Song dynasty
Song dynasty
The Song Dynasty (960-1279) is a dynasty in Chinese history, which inherited Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms and started the Yuan Dynasty. It is divided into two stages: the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty. It has a total of 18 emperors and enjoyed 319 years.
In 960, the generals of the Later Zhou Dynasty launched the Chenqiao mutiny and established the Song Dynasty with Zhao Kuangyin as emperor. Zhao Kuangyin adopted the policy of emphasizing culture and restraining military power, strengthening centralization of power and depriving military generals of military power in order to avoid the separatist regime and eunuch dictatorship in late Tang Dynasty. After the succession of Emperor Taizong of Song Dynasty, he unified the whole country. After the alliance of emperor Zhenzong of Song Dynasty and Liao Kingdom, he gradually entered into the rule of the world. In 1125, the state of Jin invaded the South on a large scale, which led to the shame of Jingkang and the extinction of the Northern Song Dynasty. Zhao Gou, king of Kang, ascended the throne in Nanjing and established the Southern Song Dynasty. After the peace negotiation, Shaoxing and the state of Jin took the Qinling Huaihe River as the boundary. In 1234, Shaoxing united with Mongolia to destroy Jin. In 1235, the Song Yuan war broke out. In 1276, the Yuan Dynasty captured Lin'an. After the sea war at Yashan, the Southern Song Dynasty perished.
Song Dynasty is an era of high prosperity of commodity economy, cultural education and scientific innovation in Chinese history. It is estimated that China's GDP in 1000 was 26.55 billion US dollars, accounting for 22.7% of the world's total economy, and the per capita GDP was 450 US dollars, more than 400 US dollars in Western Europe at that time. Although later generations thought that the Song Dynasty was "poor and weak", the prosperity of the people and the social economy of the Song Dynasty was far more than that of the Tang Dynasty.
During the Song Dynasty, Confucianism revived and Cheng Zhu Neo Confucianism appeared. Science and technology developed rapidly, politics was enlightened, and there was no serious eunuch dictatorship and warlord separatism. The number and scale of mutiny and civil strife were relatively small in Chinese history. The population of Zhancheng rice in Northern Song Dynasty increased rapidly from 37.1 million in 980 to 126 million in 1124.
Chen Yinke said: "the culture of the Chinese nation, which has evolved for thousands of years, originated in the Zhao and Song dynasties." Some scholars in the western and Japanese historiography circles believe that the Song Dynasty was a period of Renaissance and economic revolution in Chinese history.
The Song Dynasty was founded for more than 300 years, and its second overthrow was due to foreign invasion. It was the only dynasty that did not die directly in civil strife.
National name
When Zhao Kuangyin was the emperor, he issued an imperial edict that "in the past Tang Dynasty, he made a big name to follow the people; in the Han and Tang Dynasties, he founded the country because of the initial seal,
The great Song Dynasty
”Before he ascended the throne, Zhao Kuangyin was the Jiedu envoy of the guide army in the song state, so he named the state. Because the royal family's surname is Zhao, it is also called Zhao song, and because the five virtues always say that Song Dynasty is Huode, it is also called "huosong" and "Yansong". Because Zhao's Prefecture was Tianshui, Chen Yinke, a modern historian, called the Song Dynasty Tianshui“
Tianshui once
”。
history
Unify the Central Plains
See:
Chen Qiao mutiny
、
The unification war of the Northern Song Dynasty
、
Wine for military power
、
Alliance of Golden Chamber
During the Five Dynasties period, after Gong Di of the Later Zhou Dynasty succeeded to the throne, he ordered Zhao Kuangyin to be the governor of guide, and his army was stationed in Songzhou. In 960, Zhao Kuangyin, the general of the Later Zhou Dynasty, added himself to Chen Qiao's yellow robe and established the Song Dynasty. His capital was set up in Kaifeng. Later, it was changed to Kaifeng, Tokyo, and his capital was Xijing. Another cause song Taizu faced was to unify the whole country. After discussing with Zhao Pu on the snowy night, Zhao Kuangyin decided to unify the whole country from the south to the north.
