Curie

Marie Curie

Marie Curie, born in Warsaw from November 7, 1867 to July 4, 1934, is known as "Madame Curie". Her full name is Maria sk ł odowska Curie. She is a famous French Polish scientist, physicist and chemist.

In 1903, the Curie couple and Becquerel won the Nobel Prize in physics for their research on radioactivity. In 1911, they won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of polonium and radium, thus becoming the first person in the world to win two Nobel prizes. Madame Curie's achievements include initiating the theory of radioactivity, inventing the technology of separating radioisotopes, and discovering two new elements polonium and radium. Under her guidance, radioisotopes were first used to treat cancer. Due to long-term exposure to radioactive materials, Madame Curie died of aplastic anemia on July 4, 1934.

Life of the characters

Stage of study

On November 7, 1867, Marie Curie was born into the family of a middle school teacher in Warsaw, Poland.

In September 1891, he went to Paris to study. In November, he entered the Department of physics, Faculty of science, University of salborne.

In April 1894, introduced by Joseph Kowalski, a Polish scholar and professor of physics at the University of Fribourg in Switzerland, he got to know Pierre Curie to make use of the better equipped laboratory led by Curie.

In April 1895, Mary skorodovska's paper "radioactivity of uranium and thorium compounds" was read out by Lipman in the Academy of Sciences.

On July 26, 1895, Mary married Pierre Curie in the suburb of Paris. Mary Curie is a teacher in a girls' middle school.

Research stage

In August 1896, Mary passed the title examination for a university graduate to be a teacher. With the support of schutzenberg (1827-1897), the principal of the school of physics and chemistry, Mary got a position to work in the Physics Laboratory of the school and worked with Pierre (director).

In July 1898, the Curies proposed to the Academy of Sciences "on a new radioactive substance in pitchblende", indicating the discovery of a new radioactive element 84, which is 400 times stronger than uranium and similar to bismuth. Madame Curie suggested that the name of the new element polonium should be constructed in the name of her motherland Poland. Since then, the Curies have worked closely together to establish the earliest radiochemical method.

In December 1898, the Curies and their colleague Belmont proposed to the Academy of Sciences that pitchblende contains a new substance with high radioactivity, indicating the discovery of a new element 88, which is millions of times more radioactive than uranium and named radium. Marie Curie's report on the discovery of the new element polonium was published in Polish in the monthly pictorial sveatro in Warsaw.

In March 1900, Mary taught physics at the Seychelles women's normal college in southwest Paris. Mary's paper on atomic weight of radioactive barium compounds. The Curies presented their paper "on new radioactive materials and their emission lines" at the International Physical Society in Paris.

In October 1900, two German scholars, walkov and gizel, declared that radium had a peculiar effect on biological tissues. After the Curie couple confirmed that radium rays will burn the skin.

In 1902, after three years and nine months of refining, the Curies separated a small amount (one decigram) of radium chloride (Racl < sub > 2 < / sub >) from several tons of residue. The atomic weight of radium was 225, and the later accurate number was 226.

In 1903, the Curies and Becquerel won the Nobel Prize in physics.

In 1908, he wrote a preface to the collection of works of bier Curie to trace the author's achievements. The book was commissioned by the French physical society and published in Paris. Promoted to professor.

In 1911, he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the separation of pure metal radium. In the same year, he participated in the first Solvay conference held in Brussels.

In 1915, he moved from the Physics Laboratory of salborne university to the radiology Laboratory of radium Research Institute. He traveled all over the world, guiding 18 field medical service teams.

In 1916, in radium Research Institute, a rapid course of radiology was opened for health workers to teach doctors how to find the location of foreign bodies (such as shrapnel) in the human body. The new law was praised by the Allied military.

In 1921, according to wartime notes, he wrote radiology and war, which was published in Paris.

On March 8, 1921, he received Cai Yuanpei, President of Peking University of China. Cai arrived in Paris on his way abroad and invited Madame Curie to give lectures at Peking University. "We can't go ahead, we should plan for it in the summer vacation in the future," he said. It didn't make it.

