Liu Rong

Liu Rong

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Liu Rong (1816 ~ 1873), with the word Mengrong and the name Xiaxian, was a native of Xiangxiang, Hunan Province. He was a general of the Xiang army in the Qing Dynasty, an ancient writer of Tongcheng school, and a governor of Shaanxi Province. Its representative works are yanghuitang anthology, etc.

Life of the characters

give up civilian pursuits to join the army

All the students were born with few lofty ideals. They taught with Zeng Guofan and Luo Zenan and assisted Luo Zenan in training the regiment.

Xianfeng four years (1854), from Zeng Guofan army, Ke Wuchang, transferred to Jiangxi.

In the fifth year of Xianfeng (1855), Luo Zenan came back to Hubei from Jiangxi, and Liu Rong led Zuoying. Liu fan, his younger brother, died in Puqi, and Liu Rong sent him home, so he left the military. Looking for Ding's father's worry, Hu Linyi plays the call, but does not come out.

Capture Shi Dakai alive

In 1861, Luo Bingzhang was in charge of Sichuan Province. He engaged in the military and recommended his talents. He ordered the prefect to add Sanpin to his head and recommended Xiao Qijiang, Liu yuezhao and Huang Jiuxi to join Sichuan. He was appointed as the chief minister of Sichuan Province, and soon he was awarded. Luo Bingzhang relied on Liu Rong's plan in military administration, and they successfully suppressed Li Lan's uprising.

In 1862, Yiwang shidakai entered Sichuan from the border of Yunnan and Guizhou. Luo Bingzhang ordered Liu Rong to go to the former enemy to supervise the battle, but Shi Dakai failed. He wandered around the chieftain's land and was caught in poverty. Liu Rong went to be captured in person, and was sent to Chengdu to punish him. He was awarded.

Suppress the uprising

The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Nian generals LAN Chengchun and Chen Decai attacked Southern Shaanxi and refused to defend Hanzhong, Chenggu and other cities. The remnants of Li Lan's uprising also spread into Shaanxi, and the situation was hot. Duolong ADU shiguanzhong paid attention to the return of bandits on the North Road, but not on the South Road. Liu Rong was recommended as one of the officials, so he ordered Liu Rong to supervise the military affairs in southern Shaanxi and promote the governor of Shaanxi. Luo Bingzhang assigned four thousand troops to Liu Rong, and chief soldiers Xiao Qinggao and he shengbi were under his management. Liu Rong entered Guangyuan in October.

In 1864, he was rescued by the Taiping Army and retreated from the middle of the Han Dynasty. Liu Rong went to Hanzhong to deploy garrison defense and clear up the remaining bandits. Duolong'a was surrounded for a long time. When he heard that Liu Rong was coming, the governor was in a hurry to attack him. However, duolong'a was seriously injured. In March, when Liu Rong arrived in the provincial capital, duolong'a Xun died in the army. His troops Lei zhengwan and Tao Maolin suppressed the West Road bandits and entered Gansu Province. Mu Tushan's army proposed to help Hubei Province. In May, the bandits of Sichuan Province attacked the provincial capital from Zhen'an and Xiaoyi. Liu Rong gathered all the troops to attack it in the area of Yao and Yao, and sought out Mu Tushan to attack it in Yao county. The bandits left Lueyang in the west, entered Gansu Province, and sank into Jiezhou. He shengbi was forced to wait for Zhou Dawu to attack it.

Tongzhi four years (1865), Keji state, Sichuan bandits, the remaining sin Xiping. When Lei zhengwan's army mutinied, Hu Shigui led his rebels back to Jingzhou. Liu Rong sent his troops to strangle the pass, disperse his subordinates and kill Hu Shigui.

