Li Yu
Li Yu
Li Yu (August 15, 937 to August 13, 978), native place: Pengcheng County, Xuzhou (now Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province), was born in Jiangning prefecture (now Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province). His original name was Congjia, and his name was Chongguang. He was named Zhongshan hermit, Zhongfeng Hermit, Bailian hermit and Lianfeng hermit. He was the sixth son of Li Jing, the emperor of Yuan Zong of Tang Dynasty, and the last emperor of Southern Tang Dynasty.
In the second year of Jianlong (961), Li Yu succeeded to the throne, respected the Song Dynasty as orthodox, and paid tribute at the age of 20 to ensure peace. In October of the fourth year of Kaibao (971), Emperor Taizu of the Song Dynasty destroyed the Southern Han Dynasty, and Li Yu removed the name of Tang Dynasty and changed his name to "Lord of Jiangnan". In the following year, he belittled the instrument system and removed the gall kiss from the hall of Jinling to show his respect for the Song court. In the eighth year of Kaibao (975), Li Yu was defeated and surrendered to the Song Dynasty. He was captured in Tokyo and granted the title of general youqianniuwei. Li Yu died in Tokyo on July 7, the third year of Taiping's rejuvenation of the country (978). He is known as the empress of the Southern Tang Dynasty and the empress of Li.
Li Yujing has some attainments in calligraphy, painting, tonality and poetry, especially in CI. Li Yu's Ci inherits the tradition of Huajian School poets such as Wen Tingyun and Wei Zhuang since the late Tang Dynasty. Influenced by Li Jing and Feng Yansi, Li Yu's Ci has bright language, vivid image, sincere emotion and distinctive style. After his subjugation, Li Yu's Ci has a broad theme and deep meaning. It is unique in the Ci of the late Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties and has a far-reaching influence on the later CI.
(overview of the source of Li Yu's image: Sancai tuhui)
Life figures
Early experience
Li Yu, formerly known as Li Congjia, was the sixth son of Li Jing, the leader of the Southern Tang Dynasty. He was born on the seventh day of the first year of the Southern Tang Dynasty (937). At the beginning, he was granted the Duke of Anding county. He moved to the general and deputy marshal of Zhuwei and was granted the title of King Zheng. Li Yu is good at poetry, calligraphy and painting. He has abundant forehead, parallel teeth and double eyes. Because of his strange appearance, he is suspected by his eldest brother, Prince Li Hongji. In order to avoid disaster, Li Yu was obsessed with classics and did not ask about political affairs. He called himself "Zhong Yin", "Zhong Feng hermit" and "Lian Feng hermit" to show that he was determined to be in the mountains and waters and had no intention of competing for the throne.
In the sixth year of Xiande (959), the crown prince Hongji died of illness. Zhong Mo took Li Yu as the crown prince because he was a Buddhist and coward. In a rage, Li Jing exiled Zhong Mo to Raozhou, and granted Li Yu the title of king of Wu. He took part in the political affairs and moved into the east palace with the order of the minister. In the second year of Jianlong (961) of the Northern Song Dynasty, Li Jing moved his capital to Hongzhou (now Nanchang), established Li Yu as the crown prince, and stayed in Jinling (now Nanjing).
Ascend to the throne as Emperor
In June of the second year of Jianlong (961), Li Jing died of illness. Li Yu ascended the throne in Jinling and changed his name to Li Yu. He respected his mother, Zhong's family, as a saint, and made his concubine, Zhou's family, Queen (empress of the great Zhou Dynasty), and granted his brothers the title of king. He also sent Feng Yanlu, the Minister of the Chinese Academy of letters, to the Song Dynasty as a tribute. The above table (the table of ascended song Taizu) states the changes of the Southern Tang Dynasty. Emperor Taizu of the Song Dynasty sent people to the Southern Tang Dynasty to pay tribute to Li Yu for his throne. In September, when the Empress Dowager song Zhaoxian died of illness, Li Yu sent Han Xizai, the Minister of the Ministry of household affairs, and Tian Lin, the Minister of Taifu, to the court to pay tribute. In December, Li Yu set up the Dragon Xiang army to coach the water army.
Song zhengshuo
In March of the third year of Jianlong (962), liucong Xiao, the Jiedu envoy of Quanzhou Qingyuan army, died of illness. His son Liushao Ke attacked liucong Xiao and called him liuhou. In April, Quanzhou Minister Chen Hongjin colluded with Liushao Ke to send his family to Jinling and recommended Zhang Hansi as liucong Xiao. In June, Li Yu sent Zhai Rubi, a provincial envoy, to pay tribute to the Northern Song Dynasty, and song Taizu released thousands of people who died in the Southern Tang Dynasty. In November, Gu Yi, a doctor of the Ministry of water, was sent to pay tribute to Bianjing.
