and the name "Te Te" was very commemorative, so they readily agreed. In order to show his determination to fight for the revolution all his life, Cai Chang performed ligation on the delivery bed.
Women's movement
At the beginning of February 1925, Cai Chang and Li Fuchun went to Moscow Oriental Labor University to study under the party's instruction. In August 1925, Cai Chang returned to Shanghai from the Soviet Union and soon went to Guangzhou to serve as secretary of the women's Committee of the CPC Guangdong and Guangxi District Committee. At the same time, according to the decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, he joined the Kuomintang in his own name and worked with Deng Yingchao to help He Xiangning, the women's minister of the Central Committee of the Kuomintang, lead the women's movement. In order to guide women to embark on the road of complete rescue, the women's Liberation Committee of the CPC Guangdong and Guangxi District Committee led by Cai Chang proposed that the women's liberation movement should be combined with the national revolutionary movement and with the working class
Chinese PinYin : Cai Chang
Cai Chang