Cai Shouqi, the editor, impeached Prince Gong Yixuan, led Liu Rong, and pointed out that he was in love with Liu Rong. He made an imperial edict against Liu Rong. Liu rongzou, who is responsible for the work, tells himself the whole story of the recommendation, and exposes that Cai Shouqi was good at recruiting soldiers in Sichuan before, which was blocked by Liu Rong. After being impeached by Chen Tingjing, a cabinet scholar, Rui Chang and Luo Dun Yan, the great scholar, were ordered to sit in the tight seat and demote to a new post. Yang yuebin, governor of Shaanxi and Gansu provinces, said that the people of Shaanxi Province were suing for wrongdoing and begging to stay, and ordered Liu Rong to still be the governor.

Demotion after defeat

In the fifth year of tongzhi (1866), Gong Hengling and others were recommended. Please be promoted and refuted. Liu Rong Shuyan: "recently, the way to enter the army is mostly from joining the army, but those who study the people's mind are still poor and poor. Shaanxi has not yet been devastated, so it is urgent to give advice to the sages. " It's specially agreed. First, Rong served as manager Huang Fuchen of Fengying road. The Hui people rebelled against the property and tried to reclaim it. At the same time, he got millions of grains at the age of 20. The result was very good. He wrote: "the army of Shaanxi is barren, so it's urgent to reclaim it. Depending on the severity of the war and the amount of wasteland, the number of land reclaimed should be regarded as the admonishment and punishment of the state officials. " The report is acceptable. He begged for a vacancy by illness and accepted his request. He still stayed in Shaanxi to run the army in the age of Qiao song.

Zhang Zongyu, the Nien army, entered Shaanxi and forced the provincial capital. Liu Rong and Qiao Songnian disagreed with each other. The thirty battalions of the Chu army, where Liu Rong and Qiao Songnian were stationed, had no commander in chief, and the soldiers had no heart to fight. The imperial edict denounced Liu Rong for delaying his return.

Tongzhi 12 years (1873), died. Wang Wenshao, the governor of Hunan Province, was ordered to resume his official duties. He was asked to worship a famous official Temple in Shaanxi Province.

Character evaluation

Zeng Guofan: my friend, Liu Jun and Meng Rong, is quiet but respectful, good and lustless. Since he was strong, he has been rich. Besides observing the changes of things, it is also beyond reputation.

Draft of the history of the Qing Dynasty: Liu Rong is very ambitious. He helps Luo Bing and Zhang Ping in Shu. He is superior to the general in strategy but inferior to the general. He can't achieve his success in governing Shaanxi.

thought

In yanghuitang anthology, he summarized the relationship between Qi and Li as "the so-called Qi is the Qi of yin and Yang in heaven and earth, and the one who can get it has life.". The so-called "reason" refers to the principle of heaven and earth being healthy and smooth, and the person who gets it thinks it is nature. Therefore, from the perspective of heaven and earth, Qi and Liju belong to the public things in the world. Although they are given to people and things, they are not personal gains. From the view of characters, the so-called Qi and reason are endowed with different endowments, and they are all complete. They do not intersect with each other, and they do not borrow from each other. Although it is said that all the public in the world can be based on my own nature, and not harm the private. " On the one hand, he divided Li and Qi into two parts, and thought that they were not intersected; on the other hand, he put forward that "the so-called Li is the principle of heaven and earth, and human beings get it as the nature", which belongs to Li. He thought that Li embodied in human beings is nature, and nature is humanized. This is Cheng Zhu's theory of "nature is reason". This is what Cheng Zhu said.

Liu Rong also divided heart and reason into two parts, and took reason as the master of heart. He said: "a man has a body, but his heart is the king. People's heart is also, the virtual spirit perception all reach and reason for the slaughter. It's the great use of all of them. It's the destiny of heaven, and there can't be any fault or tiredness. " Then, he refuted Yangming's theory that "heart is reason" and said, "it is foolish to think that it is the cause of illness, especially in the recognition of Qi as reason and the holding of perception and movement as nature. It is based on the ignorance of people's mind, the difference between Tao and heart, and the reason of heaven is based on the emptiness of mind and the awareness of spirit. However, the theory of conscience is wrong. And the lady's knowledge, the elite who cover the Qi do it, all those who raise in the quiet and clear, feel the things and pass, touch the desire and feel. If it is the reason that he knows, then his nature will be determined, and his reason will be derived from his knowledge. Although it is beautiful in Qi, it will not be predicted. " He refuted Wang Yangming's theory that "mind is reason" with the mind of virtual spirit perception. He thinks that reason exists in Qi, but it does not mean that Qi is reason. Reason and Qi are divided into two parts. He attributes heart to Qi and nature to reason. Therefore, heart and nature are divided into two parts.