In April of the first year of Qiande (963), Quanzhou's deputy envoy Chen Hongjin abolished Zhang Hansi and claimed that after he left, Li Yu took Chen Hongjin as his envoy to maintain Quanzhou's subordination to the Southern Tang Dynasty. In July, Li Yu went to Beijing to meet song Taizu. In December, Li Yu went to the imperial court of the Song Dynasty to request that the ceremony of not naming the imperial edict be removed (after Li Yu succeeded to the throne, he respected the imperial court of the Song Dynasty, so the imperial edict of the Southern Tang Dynasty did not call Li Yu's name directly), but instead called his name directly without permission.
In the second year of Qiande (964), Han Xizai was the Minister of Zhongshu and the Bachelor of qinzhengdian. He presided over Gongju and ordered Xu Xuan to preside over the re examination. In March, iron money was issued. In September, Li Zhongyu, the eldest son, was appointed Duke of Qingyuan, and Li Zhongxuan, the second son, was appointed Duke of Xuancheng. In October, Zhong Xuan died, and the empress (empress of the Zhou Dynasty) died sentimentally. In November, Taizu sent Wei PI, the vice envoy of the workshop, to hang a memorial ceremony. Li Yu also sent an envoy to the Song Dynasty, offering 20000 taels of silver and hundreds of gold and silver dragon and Phoenix tea wine vessels.
In September of the third year of Qiande (965), his mother, Zhong, died. In October, Taizu sent Li guangtu, an emissary of dye house, to hang a memorial ceremony. In August of the fourth year of Qiande (966), Li Yu sent Gong Shenyi to the Southern Han Dynasty with an imperial edict to submit to the Song Dynasty. Gong Shenyi was detained in the Southern Han Dynasty. In the spring of the fifth year of Qiande (967), Li Yu ordered his two provincial ministers, geishizhong, zhongshusheren, and Jixian qinzhengdian to be on duty at guangzhengdian to inquire about the state affairs, every night. In the first year of Kaibao (968), when there was a severe drought in the territory, Taizu of Song Dynasty gave rice and wheat 100000 stones. In November, Zhou was made queen (after Xiao Zhou).
Show respect by lowering the system
In October of the fourth year of Kaibao (971), Emperor Taizu of the Song Dynasty destroyed the Southern Han Dynasty and stationed troops in Hanyang. Li Yu was very frightened. He removed the name of the Tang Dynasty and renamed it "the Lord of Jiangnan", and sent his brother Li Congshan, king of Zheng, to pay tribute to the emperor. He asked to give up the courtesy of not calling his name directly in the imperial edict. Taizu agreed but detained Li Congshan. In the same year, a businessman informs that the song army built thousands of warships in Jingnan, and asked to send someone to secretly burn the warships of the Northern Song Dynasty. Li Yu was afraid of causing trouble, so he didn't reply. When the national situation was urgent, Li Yu was very worried. Every day he held a banquet and drank with his subordinates. He was very sad.
In the first month of the fifth year of Kaibao (972), Li Yu ordered to belittle the Yi system: he changed the "imperial edict" to "Jiao"; he changed Zhongshu and menxia provinces to the left and right neishifu, Shangshu province to sihuifu, Yushitai to sixianfu, Hanlin to Wenguan, Privy Council to guangzhengyuan; he reduced "Wang" to "Gong", and avoided the Song Dynasty to show respect. During the reign of emperor Yuanzong, although he was in obedience to the Later Zhou Dynasty, there was a "Ling kiss" (the animal head on the ridge of the hall) in the hall of Jinling. During the reign of Qiande, when the envoys of the Song Dynasty arrived, Li Yu withdrew them and recovered them after they left. At this point, a number of utensils were removed and no longer used. Taizu appointed Li Congshan as the commander of Taining army in Jin Dynasty, and gave him a house in bianyangfang, implying that Li Yu came to the capital to surrender to Song Dynasty. Li Yu sent Feng Yanlu, the Minister of household affairs, to thank Li Congshan for the award. Feng Yanlu came to Bianjing, but he failed to meet song Taizu because of illness.
In the summer of the sixth year of Kaibao (973), Emperor Taizu sent Lu duoxun, a Bachelor of the Imperial Academy, to the Southern Tang Dynasty. Li Yu was willing to accept the title of nobility in the Northern Song Dynasty, but was rejected. In October, pan you, a scholar of internal history, felt that his national fortune was weak. He wrote a letter to admonish Li Ping to be a minister. Xu Xuan and Zhang Wei said, "Li Ping bewitches people and incites pan you to commit crimes." Li Yu sent someone to arrest him. Pan you committed suicide at home and Li Ping hanged himself in prison.
