Zhao Xian

Zhao Shi

Zhao Min (November 2, 1271 - May 31, 1323) was born in Qiantang County, Lin'an prefecture (now Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province). He was the second son of song duzong Zhao Min, the younger brother of song duanzong Zhao, the elder brother of late Song Emperor Zhao Min, and the 16th emperor of Song Dynasty (July 9, 1274 - February 5, 1276).

Xianchun seven years (1271), was born in Lin'an palace. In the ninth year of Xianchun (1273), he was awarded the title of general Zuowei and was granted the title of Duke of Jiaguo. Xianchun ten years (1274) is the emperor, the next year changed to yuandeyou, by the Empress Dowager Xie linchao Zhao, Jia Sidao control of the court, at this time the yuan army launched a general attack on the Southern Song Dynasty. In the second year of Deyou (1276), the soldiers of the yuan army arrived in Lin'an. Zhao Yao abdicated and demoted to the Yuan Dynasty. He was granted the title of Kaifu Yi, the third division and the Duke of Ying State. In 1288, he was sent by Kublai Khan, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, to study Tibetan and Buddhist scriptures. Later, he became a monk and engaged in the research and translation of Buddhist scriptures. In the third year of Zhizhi (1323), he was sentenced to death by yuanyingzong for violating the written language prison. He was 52 years old. Zhang Shijie and others were honored as emperor Xiaogong Yisheng.

Life of the characters

Early experience

Xianchun seven years (1271) September 28, was born in Lin'an palace, the mother is the queen.

In November 1273, he was awarded the title of general Zuowei and was granted the title of Duke of Jiaguo.

Ascend to the throne as Emperor

On the ninth day of July in 1274, Emperor duzong of the Song Dynasty died. He was four years old at that time and changed the following year to the first year of Deyou, which was called the imperial edict by Empress Dowager Xie. On the tenth day, he ordered Pingzhang Jia Sidao to live alone. On the 28th day, he issued an edict to pacify the generals of the three sides, and ordered the prefectures to recommend the elites, and exempt them from being investigated Reward money and issue an imperial edict to solicit opinions on state affairs.

The natural disaster is serious

On the 10th day of August in 1274, there was heavy rain, the Tianmu Mountain cracked, and the rain poured in. The people in Anji, Lin'an and Yuhang were drowned, and the dead could not be counted. On the fifth day of September, rice was sent to relieve the flood victims in Yuhang and Lin'an counties, and the disaster in Yuhang was particularly serious, and another two thousand stones were given to rice. On the 15th, the land rent of the flood stricken counties was exempted. At the end of the month, drought occurred in central Fujian. At the end of October, the land rent of the flood stricken counties was exempted, An earthquake occurred in central Fujian.

Yuan army going south

At the time of Zhao's accession to the throne, the Mongolian cavalry had already won Sichuan, the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River were basically occupied by the Yuan Dynasty, and the Southern Song Dynasty was already in turmoil.

In September of the 10th year of Xianchun, the yuan army launched a general attack on the Southern Song Dynasty. In December, Boyan led his troops to Ezhou, defeated the Hubei and Han garrison led by song general Xia GUI in qingshanji, and Hanyang and Ezhou fell one after another. Boyan left some soldiers to guard Ezhou, led the main force, with Song Dynasty general LV Wenhuan as the front, and continued to move eastward. Most of the garrison generals in the cities along the river were the old headquarters of the Lu family. Wherever the yuan army went, these people surrendered one after another. In the spring of the first year of Deyou (1275), they conquered Anqing and Chizhou, the military towns, and came to Jiankang.

After the fall of Ezhou, the defense line of the Yangtze River was opened, and there was a great earthquake in and out of the Southern Song Dynasty. All walks of life in the capital pinned their hopes on Jia Sidao, calling for "Shichen" to fight in person, hoping that he could achieve "Reconstruction" like LiZong Dynasty. Jia Sidao had no choice but to set up a governor's office in Lin'an to prepare for the battle. Liu Zhengyuan, the commander-in-chief of the yuan army, was a Xiao General of the Song Dynasty. At the end of LiZong's reign, Jia Sidao carried out the "planning method" among the military generals to repel dissidents. Liu Zheng used the "planning method" to persecute his superiors and was forced to surrender to Mongolia. Jia Sidao knew Liu Zheng's ability very well. Because he was afraid of Liu Zheng, he did not dare to send troops until the first month of the first year of Deyou. When he heard of Liu Zheng's death, he said happily, "I have the help of heaven." I'm gong Di, asking to go to war.

Jia Sidao dispatched more than 100000 elite soldiers from all walks of life, loaded with countless gold and silk, weapons and supplies, and even left the capital with his wife and concubine. The battle lasted for more than 100 li (about 40 km of modern length). In February, travel to Wuhu and join xiagui. As soon as Xia GUI saw Jia Sidao, he took out a note from his sleeve, which said: "three hundred and twenty years of the song calendar." The implication is that the Song Dynasty has lasted for nearly 320 years, and its power is exhausted. Don't lose your life for it. Jia Sidao tacit, nodded acquiescence.

After Jia Sidao arrived at the front line, he led the rear army to garrison in Lugang and ordered general sun Huchen to lead the former army to garrison in dingjiazhou downstream of Chizhou. Xia GUI led 3500 warships to the Hengjiang river. Jia Sidao knew well the bravery of the Mongolian army and did not dare to fight it head-on. He still dreamed of going away from the old way of making peace with Kublai Khan in the first year of the Qing Dynasty (1259). Therefore, he ordered the release of Yuan Dynasty prisoners, and sent litchi, Huanggan and other things to Boyan, hoping to seek peace through the surrender of Nayuan. But at this time, the yuan army's goal was to destroy the Southern Song Dynasty. During the battle between the two armies, Boyan broke through sun Huchen's and Xia GUI's two lines of defense and arrived at Lugang. The song army was defeated, and countless people died. The river turned red, and Jia Sidao fled to Yangzhou in a hurry.

