Myrica rubra

Myrica rubra

Myrica rubra: belongs to Magnolia, myricetaceae, Myrica small trees or shrubs, also known as Sheng Sheng Mei, Bai Di Mei, Shu Mei, with high medicinal and edible value, in East China and Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou and other regions are distributed. Myrica rubra is native to Yuyao, Zhejiang Province, China. In 1973, the pollen of Myrica rubra was discovered when the Neolithic Hemudu site was excavated in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province, which indicates that Myrica rubra grew in this area more than 7000 years ago. There are more than 50 species in this genus. The known species in China are Myrica rubra, Myrica rubra, Myrica rubra, Myrica rubra, Myrica rubra, Myrica rubra and Myrica humilis.

Myrica rubra has luxuriant branches and leaves, round crown and red fruits in early summer. It is very lovely. It is an excellent tree species for landscaping and production. Solitary planting, clumping planting on lawn, courtyard, or row planting on roadside are suitable, and close planting is also ideal for space separation or shelter. Economic use: the fruit has moderate sour and sweet taste. It can be eaten directly, processed into dried bayberry, sauce, preserves, etc. it can also be used to make wine. It has the functions of relieving thirst, generating body fluid, helping digestion, etc.

morphological character

trunk

evergreen tree, over 15 meters high, diameter at breast height over 60 cm; bark gray, longitudinal crack when old; crown round. Branchlets and buds glabrous, lenticels usually few but not prominent, when young only by round and shield shaped glands.

leaf

leaves leathery, glabrous, exfoliative up to 2 years old, often densely distributed on the upper part of branchlets; most of them are long elliptic or wedge-shaped lanceolate, more than 16 cm long, apex acuminate or acute, sparsely serrate above the middle of the edge, often entire below the middle, base cuneate; those on pregnant branches are wedge-shaped obovate or long elliptic obovate, 5-14 cm long , 1-4 cm wide, apex obtuse or mucronate to acute, base cuneate, entire or occasionally serrate above middle, dark green above, glossy, light green below, glabrous, only covered with sparse golden yellow glands, midrib and lateral veins prominent on both sides after drying, more prominent below; petiole 2-10 mm long.

Stamen

flowers dioecious. Male inflorescences solitary or several clustered in leaf axils, cylindric, 1-3 cm long, usually unbranched, single spike like, sparse, with insignificant short branches at the base, basal bracts sterile, pregnant bracts suborbicular, entire, abaxially glabrous, only glandular, about 1 mm long, with 1 male flower in each bract axil. Male flowers with 2-4 ovate bracteoles and 4-6 stamens; anthers elliptic, dark red, glabrous. The female inflorescence is usually solitary in leaf axils, shorter and thinner than the male inflorescence, 5-15 mm long. The bracts are similar to those of the male inflorescence, closely connected into imbricate arrangement, with 1 female flower in each bract axil. Female flowers usually have 4 ovate bracteoles; ovary ovate, very small, glabrous, style with very short tip and 2 bright red slender stigmas, with papillary convex stigma on the inside. Only one (2) female flower at the top of each inflorescence can develop into fruit.

fruit

the drupe is globular, with papillary protuberance on the surface, 1-1.5cm in diameter. The cultivar can reach about 3cm in diameter. The exocarp is succulent, juicy and resinous, and tastes sour and sweet. It is dark red or purplish red at maturity. The nucleus is usually broad oval or oval, slightly flattened, 1-1.5cm in length and 1-1.2cm in width. The endocarp is extremely hard and woody. It blooms in April and ripens from June to July.

Growth environment

Myrica rubra, which likes acid soil, is native to the hillside or valley forest with an altitude of 125-1500 meters in temperate and subtropical humid climate of China. It is mainly distributed in the south of the Yangtze River Basin and the north of Hainan Island, i.e. between 20 and 31 degrees north latitude. It is similar to Citrus, loquat, tea tree and Phyllostachys pubescens, but its cold resistance is stronger than citrus and loquat.

Distribution range

Myrica rubra is distributed in Yunnan, Guizhou, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Fujian, Guangdong, Hunan, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Anhui, Taiwan and other provinces in China. A small amount of Myrica rubra is cultivated in foreign countries, such as Japan and South Korea. It is also distributed in Southeast Asian countries, such as India, Myanmar, Vietnam, Philippines and so on.

Main value

nutritive value

According to the determination: high quality red bayberry pulp sugar content of 12% - 13%, acid content of 0.5% - 1.1%, rich in cellulose, mineral elements, vitamins and a certain amount of protein, fat, pectin and eight kinds of amino acids beneficial to human body, its fruit calcium, phosphorus, iron content is more than 10 times higher than other fruits. nutrient content of edible part of Myrica rubra per 100g: water 83.4-92.0g, calorie 28 kcal, protein 0.8g, fat 0.2g, carbohydrate 5.7g, dietary fiber 1 g, juice sugar 12-13g, acid 0.5-1.8g, thiamine 10 μ g, riboflavin 50 μ g, niacin 0.3mg, retinol equivalent 92 μ g, carotene 0.3 μ g, vitamin A7 μ g, vitamin a 7 μ G Vitamin E 0.81 mg, calcium 14 mg, magnesium 10 mg, iron 1 mg, manganese 0.72 mg, zinc 0.14 mg, copper 20 mg, potassium 149 mg, phosphorus 8 mg, sodium 0.7 mg, selenium 0.31 mg.

economic value

Planting status

according to incomplete statistics, by the end of 2001, the total cultivated area of Chinese bayberry was about 3.2 million mu, accounting for 2.6% of the total fruit area in China.

