Uganda
Uganda
Republic of Uganda (TheRepublicofUganda), or Uganda. It is located in the east of Africa, across the equator, adjacent to Kenya in the East, Tanzania and Rwanda in the south, Congo (DRC) in the West and South Sudan in the north, with a total area of 241550 square kilometers. Most of the territory is located in the East African plateau, with many lakes, with an average altitude of 1000-1200 meters, known as "plateau water town".
The term Uganda was originally used by East African coastal residents to refer to Buganda, the country of Baganda people. From the end of 19th century to the beginning of 20th century, Europeans extended its meaning to neighboring areas.
Uganda is one of the least developed countries in the world. Its industrial base is weak, mainly agricultural. In 2010, it established an East African community with Kenya, Tanzania, Burundi and Rwanda, and established a unified economic market. It will concentrate on merging into a unified federally state - the East African Federation in 2015. Uganda was once called "the Pearl of Africa" by former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill.
Historical evolution
Early state
Before the 13th century, there was an emirate called kitala in western Uganda. From the 13th to the 14th century, the nomadic tribe bachwezi conquered the country. From the end of the 15th century to the beginning of the 16th century, the Ruo people, who originally lived in southern Sudan, went south to replace the rule of the bachwezi people and established the kingdom of bunioro and the barbito Dynasty in Buganda. These foreign rulers were soon assimilated by the Bantu people who were engaged in agriculture and had higher culture. In southwestern Uganda, the hindas established the kingdom of ankles. In northern Uganda, many small states and clans have been established. Around 1830, Prince capoyo of the kingdom of bunioro established the kingdom of Toro to the east of Mount ruvenzori. Since the 17th century, the kingdom of Buganda has been growing stronger and expanding. By the middle of the 18th century, it had surpassed the kingdom of buniolo.
Colonist invasion
In the 1870s, the British colonists attempted to annex all parts of Uganda, which was blocked by the kingdom of buniolo. In the late 1970s, the British and French Christian churches successively went to the kingdom of Buganda to preach. They intervened in politics and caused sectarian strife. Successive years of war led to the rapid decline of the kingdom of Buganda.
In 1890, the British invaded Buganda. The agent of the Royal British East Africa Company, Captain Frederick Lugard (later the governor of Hong Kong, Luigi), forced king mwanga of Buganda to sign protection treaties with him twice. In June 1894, the British government signed a new treaty with Buganda, which officially became the protectorate of Britain. Then, in 1896, Britain extended its protection to the whole territory of Uganda.
The administrative power of Uganda was controlled by the British colonial officials headed by the governor. It was not until after the second world war that individual Africans were allowed to participate in the executive and legislative bodies of the colonial authorities. Economically, Britain turned Uganda into a supplier of cotton, coffee and other agricultural products, trying to prevent Africans from developing their own commerce and processing industry.
National independence
In 1919, a democratic movement led by bataka party and Ugandan African farmers union was launched in Uganda. In 1921, Uganda's first national political party, the Ugandan National Congress party, was founded. It put forward the requirements of universal suffrage, the establishment of an autonomous government, and the control of the economy by Africans. From 1921 to 1928, the Ugandan people fought for the release of King MUTSA II of Buganda, who was exiled in England.
In the late 1950s, Britain carried out constitutional reform in Uganda aiming at autonomy. At the end of 1961, three major political parties were formed in Uganda: the Ugandan people's Congress party, the Democratic Party and kabukayeka party. In March 1961, Uganda held its first general election, and the Democratic Party won. Benedicto kivanuka was appointed as the chief minister. In March 1962, Uganda was autonomous, with KIWANUKA as prime minister. In April of the same year, Uganda held another general election, and the coalition composed of the great people's party and kabukayeka party won, forming a bipartisan autonomous government. According to the agreement of the Ugandan Constitutional Convention held in London from June to July 1962, Uganda declared independence on October 9, 1962 and remained in the Commonwealth.
After independence
According to the constitution of 1962, after independence, Uganda adopted a federal system, and the kingdoms of Buganda, bunioro, Toro, ankele and busogat district were all members of the Federation. The great people's party and kabukayeka party form a coalition government. Milton Obote, chairman of the great people's party, is prime minister. MUTSA II, chairman of kabukayeka party and king of Buganda, is president. In 1964, the alliance between the two parties broke down, and the great party of the people was in power by one party. The contradiction between the central government and the kingdom of Buganda became increasingly acute. In May 1966, the central government captured the palace of Buganda, and MUTSA II fled to England. In 1967, Uganda passed the new constitution, abolished the feudal kingdoms and the kings, and established the Uganda Republic. Obot successively published the civilian Charter (1969) and the nakiwubo communique (1970), denouncing feudalism and emphasizing one nation and one government. On January 25, 1971, army commander Idi Amin launched a coup to overthrow the obot government. Obot went into exile in Tanzania.