Zhao Kuangyin first attempted to destroy Guo by false means, and destroyed Nanping and Chu. After that, the Three Kingdoms of later Shu, Southern Han and Southern Tang were destroyed. Taizu hoped to unify the whole country, and set up a pile bank to save money and cloth, hoping to buy the Sixteen States of Yanyun from Liao in the future. In August of the ninth year of Kaibao (976), Taizu carried out another northern expedition. But on October 19, Taizu died suddenly, leaving behind a historical mystery of "candle shadow and axe sound", and his younger brother Zhao Guangyi ascended the throne. It is also said that Zhao Kuangyin was killed by Zhao Guangyi. In order to ensure the legitimacy of the regime, Zhao Guangyi put forward the idea that his mother, Empress Dowager Du, would die, that is, the "alliance of the Golden Chamber". At the beginning of his accession to the throne, Zhao Guangyi was busy rectifying the government, and the cause of reunification was suspended.
After Zhao Guangyi firmly ruled the throne, he continued the cause of national unification. First, Chen Hongjin and Qian family of Wu and Yue who separately ruled Zhangquan and Quanzhou in Fujian surrendered, and then he perished the northern Han Dynasty. In May of the fourth year of the Taiping rejuvenation of the state (979), Zhao Guangyi, regardless of the minister's opposition, took advantage of the aftereffect of the destruction of the northern Han Dynasty, set out from Taiyuan to carry out the northern expedition against the Liao state, and at first recovered Yizhou and Zhuozhou.
Later, Zhao Guangyi forced the death of Zhao Dezhao and Zhao Defang, the sons of Taizu, and demoted Zhao Tingmei to Fangzhou. Two years later, Zhao Tingmei died in the banishment. Zhao YuanZuo, the eldest son of Zhao Guangyi, was also abolished because he sympathized with Zhao Tingmei. The other son, Zhao Yuanfu, died suddenly. Finally, Zhao Yuankan, the king of Xiang, was made the crown prince and changed his name to Heng.
In the third year of Zhidao (997), Zhao Guangyi died, and empress Li and eunuch Wang ji'en attempted to make yuan Zuo emperor. When the Prime Minister Lu Duan handled it properly, Zhao Heng ascended the throne successfully, that is, song Zhenzong. The Song Dynasty also entered its heyday.
Zhao Guangyi himself was vulgar, elegant and fond of poetry and Fu, so the government paid special attention to the cultural cause, which led to the development of the Song Dynasty's emphasis on education. Zhao Guangyi also likes calligraphy. He is good at six types of calligraphy, namely, Cao, Li, Xing, Zhuan, Bafen and feibai, especially feibai. The characters on the Yuan Bao of Chunhua in Song Dynasty are also his personal topics.
Step into ruling the world
See:
Yongxi's Northern Expedition
、
Chanyuan Treaty
、
East Fengxi worship
、
Five ghosts
、
Song Xia war
、
Qingli New Deal
、
Zhongxizeng coin
Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty came to power as a logistics political country, and the Northern Song Dynasty entered the reign of Xianping. After the northern expedition of Yongxi, Liao Dynasty used to rob, kill and plunder at the junction of Song Dynasty and Liao Dynasty. In the first year of Jingde (1004), it finally evolved into a large-scale war of invading Song Dynasty. The prime minister Kou Zhun led the Anti Japanese War, and the song Zhenzong personally fought. The song army's morale was greatly boosted, and they had a stalemate with the Liao army. Under the city of Danzhou, the Liao army was forced to seek peace. After several negotiations, the peace talks between the two countries were successful. The main contents of the peace treaty are: Song Dynasty gave 200 thousand pieces of silk and 100 thousand liang of silver to Liao Dynasty every year, opened the border trade, and the two sides were brothers. History calls the peace treaty "the alliance of Chanyuan".
Later, Kou Jun gradually fell out of favor, and song Zhenzong began to trust Wang qinruo. Wang qinruo was good at flattery, and knew that Zhao Heng wanted to create an atmosphere of peace in the world, so he strongly advocated the Zen of song Zhenzong. Wang qinruo himself joined hands with another prime minister, Wang Dan, to create many "auspicious" images in various places, which were deeply appreciated by Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty. In the first year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1008), Emperor Zhenzong of Song Dynasty granted Zen three times.
