plum

Li

Li (scientific name: Prunus salicina)

Lindl.) is a plant of Rosaceae and Prunus. Deciduous tree, 9-12M high; crown broadly rounded, bark grayish brown, undulating; old branches purple brown or reddish brown, glabrous; branchlets yellowish red, glabrous; leaves oblong obovate, oblong elliptic, sparse oblong ovate, 6-8 (- 12) cm long, 3-5cm wide, apex acuminate, acute or short tail pointed, base cuneate, margin obtuse, double serrate, often mixed with single serrate; stipules membranous They are simple, linear; petioles 1-2 cm long, usually glabrous; flowers usually 3; pedicels 1-2 cm, usually glabrous; flowers 1.5-2.2 cm in diameter; calyx tube campanulate; drupe spherical, ovoid or subconical, 3.5-5 cm in diameter, cultivated varieties up to 7 cm; nucleus ovoid or oblong, rugose. The flowering period is April, and the fruiting period is July to August

Plum is distributed in Shaanxi, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and Taiwan of China; it is cultivated all over the world. It grows in the hillside shrub, valley sparse forest, water side, ditch bottom, roadside and other places with an altitude of 400-2600m.

Plum has wide branches, reddish brown and smooth leaves, red from spring to autumn, small flowers, white or pink. It is a good foliage garden plant. It tastes sweet and sour, and has a flat nature. It belongs to liver and kidney meridians. It has the effect of clearing away heat and generating body fluid. It can be used for bone steaming and thirst quenching. As a fruit, plum is also one of the important fruit trees in temperate zone.

(general drawing reference:)

morphological character

Deciduous tree, 9-12M high; crown broadly rounded, bark grayish brown, undulating; old branches purple brown or reddish brown, glabrous; branchlets yellowish red, glabrous; winter buds oval, reddish purple, with several imbricate scales, usually glabrous, thin scales with very sparse hairs on the edge. Leaf blade oblong obovate, long elliptic, sparse oblong ovate, 6-8 (- 12) cm long, 3-5 cm wide, apex acuminate, acutely pointed or short tailed, base cuneate, margin bluntly double serrated, often mixed with single serrated, when young, apex glandular, dark green above, glossy, lateral veins 6-10 pairs, not reaching the leaf edge, 45 ° angle with the main vein, glabrous on both sides, sometimes along the main vein below Stipules membranous, linear, apex acuminate, margin glandular, caducous; petiole 1-2 cm long, usually glabrous, apically with 2 glands or absent, sometimes with glands at the base of leaf blade.

Flowers usually 3-flowered; pedicels 1-2 cm, usually glabrous; flowers 1.5-2.2 cm in diameter; calyx tube campanulate; sepals oblong ovate, ca. 5 mm long, apex acute or obtuse, margin sparsely toothed, nearly as long as calyx tube, calyx tube and sepals glabrous outside, inner surface sparsely pilose at base of calyx tube; petals white, oblong obovate, apex erose, base cuneate, with obvious purplish veins The stamens are numerous, the filaments are different in length, arranged in irregular 2 rounds, shorter than petals; pistil 1, stigma discoid, style slightly longer than stamens. Drupe spherical, ovoid or sub conic, 3.5-5 cm in diameter, cultivated varieties up to 7 cm, yellow or red, sometimes green or purple, stem concave, apical tip slightly pointed, base with longitudinal groove, covered with wax powder; nucleus ovoid or oblong, wrinkled. The flowering period is April and the fruiting period is July to August.

Major variants

Li Maoji (scientific name: Prunussalicinavar.pubipes The main morphological characteristics of (Koehne) Bailey are that the branchlets, under leaves and petioles, pedicels and base of calyx tube are densely pubescent. They are distributed in Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan, China. Living in thickets or forest margins at 1600-1800 m above sea level.

Growth environment

Plum generally grows in the hillside shrub, valley sparse forest, waterside, ditch bottom, roadside and other places with an altitude of 400-2600m; it has strong adaptability to climate, and can grow in any soil as long as the soil layer is deep and has certain fertility; it has high requirements for air and soil humidity, and is extremely resistant to ponding; it is suitable for loose soil, good soil ventilation and drainage, deep soil layer and underground water They grow in lower places.

Distribution range

Li is distributed in Shaanxi, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and Taiwan. It is cultivated all over the world.

Methods of reproduction

There are many breeding methods of plum, such as cutting seedling method, ramet seedling method, grafting seedling method, seed seedling method and so on. Each method has its own applicable conditions and points for attention in operation. The most important thing is that growers should choose the most appropriate breeding method according to different varieties and environment to achieve the maximum survival rate. The following mainly introduces the split grafting method of plum grafting.