The country broke and the people died
In the seventh year of Kaibao (974), Li Yu went up to ask Li Congshan to return to his country, but Taizu of Song Dynasty did not allow him. In autumn, Emperor Taizu of song sent Liang Jun and Li Mu to the Southern Tang Dynasty successively, and ordered Li Yu to enter the capital on the ground of offering sacrifices to heaven. Li Yu refused to comply with his illness and replied that "ministers serve the great dynasty, hoping to preserve the ancestral temple. Unexpectedly, this is the only way to die.". After hearing the letter, Taizu sent Yingzhou regiment commander Cao Hanbing out of Jiangling, and ordered xuanhui Nanyuan commander Cao Bin and others to go out of Jiangling, and Li Yu also built a city to gather grain and prepare for war on a large scale. In October, the song army conquered Chizhou. Li Yu ordered the whole city to be under martial law. He stopped using the chronology of the Northern Song Dynasty and changed it to the chronology of the cadres and branches. At that time, Wu and Yue took the opportunity to invade Changzhou and Runzhou. Li Yu sent an envoy to question him, saying that the king of Wu and Yue did not answer and sent Li Yu a letter to the Song court. The Northern Song Dynasty captured Wuhu and xiongyuan army, built a floating bridge along Caishiji and crossed the river to the south. Li Yu recruited soldiers and appointed Huangfu Jixun to lead the army to defend the enemy. Because of the great disparity between the strong and the weak, he was defeated like a mountain. The imperial edict Xu Yuanyu and Diao Jue were sent to the inner hall to block the defeat. Li Yu did not know about the fact that the troops of Song Dynasty were stationed ten miles south of Jinling City.
In February of the eighth year of Kaibao (975), the Song Dynasty conquered the Guancheng of Jinling. In March, Wu Yue invaded Changzhou and killed Huangfu Jixun. Yu Wancheng, governor of the state, surrendered to the city. In June, song and Wu Yue joined forces and went to Runzhou. Liu Cheng surrendered after staying. Zhu lingfu, the governor of Hongzhou, led 150000 soldiers to the rescue, went to Wankou and met the song army. Zhu lingfu ordered the ship of Song Dynasty to be burned. Unexpectedly, the north wind was so strong that it burned itself. Zhu lingfu and Wang Hui, the Marquis of Yu, the capital of zhanfu, were captured (the battle of Wankou). After foreign aid was destroyed, the Northern Song Dynasty besieged Jinling and besieged the city day and night. Li Yu sent Xu Xuan to the Northern Song Dynasty twice, and offered a large amount of money and goods to the Song Dynasty to ask for a reprieve. Taizu replied that "sleeping on the side of the bed is not allowed.". In December, Jinling was lost, and the generals such as kuiyan, Ma Chengxin, and Ma Chengjun died. Chen Qiao, the Minister of internal history, hanged himself, and Li Yu surrendered. The Southern Tang Dynasty perished.
In the first month of the ninth year of Kaibao (976), Li Yu was captured and sent to the capital. Taizu of Song Dynasty was granted the title of unordered Marquis and worshipped general qianniuwei. In the same year, Emperor Taizong of Song Dynasty ascended the throne and renamed Li Yu the Duke of Longxi.
Li Yu died in the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty on Qixi in 978, when he was 42 years old (Li Yu was also born on Qixi). In the Northern Song Dynasty, Li Yu was granted the title of Taiping Xingguo, the king of Wu, and was buried in Beimang mountain of Luoyang.
Political initiatives
Politics
Honor the Song Dynasty
After Li Yu succeeded to the throne, he hoped to pay tribute to the Song Dynasty in order to preserve his foundation. During his reign, he served the Song Dynasty attentively. In addition to paying tribute to the Song Dynasty at the age of 20, he also paid tribute to the Song Dynasty whenever there were military or major activities, and sent envoys many times to show his support and congratulations.
In terms of etiquette, after Li Yu ascended the throne, he followed the title of the Northern Song Dynasty. Every time he met the envoys of the Northern Song Dynasty, he changed his Dragon Robe to purple robe (official dress). When he changed Li Jing's official dress, only the emperor's title was removed, and other etiquette remained unchanged. In the fourth year of Kaibao (971), Li Yu ordered to remove the title of the Tang Dynasty and change it to the title of the Jiangnan monarch. In the next year, he also ordered to derogate from the ritual system and remove the kiss from the Jinling temple Please call him by his first name
Chinese PinYin : Li Yu
Li Yu