Liu Rong also put forward the view of "reading history is poor in theory", saying: "history readers are poor in theory. The ancients' study of things, their own mind, family and country, and even the changes of yin and Yang in heaven and earth, as well as the ancient and modern politics, were studied in detail. It's a matter of poor reasoning and history reading. " He was dissatisfied with the pedantic study style of Neo Confucianists, which was "empty talk but not practical" and "rigid but not comprehensive", and regarded "studying things" and "reading history" as a part of poor theory. It is emphasized that we should be able to deal with the "incident" as soon as possible through "studying things" and "reading history", so as to become a real talent in dealing with chaos. He thought that there was no other learning except Neo Confucianism. Therefore, he rejected other schools of thought, denounced Lu Wang's mind learning, stole Buddhism and Buddhism, and confused Confucianism.

Liu Rong pays attention to "the original virtue is the foundation" in his study. The so-called "to be benevolent and to be righteous, to be a perfect person in the world, is there no foundation for it? Its loyalty has been rooted in heaven

The origin of the formation of ethics lies in "reciting the law of sages and sages, explaining the moral principles and ethics of Yi and Lun, and teaching the body", so that "once you die for the country and go to righteousness, you will see death as if you return home.". Although to burn the body and split the skin, and sink the chest, we should be calm and not worry about life and death. This spirit of moral practice emphasizes "gradualness" rather than Yangming

The "Epiphany" repeatedly emphasized by the theory of mind often becomes a tool of political practice and basically loses its independent value after being filtered by the value of "original virtue and essence". Liu Rong also criticized the "meditation" and "Epiphany" advocated by Yang Ming's theory of mind. He said: "the theory of meditation is the most important achievement for us, but only when we have the master in it can we have no harm; otherwise, we may fall into silence. The scholars of Ming Dynasty, therefore, are more crafty than Cheng and Zhu, and those who are inclined to Zen, all of them sit here. My brother is also cautious. However, the word "respect" should be used in the way of movement and stillness. The former biography of the sacred heart is nothing more than a true example. Therefore, it can also overcome the disadvantages of partial victory and let go of the lost sprout. " The author thinks that epiphany completely abandons the hard process that Neo Confucianism should be able to "become sage" only by "hard work of exploring force, performing rules and regulations, and diligent accumulation". Liu Rong strongly defended the orthodox ideas of Cheng and Zhu's Neo Confucianism and rejected heretical ideas. His academic tendency was obvious.

influence

Zeng Guofan, a close friend of Liu Rong, believes that Liu Rong is a scholar with great academic ambition and pursuit. He is "knowledgeable in classics and history, great in literature and great in spirit". He places his life on his academic career and takes "seeking Tao" as his greatest goal in his life. His academic thoughts had a certain influence in the ideological circles of the late Qing Dynasty. Although Liu Rong was proud and could not be tolerated by the world, he left his job and returned to his hometown early in the bureaucratic strife, but he still "bowed to benevolence and righteousness and tried to practice it, and did not stop himself from doing nothing in the world. "He should be moral and happy, and not feel sad because he has no reputation in the world", which reflects his non utilitarian attitude of practicing the holy way and not taking gain or loss as his intention.

Although Liu Rong lived in the wilderness in his early years, he did not read only the books of sages. Instead, he always thought of the world and advocated to help the people for learning. Therefore, he came out with emotion at the time of the rise of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom uprising. He led the army with a scholar and built a harmonious society

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