Song Zhenzong and empress Liu have no children. Once upon a time, song Zhenzong was lucky with Li, a maid of Liu's family. As a result, Li and Yu gave birth to a son (Zhao Yiyi) in 1010, which was later song Renzong. Later, Liu and another concubine Yang raised the child together.
In the first month of the seventh year of dazhongxiangfu (1014), song Zhenzong decided to upgrade yingtianfu to Nanjing after he granted Taishan, ancestral temple Houtu and sacrificial temple to Laozi.
In the Mid Autumn Festival of the second year of Tianxi (1018), Emperor Zhenzong of Song Dynasty officially appointed Zhao Yingyi as the crown prince and changed his name to Zhao Zhen. On February 20, the first year of Qianxing (1022), song Zhenzong died. Prince Zhao Zhen ascended the throne, empress Liu was honored as empress dowager, acting for military affairs before Zhao Zhen came of age. From then on, Empress Dowager Liu began to listen to politics from behind the curtain for more than ten years.
Song Renzong was always in the shadow of Liu's family in the early period of his administration. He was not able to display his ambition until Liu's death. Although empress Zhao Zhen is Cao, he always dotes on a concubine Zhang. However, Zhang was born in a humble family and never became Queen. On the eighth day of the first month of the sixth year of emperor you (1054), Zhang's family died. Song Renzong treated the funeral with the ceremony of empress, and was named empress Wen Cheng. As a result, two empresses died in his life, which is unprecedented.
After Li Yuanhao of the Western Xia dynasty became emperor in the second year of Daqing (1038), several years of wars broke out between the Song Dynasty and the Xia Dynasty. After that, song Renzong appointed Fan Zhongyan, LV Yijian, Fu Bi, Bao Zheng, Han Qi and other capable officials to carry out the Qingli new deal, and achieved very good results. The country has entered the most prosperous stage since the founding of the people's Republic of China. However, some conservative figures allege that these reformist officials form gangs and flatter each other, and they are friends. Because song Renzong always hated to form a clique for personal gain, most of these bureaucrats were demoted to local officials later. The brief Qingli New Deal ended. In the frontier, song Renzong appointed senior general Di Qing, who successively put an end to Nanman nongzhigao's rebellion and Xixia's provocation.
After the death of song Renzong, song Yingzong succeeded him. He is the grandson of Zhao yuanfen, the younger brother of emperor Zhenzong of Song Dynasty. Jiayou seven years (1062) was established as the crown prince. Yingzong of Song Dynasty was very ill. At first, the government was in charge of Empress Dowager Cao. After May of the first year of Zhiping (1064), song Yingzong began to be in charge. However, half a month after song Yingzong was in power, the Puyi incident broke out, which lasted for 18 months. The cause of the incident was that Han Qi, the prime minister, asked to discuss the issue of song Yingzong's birth father's status. Therefore, the court was divided into two groups, one group thought that the father of song Yingzong should be called Huangbo, the other group thought that it should be called huangkao. In the end, Empress Dowager Cao decreed that the father of song Yingzong was huangkao. To settle the dispute. But on the whole, song Yingzong was a promising monarch. He continued to appoint capable officials of the former dynasty and boldly explored new people. Song Yingzong also attached great importance to the compilation of books, and the writing of Zizhitongjian was initiated by him.
Political reform and partisanship
See:
Wang Anshi's reform
、
New and old party struggle
After the death of song Yingzong, his eldest son Zhao Xu ascended the throne. During the reign of emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty, the system formulated in the early Song Dynasty had produced many malpractices, people's livelihood began to retrogress, and Liao and Xixia on the border were covetous. Therefore, song Shenzong was determined to reform and appointed Wang Anshi, a well-known reformist, to participate in the political reform.
Wang Anshi's new laws include equal transportation, young crops, exemption from service, city trade, Baojia, Baoma, Fangtian tax, etc. However, the implementation of the new law was strongly rebounded by conservatives led by Sima Guang. In addition to the continuous natural disasters throughout the country, the determination of implementing the new law of song Shenzong was also shaken.
Xining
Chinese PinYin : Song Chao
Song dynasty
