Shandong

Shandong

Shandong Province, a coastal province in East China, is called Shandong for short, and its capital is Jinan. It is located in the east coast of China between 34 ° 22.9 ′ - 38 ° 24.01 ′ N and 114 ° 47.5 ′ - 122 ° 42.3 ′ e, bordering Hebei, Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu from north to south.

In the middle part of Shandong Province, the mountains are protruding, the southwest and northwest are low-lying and flat, and the East is gentle and rolling. The terrain is dominated by mountains and hills. In the East is Shandong Peninsula, in the West and north is North China Plain, and in the middle and south is mountains and hills, forming a landform with mountains and hills as the skeleton and plain basins crisscrossed among them. The types include mountains, hills, platforms, basins, plains, lakes, etc; It is located in Huaihe River, Yellow River, Haihe River, Xiaoqinghe River and Jiaodong river system, and has a warm temperate monsoon climate.

As of June 2020, Shandong Province has jurisdiction over 16 prefecture level cities, including 58 municipal districts, 26 county-level cities and 52 counties, with a total of 136 county-level administrative regions. 664 streets, 1092 towns, 68 townships, a total of 1824 township administrative regions.

By the end of 2019, Shandong Province has a permanent population of 100.0721 million, a regional GDP of 7106.75 billion yuan and a per capita GDP of 70653 yuan.

Historical evolution

The Pleistocene "Yiyuan man" fossil discovered in Yiyuan County is one of the examples of Homo erectus in China.

The Stone Age civilization of Shandong includes the Houli culture (8500-7500 B.C.), the Beixin culture (7300-6100 B.C.), the Dawenkou Culture (4300-2500 B.C.) and the Longshan Culture (2500 B.C.). The earlier excavation of Chinese characters can be traced back to the pottery pieces of Longshan Culture in Longshan street, Zhangqiu District, Jinan City, and the Yueshi culture (4000-3500 B.C.).

Xia Dynasty

When Yu divided Kyushu, Shandong belonged to Qingzhou.

Shang Dynasty

Before the establishment of Shang Dynasty, Qi capital was in fan, and Xiang Tu Dong capital was at the foot of Mount Tai. Southwest Shandong used to be the activity center of Shang tribes and one of the central areas under the rule of Shang Dynasty; in the early Shang Dynasty, the capital was moved eight times, the first two of which were in Shandong. The Shang dynasty ruled the non Huaxia Dongyi people in eastern Shandong through its allies such as Sanguo and Bogu.

In 1046 BC, King Wu of the Zhou Dynasty destroyed Zhou of the Shang Dynasty, and the world changed. The first title of King Wu was granted to Jiang Taigong, who had made great contributions to Qi; Cao shuzhenduo, the son of King Wen, was granted to Cao; Zhou Gong, the younger brother of King Wu, was granted to Lu.

The state of Qi

In Linzi, the state of Qi "connected with commerce and industry, benefited from fish and salt, but the people mostly returned", integrated "Dongyi culture", "simplified its etiquette because of its customs", "valued meritorious service for virtue", pragmatic innovation and inclusiveness, and its national strength was quite prosperous. Qi's industry, commerce and technology, such as the textile industry, are also very developed, with the reputation of "crown belt clothing and shoes in the world".

The state of Lu

Both in Qufu, the state of Lu inherited the rites and music of the Zhou Dynasty, and was a "state of rites and rituals" that respected benevolence and justice, tradition, ethics, and human harmony.

Taoqiu, the capital of the state of Cao, is the water and land transportation center and the national economic metropolis in the Central Plains, enjoying the reputation of "in the world". After Fan Li helped Yue to destroy Wu, he moved to Tao and settled down in business. Later, he was honored as the "ancestor of Shang".

Qilu culture has a great contribution and far-reaching influence on the formation and development of Chinese culture. Confucius, who was born in Qufu, the capital of Shandong Province, created Confucianism here and became the cornerstone of Chinese social framework and values. Chiyou (one of the Chinese ancestors), Confucius and Mencius are outstanding representatives of the contributions of Qi and Lu to Chinese civilization.

spring and autumn

There were many smaller vassal states in Shandong during the period, and as many as 55 states were found only in Zuo Zhuan. Among them, Lai, Ju, Zou, Teng and other states had greater territory and influence, and they were later merged by Qi and Lu.

the warring states

In the Qing Dynasty, Qi became one of the seven powers; today, most of Shandong is owned by Qi and Lu.

In 221 BC, the state of Qi became the last vassal state to be annexed by the state of Qin. There are 36 counties in Qin Dynasty, including Linzi County, Qi County, Dong county, Xue County, langye County, Jiaodong county and Jibei county.

The Qin Dynasty

At the end of the Han Dynasty and the beginning of the Han Dynasty, Xiang Yu enfeoffed the generals as kings and divided Qi into Qi, Jiaodong and Jibei.

The Western Han Dynasty

In the early years, most of Shandong Province was the fiefdom of Liu Fei, King Hui of Qi Dynasty. Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty adopted Jia Yi's suggestion that "all the princes should be built with less power" and divided Qi into seven parts. In the fifth year of Yuanfeng (106), Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty divided the world into 13 states, among which Qingzhou in the north and Xuzhou and Yanzhou in the South were set up in Shandong. It continued to the Western Jin Dynasty. Under the jurisdiction of Qingzhou Cishi department are Pingyuan County, Qiancheng County, Jinan County, Beihai County, Donglai County, Qi County, Zichuan state, Jiaodong state and Gaomi state. Under the jurisdiction of the Department of governor of Yanzhou, Taishan County, Shanyang County, Jiyin County, Chengyang state and Dongping state are under its jurisdiction.