In the eight years of Amin's rule, the military dictatorship, political chaos, economic depression, a large number of people fled. Relations between Uganda and Tanzania are tense. In October 1978, Amin sent troops to occupy a territory on the Tanzanian border. In January 1979, the Tanzanian army launched a counterattack. In March of the same year, more than 20 anti Amin organizations in exile met in mohi, Tanzania to form the Uganda National Liberation Front and the National Liberation Army. On April 11, the Ugandan National Liberation Army, with the support of the Tanzanian army, occupied Kampala. A new government headed by Y. lulai was announced.
In March 1979, more than 20 anti Amin organizations in exile established the Uganda liberation front and the Uganda National Liberation Army in mohi, Tanzania. On April 10, the National Liberation Army of Ukraine captured Kampala with the support of the Tanzanian army, and Amin fled. On April 11, it announced the establishment of an interim government of the national liberation front of Uganda (NLF), with its chairman lulai as president. Lulai had been in power for 68 days and was deposed because of the power struggle. On June 20, binesa succeeded the president. In May 1980, the Military Commission of the national liberation front of Ukraine removed President binesa from office and formed a new cabinet headed by the chairman of the Military Commission, Paul muvanga. In December of the same year, the general election was held, and the great party of the people won the cabinet, and obot became president again nine years after he was overthrown. Yoweri Museveni, chairman of the Patriotic Movement Party, accused obot of manipulating the election. In 1981, he established the national resistance movement and its armed organization, the National Resistance Army, to carry out guerrilla warfare against the government. On July 27, 1985, the commander of the northern brigade of the Ugandan National Liberation Army, Basilio olara Okello, launched a coup to overthrow the obot regime and form a Military Commission, with former Ugandan army commander Tito Okello as chairman and head of state. In January 1986, the National Resistance Army captured the capital and seized power. On January 29, Museveni took office as president. The Ugandan parliament approved the amendment of the constitution to abolish the presidential term limit.
natural environment
Regional location
Uganda, located in the east of Africa, is a land locked country across the equator. It borders Kenya in the East, Tanzania and Rwanda in the south, the Democratic Republic of Congo in the West and South Sudan in the north. The total area is 241550 square kilometers (including 199807 square kilometers of land area and 41743 square kilometers of water surface and marshland).
topographic features
Most of Uganda is located in the East African plateau, with many lakes, with an average altitude of 1000-1200 meters, known as "plateau water town". The West Branch of the East African Rift Valley runs through the western border, with many rivers and lakes at the bottom of the valley. There are broad shallow basins and swamps between the rift zone and the eastern mountains. Elgon mountain is located on the eastern border with an altitude of 4321 meters; ruwenzori mountain is located on the southwest border with Congo (DRC), and Margarita peak is 5109 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak in China and the third highest peak in Africa. There are many rivers, lakes and swamps in the area, accounting for about 17.8% of the national area. There are more than 10 islands, including the Seychelles.
Climatic characteristics
Although Ukraine is located on the equatorial line, due to its high terrain, crisscross rivers and scattered lakes, it has abundant rainfall, lush plants and spring like seasons. It was once called "the Pearl of Africa" by Churchill. The annual average temperature is 22.3 ℃. The highest temperature was in October, with an average of 23.55 ℃; the lowest temperature was in June, with an average of 21.4 ℃. The annual rainfall in most areas ranges from 1000 mm to 1500 mm. The rainy season is from March to May and from September to November, and the rest is two dry seasons.
Water distribution
Victoria Nile and Albert Nile are rich in water, and there are many dangerous beaches and waterfalls along them. Lake Victoria is the second largest freshwater lake in Africa and the second largest in the world, with 42.8% in Uzbekistan. Others include Lake Albert, Lake Edward, Lake kioga, Lake George and so on.
natural resources
mineral resources
Copper, tin, tungsten, beryl, iron, gold, asbestos, limestone and phosphate. The proven reserves include 3.5 billion barrels of oil, 23 million tons of limestone, 250 million tons of phosphate, 100 million tons of iron ore, 4.18 million tons of copper, 200000 tons of vermiculite, 100000 tons of diatomite, 1 million tons of glass sand, 200000 tons of bentonite, 22 million tons of salt and 23 million tons of kaolin.
plant resources
The coverage rate is 4%, hard wood is produced, and the volume is 900 million tons.
Animal resources
Chinese PinYin : Wu Gan Da
Uganda