Yield synthesis

Myrica rubra is strong, easy to cultivate, has long economic life and lower production cost than other fruits, so it is known as "green enterprise" and "cash cow". Yangmei, a kind of water chestnut in Majian, Yuyao and Cixi of Lanxi, Zhejiang Province, is the main producing area. If the grafted seedlings are cultivated properly, they can bear fruit in 4-5 years. After 8 years, they will enter the full fruit period. The plant yield is 50-80 kg. The height of big trees is 300 kg, and the highest is 500 kg. The average yield per mu of continuous planting is 1000 kg, and the height can reach 2000 kg. Dongkui red bayberry (Myrica rubra L.) with large fruit shape, which is mainly produced in Xianju, Zhejiang Province, can produce stable and high yield under the condition of sufficient fertilizer and water. It usually begins to fruit in 5-6 years, and enters into full fruiting stage after 10 years. The plant yield is 30-50 kg. The average plant yield of 15-40 year old trees is 70-80 kg, and the highest is 350 kg. in addition to fresh food, waxberry fruit can also be processed into canned waxberry, jam, preserves, fruit juice, dried fruit, fruit wine and other foods, and the added value of the products has doubled. The fresh fruits or products are also transported to Hong Kong, Singapore, France, Russia and other markets by air. In Hong Kong supermarkets, Dongkui red bayberry sells for as much as US $1 each. In 2000, Dongkui Myrica rubra in Qingtian, Zhejiang Province was airlifted to France at a price of about 280 yuan per kilogram.

Medicinal value

Red bayberry fruit

[source] dietotherapy materia medica [chemical composition] the fruit contains glucose, fructose, citric acid, malic acid, oxalic acid, lactic acid, wax, etc.; it also contains monoglucoside of anthocyanin and a small amount of diglucoside. The leaves contain volatile oil and tannin, as well as dandelion alcohol, α - thymol, β - thymol, hemp oil alcohol, mesoinositol and myricetin. Heartwood contains gum. Sweet and sour, warm. [meridian] into the lung, stomach. [function indications] it can produce body fluid, quench thirst, harmonize stomach and eliminate food. It can cure thirst, diarrhea, dysentery, abdominal pain, cleanse intestines and stomach, and relieve alcohol. Fruit treatment of heart and stomach pain, dysentery, vomiting and diarrhea;

bark

[functional indications] it can stop bleeding, treat dysentery, treat bleeding, fall injury, muscle and bone pain. [usage and dosage] oral: eating raw, soaking in wine, salting or burning. External use: tamping, burning, grinding, twitching nose or adjusting. [attention] Meng Shen: don't eat too much. It can damage teeth and tendons. ② rihuazi materia medica: avoid green onion. (3) Kaibao materia medica: eating too much makes people hot. 4 "Ben Jing Feng Yuan": people with blood heat should not eat more. (5) Materia Medica from the new: eating too much, causing ulcers and phlegm. [Fu Fang] 1. Treatment of dysentery: it is taken by burning Myrica rubra. 2. Prevention of heatstroke: red bayberry wine soaked clothes. Five or more. (Jiangxi Chinese herbal medicine) 3. Treatment of gastrointestinal fullness: use bayberry salt as a backup. The longer it takes, the better. Take several of them and soak them in boiling water. (Quanzhou materia medica) 4. Treatment of headache: Myrica rubra as the end, with a little twitch nose sneeze. (the compendium) 5. Treat all injuries, stop bleeding and promote muscle growth, without scar: Myrica rubra and salt core pestle are like mud, and they can be used in bamboo tube. When they are broken, they can be filled immediately, and small ones can be applied immediately. (experience rear) 6. Treatment of soup fire injury: red bayberry pinworm ash as the end, adjust tea oil application. (Quanzhou materia medica) 7. Treatment of nasal polyps or general granulation: red bayberry (with seeds) and cold rice grains are smashed to pieces and applied to the affected area. (Quanzhou materia medica) 8. Soak red bayberry in old wine (the older the wine, the better). Take one or two pieces a day, twice a day, to cure dysentery. 9. Soak red bayberry in sorghum wine, eat one or two pieces each time, twice a day, treat diarrhea, Sha Qi and abdominal pain. 10, 6 grams of Bayberry bark, decoction, treatment of dental ulcer. 11. Grind the bark of Myrica rubra, 3 g each time, take it with boiling water, treat acute gastroenteritis; if take 10 g each time, take it in the morning and evening, take it with boiling water or Shaojiu, treat lumbar bone contusion pain. Luo 12, Myrica rubra bark 15 g to 30 g, decoction, treatment of Huang. 13. Scabies. Wash with the bark and root decoction of Myrica rubra.

Bayberry root

[source] is the root of Myrica rubra. [chemical composition] contains tannin. [flavor] pungent, warm. [function indications] regulate qi, stop bleeding and remove blood stasis. It can treat stomachache, diaphragmatic vomiting, hernia, hematemesis, haemorrhoids, hemorrhoids, traumatic bleeding, traumatic injury, toothache, soup fire injury, malignant sores, scabies. [usage and dosage] oral: decocting

Chinese PinYin : Yang Mei