In May 1921, the mother and daughter crossed the sea to the United States to receive a gram of radium from the Mary Curie Committee. The presentation ceremony was held at the White House in Washington on the 20th, presided over by the president of the United States. She went to Philadelphia to accept the new thorium 5%, and gave it to the philosophy society of America with her piezoelectric quartz meter. The paper on isotopes and isoelements was published in Paris.

In February 1922, he was elected academician of the Paris Academy of Medical Sciences.

In May 1922, at the invitation of Sir Eric Drummond, Secretary General of the League of nations established after the first World War, in accordance with the decision of the International Council, he participated in the International Committee for cultural cooperation established last year. He was elected as a member for the first time and then vice chairman. For this reason, he often goes to Geneva to attend meetings.

In 1930, the French government applied for a special research grant and received 500000 francs.

In 1934, the book radioactivity (two volumes) was written and published in 1935. Under the guidance of Madame Curie, Mr. and Mrs. Yorio Curie discovered artificial radioactivity.

In June 1934, he was admitted to sanceromo sanatorium in upper Sava province. On July 4, he died of malignant anemia (caused by radium) in sanatorium. Dr. tobe wrote this report: "his disease is a rapidly developing secondary anemia with fever. There is no hematopoietic response in bone marrow, which may be due to the damage caused by long-term accumulated radiation Hearing the news, one of her favorite students, George fornier, wrote, "we lost everything." On July 8, 1934, Cai Yuanpei sent a message of condolence in French to express his mourning: "Mr. President of the University of Paris: I am shocked to learn of the death of Madame Curie. On behalf of Academia Sinica, I would like to express my sincere gratitude! I feel deeply that her death is a great loss to the French scientific community. Please give my best regards to her family. Cai Yuanpei. " On July 6, he was buried in Curie's tomb in Paris. Her brother (Joseph skorodovsky) and sister (bronislava dluska) sprinkled the grave with soil brought from Poland.

Personal life

Family relations

Marie Curie, born on November 7, 1867 in Warsaw, Poland, is a middle school teacher's family. His father, ulatislav skorodovsky, was a middle school mathematics teacher, and his mother, bronislova boguska skorodovska, was the headmaster of a boarding school for women. Her young name is Maria skorodovska. Her family's love for her is called "maniya". Maria has three elder sisters and one elder brother, namely Sophie, bronislava, Helena and her elder brother Joseph.

Mary met a lecturer in Sorbonne, Pierre Curie, her later husband. The two of them often study radioactive materials together to produce tons of industrial waste, because the total radioactivity of the ore is higher than that of the uranium it contains. In 1898, the Curies put forward a logical inference to this phenomenon: there must be some unknown radioactive component in pitchblende, and its radioactivity is far greater than that of uranium. On December 26, Madame Curie announced the idea of the existence of this new substance.

Over the next few years, the Curies continued to extract radioactive components from pitchblende. After unremitting efforts, they finally separated radium chloride and discovered two new chemical elements: polonium (PO) and radium (RA). Because of their discovery and Research on radioactivity, the Curies and Henry Becquerel won the Nobel Prize in physics in 1903, and Madame Curie became the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in history. Eight years later, in 1911, Madame Curie won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her successful separation of radium. Surprisingly, after Madame Curie won the Nobel Prize, she did not apply for a patent for the method of refining pure radium, but published it to the public, which effectively promoted the development of radiochemistry. In her later years, Madame Curie had a love affair with her husband's former student Paul Langevin, which caused a lot of trouble in France. In 1911, the Paris news headline "love story: Madame Curie and Professor Lang Zhiwan" on November 4 said that Lang Zhiwan and Madame Curie had close contacts while Pierre was still alive. Einstein's view on this matter was that if they fell in love, no one would care. He wrote a letter to Madame Curie on November 23, 1911, as a consolation.

During the first World War, Madame Curie advocated using radiology to rescue the wounded, which promoted the application of radiology in the field of medicine. Later, she traveled to the United States in 1921 and raised money for radiology research. Madame Curie died on July 4, 1934 in the French province of upper Sava due to excessive exposure to radioactive materials. After that, her eldest daughter Irene jorio Curie won 193

Chinese PinYin : Ju Li