Shandong is known as the "paste soil thousands of miles" reputation, early developed agriculture and handicraft industry, Qin and Han Dynasty as China's economic center. Shandong's grain continuously goes west along the Yellow River to supply Guanzhong. Linzi, Dingtao and Kangfu were the three major textile centers in China, and a large number of exquisite textiles were continuously exported to the western regions.

Eastern Jin Dynasty

During the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Northern Dynasties, at least millions of northern people migrated to the South and the East, and a large number of northern and Western nomads entered Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei, Henan and other northern areas. The ethnic groups in the North changed greatly, and Shandong was occupied by the later Zhao, the former Yan, and the former Qin.

After the war of Feishui, Shandong returned to the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Youzhou was set up in Guanggu (now Qingzhou), which was soon occupied by murongde. In the sixth year of Yixi (410), Liu Yu pacified Nanyan and restored Qingzhou and Yanzhou.

The southern and Northern Dynasties

During this period, wars were frequent and the economy was destroyed. In Liu Song Dynasty, Jizhou was added to govern Licheng. Later, it entered the Northern Wei Dynasty and changed Jizhou into Qizhou. After the death of the Northern Wei Dynasty, it belonged to the Northern Qi Dynasty and was soon merged by the Northern Zhou Dynasty.

Sui Dynasty

Shandong Province is divided into 15 counties, a total of 166 counties.

the tang dynasty

There are 10 roads in China, bounded by the Yellow River, and Shandong Province is divided into Henan Road and Hebei road.

Shandong has resumed its development. At that time, it mainly belonged to Henan road. During the Tianbao period of Kaiyuan Dynasty, millions of stone corn were transported to Guanzhong every year, and the prices in Qing and Qi were still far lower than those in other parts of China. In Tang Dynasty, Jinghua damask in Yanzhou and Xianwen damask in Qingzhou are all well-known fine fabrics in China. In the late Tang Dynasty, war broke out again.

Song dynasty

Shandong was subordinate to Jingdong road and Hebei Road, and then added Jingdong West Road. Caozhou and Yunzhou were subordinate to Jingdong West Road. In the late Song Dynasty, Liang Beijiang led an uprising.

Jin Dynasty

Shandong East Road and Shandong West Road are set up. The East Road governs Yidu and the West Road governs Dongping. The serious exploitation of Jin Dynasty, together with the continuous invasion and barbaric rule of Mongols, made the society and economy stagnate. The population of Jin Dynasty was about 1.44 million households (about 10 million people). By the Yuan Dynasty, there were only 1.26 million people and 380000 households. Compared with the Jin Dynasty, the number of people decreased by about 87% and the number of households decreased by about 75%.

yuan dynasty

In Shandong Province, East parallel Province, Jinan province, Shandong Huainan Chuzhou Province, Yidu Province, Shandong Province were established. There are four levels of local administrative system, namely, road, government, prefecture and county.

the ming dynasty

He began to set up the Shandong administrative department (including Liaodong, Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei at that time).

In the early Ming Dynasty, Shandong was "mostly uninhabited", and the government encouraged people to reclaim wasteland. By the 26th year of Hongwu (1393), the cultivated land area was over 72.4 million mu, 2.4 times of that in the Northern Song Dynasty, ranking third in China. After Emperor Yongle moved his capital to Beijing in 1421, Jining and Linqing along the Grand Canal prospered due to the development of water transport.

Qing Dynasty

Shandong Province was set up at the beginning, and "Shandong" became its proper name. During the reign of Kangxi, the cultivated land reached more than 90 million mu.

In the 1860s, Yantai became the first open port in Shandong Province. In 1895, in the Sino Japanese War of 1895, the Japanese army occupied Weihai, and the whole Beiyang navy was destroyed. In 1898, Qingdao and Weihai were leased to Germany and Britain respectively. Germany built the Jiaoji Railway from Qingdao to Jinan (1905) and the northern section of the Jinpu Railway (1911), taking Shandong as its sphere of influence. In 1899, the boxers rose from Shandong and attacked western missionaries all over Shandong Province.

In the late Qing Dynasty, faced with the threat of Russia and Japan, Northeast China finally opened up to Han immigrants. With the encouragement of Zhang zuolin at the beginning of the Republic of China, tens of millions of Shandong farmers made a living in Northeast China in 100 years, becoming an important part of northeast people.

The Republic of China

In 1914, the Japanese captured Qingdao from Germany. It was returned to China after the Washington Conference in 1922. In 1928, the level of Dao was abolished in Shandong Province, and 107 counties were directly under the provincial government. In 1930, the national government took back Weihai from Britain.

During the Anti Japanese War of 1937-1945, the Japanese army occupied the railways and cities in Shandong. The Communist Party of China led the people to establish the Anti Japanese base in Shandong. He Siyuan, chairman of Shandong provincial government, entered Shandong secretly as early as June 1945 and arrived in Jinan on September 1.

In late October 1946, He Siyuan was transferred to the post of mayor of Beiping. On October 23, Wang Yaowu officially took office as chairman of Shandong provincial government. On November 1, Wang Yaowu was sworn in. At the beginning of Wang Yaowu's reign in Shandong Province, Chiang Kai Shek visited Jinan three times, met him frequently and had a long private talk with Wang Yaowu.

On September 24, 1948, the Chinese people's Liberation Army captured Wang Yaowu, chairman of Shandong Province, who fled to Qingdao in Shouguang. On June 2, 1949, the Chinese people's Liberation Army liberated Qingdao.

August 1949

Chinese PinYin : Shan Dong