For the time of plum grafting, it is usually around July when the climate is more suitable, which is the best time for grafting. Grafting time can be slightly adjusted according to different conditions of each region. In the first 7-10 days of grafting, growers can do some preparatory work first, select the strong peripheral branches to pick their hearts, so as to promote the early maturity of scions. The selection of grafting position is generally 5-8 cm from the ground, which is conducive to the early germination of grafted buds.

The grafting is mainly divided into three parts: preparation before grafting, grafting, maintenance after grafting: < ol > < li > treatment before grafting: mainly for the treatment of rootstock and scion. For rootstock treatment, growers need to cut the stumps of wild plum, peach and cherry trees that have been transplanted and survived 6-10 cm above the ground. At the same time, make some adjustments according to the shape of the tree. To use this stump as a rootstock. Or for the treatment of scions, we can select the annual thick and full branches with strong development, but not developed leaves as scions. At the same time, these scions should be properly preserved and treated, and the length should be about 5-6cm, 5-7 buds should be left, and these scions should be wrapped with wet cloth to facilitate grafting. < / Li > < li > grafting process: because the rootstock is generally relatively strong, so the split grafting method is selected. At the same time, this method is also more favorable for the later healing. The healing speed at the interface is very fast, and the success rate is also very high. Grafting should be carried out when the rootstock buds start to sprout or have sprouted but have not developed leaves. On the day before grafting, water the rootstock once, flatten the interface of the rootstock with a knife, and then cut a 3 cm split. Then take the scion out of the wet cloth, and trim the lower interface into a wedge that fits the split, leaving only two or three buds on the top. Insert the scion into the split and align it tightly. Then use a wide plastic cloth to tie tightly. Make sure that the upper end of the interface is tightly tied, because it can prevent moisture volatilization and diseases and pests. At the same time, in the case of relatively dry grafting conditions, some cotton balls covered with water should be stuffed inside and covered with transparent plastic bags. < / Li > < li > maintenance after grafting: for maintenance after grafting, the grafted buds should be cut at 3-5cm, several leaves should be left on the rootstock, and then the rootstock should be cut after the grafted buds germinate. At the same time, it should be timely watered in the later stage. When watering, we should also pay attention to the amount of water to prevent rotten roots in plum trees. At the same time, we should also pay attention to the growth of tree roots, so as to make the roots grow strong and strong, and lay a good foundation for a mature fruit tree in the future.

cultivation techniques

Garden selection

Garden site selection is an important link in the establishment of plum garden and the development of plum production. It has an important impact on the growth, fruiting, yield and quality of plum, the difficulty of management and the cost. The selection of orchard site should be based on the biological characteristics of plum trees and the requirements of natural environmental conditions, combined with the local natural ecological situation and socio-economic and geographical conditions. Generally, the slope is 5-20 °, the pH value is 4.5-8, and the annual average temperature is 15-20 ℃.

Preparation before planting

According to the measured and planned specifications, the planting pond is excavated. In production, the width of planting pond excavation is required to be 80 cm and the depth is more than 100 cm, and the topsoil and subsoil are required to be stacked separately during excavation, so as to improve the soil during planting. After the planting pond is excavated, let it be exposed to the sun for about a week, and use the sun to disinfect the soil. One week later, backfill, backfill method: first, where conditions permit, apply 50-100 kg of farmyard fertilizer, 2 kg of calcium superphosphate or 2 kg of fruit tree special compound fertilizer to each pond; secondly, fully mix farmyard fertilizer and chemical fertilizer with the topsoil, and then backfill. It should be noted that the mixed topsoil should be backfilled to the bottom of the pond first, and the stacked subsoil should be backfilled separately For the upper part of the planting pond, the bottom soil should not be mixed with chemical fertilizer, so as to avoid the phenomenon of "burning roots" during the seedling planting; finally, the soil of the planting pond should be compacted, 10-15 cm above the ground, and the shape of the pond should be "melon pond".

Seedling planting

The planting period varies with the climate. Taking Jinning County of Yunnan Province as an example, under the local climate conditions, plum can be planted from December to January of the next year, or in June of the same year when the rainy season is approaching.

The planting method is to select healthy grafted seedlings without diseases and insect pests. Firstly, the redundant fibrous roots and damaged main roots are pruned, and then the planting hole is excavated in the middle of the backfilled planting pond

Chinese PinYin : Li Zi