Jia Sidao was one of the most important officials in Pingzhang's military and state, and was the commander of all the military forces. Du Zong respected him as a "Shichen", while many officials regarded him as "Duke of Zhou". However, he was so vulnerable. People said ironically at that time: a gong on Ding Jiazhou startled Jia bage away. The Duke of Zhou became his mother-in-law.

After the defeat of Jia Sidao, he became the target of public criticism, and there was a strong call for the execution of Jia Sidao. However, the Empress Dowager Xie believed that Jia Sidao was industrious for three dynasties, and could not lose his courtesy to the minister because of the crime of one dynasty. She only demoted Jia Sidao as a regiment training envoy in Gaozhou, resettled him along the prefecture, and confiscated his family property. When he arrived in Zhangzhou, Jia Sidao was killed by Zheng Huchen, the prison officer, in the Mumian nunnery, ending his life of abusing power and destroying the country.

After the battle of Lu and Hong Kong, the troops of the Southern Song Dynasty suffered heavy losses and their morale was seriously frustrated. Boyan continued to go down the east side of the river. In October of the first year of Deyou, the yuan army advanced from Jiankang to Lin'an in three directions. Boyan personally led the Chinese army to attack Changzhou. Changzhou is located in an important traffic road, guarding the Lin'an gateway, and its strategic position is very important. Boyan has invested 200000 troops in this area, and Changzhou Zhizhou Yao Yao, tongduan Chen and others have bravely resisted. Boyan drove the residents outside the city to transport soil to fill the moat, and even used the people carrying soil as stacking materials to build a ring dike. On November 18, the yuan army launched a general attack. Two days later, Changzhou City was conquered. The yuan army carried out a brutal massacre, killing tens of thousands of people. Only a few people survived. The Changzhou massacre had the deterrent effect that the Mongol invaders hoped for. Then, when the yuan army approached Pingjiang (now Suzhou), the Pingjiang garrison surrendered to the city without fighting.

With the approaching of the Mongolian cavalry, people in Lin'an prefecture were in a panic. A large number of people tried to escape from the capital city, especially the officials of the imperial court. In order to protect their lives, they took the lead to escape. Knowing the Privy Council Affairs, Zeng Yuanzi and dozens of other ministers fled by night. He signed a letter to the Privy Council Affairs and Weng he signed a letter to the Privy Council Affairs Ni Pu and others, but secretly instigated the censor and the remonstrance Council to impeach themselves, so as to leave office and escape. Before the censor's seal came up, they had already fled. Empress Dowager Xie severely condemned these disloyal ministers and issued an imperial edict, saying: "since the founding of the great song dynasty for more than 300 years, we have always treated the literati with courtesy. Now the new king and I are in a lot of trouble. None of you, big and small ministers, calls for national salvation. Inside there are bureaucrats who rebel, outside there are sheriffs and county magistrates who abandon their seals and cities. The Department of ears and eyes can't fight for me. In the second and third years of power, they can't advocate mass labor, so they conspire with each other and escape one after another. What is the promise of reading sages! But at this time, what is the face of life to people, and how can we see the emperor when we die! " However, the condemnation of the Empress Dowager was so weak under the threat of the Mongolian cavalry that it could not arouse the confidence of the officials at home and abroad to fight for the Song Dynasty. After a short truce in the first month of Teyou's second year, only six officials appeared in the court. The official's escape disintegrated the morale of the army and the people, made the Song Dynasty unable to organize effective resistance, and the royal family fell into a helpless situation.

Jia Sidao, who was good at power and lost his country, has been dismissed. At this time, if the court can cheer up and appoint good officials, the situation may be reversed. But just at this time, the court made another serious mistake, that is, appointing Chen Yizhong as prime minister. Under the leadership of Chen Yizhong, the Song Dynasty finally fell into the abyss. Chen Yizhong is an arrogant and duplicitous person who is used to putting forward high-profile words and condemning any compromise and concession. Chen Yizhong was originally quoted by Jia Sidao. After his defeat, he was the first to put Jia Sidao to death in order to improve his reputation. Han Zhen, the commander-in-chief of the forbidden army, proposed to move the capital, but he cheated him into his own home and killed him.

For a long time, Chen Yizhong gained power and improved his prestige through his grandstanding performance and heroic words, but in fact he was a coward who was indecisive and pretended to be a hero of resistance. At the turn of spring and summer in the first year of Deyou, when the war was most fierce, the government and the public asked him to go to the front line to supervise the war, but he hesitated and refused to go out of the city. It is obvious that Chen Yizhong could not risk his life for the Song Dynasty. In July, he left Lin'an and fled to the southern coastal area far away from the front line, asking the imperial court to assign him a position in this area. He refused the order sent by the imperial court to ask him to return to the court. The Empress Dowager had no choice but to write to his mother in person. Under the intervention of his mother, Chen Yizhong returned to the capital city to take up his post. Taisheng strongly attacked Chen Yizhong's escape behavior, accusing him of being timid and timid. He was an exaggerating double faced and a minister who was just like Jia Sidao.

When Chen Yizhong was in power, he wavered and wavered, hovered between peace and war, and could not make a decision. He uttered all kinds of heroic words, but in fact he was cowardly and timid. He did not have the courage and ability to fight to the death with the yuan army. At the end of the first year of Deyou, under his leadership, the situation became more and more unfavorable

Chinese PinYin : Zhao Xian