Daoqing Opera (Linxian Daoqing Opera)

Name of China's national intangible cultural heritage: Daoqing Opera (Linxian Daoqing Opera)

Applicant: Linxian County, Shanxi Province

Project No.: 215

Project No.: Ⅳ - 71

Time of publication: 2006 (the first batch)

Category: Traditional Drama

Region: Shanxi Province

Type: new item

Applicant: Linxian County, Shanxi Province

Protected by: Linxian Daoqing Research Center (Luliang folk art troupe)

Introduction to Daoqing Opera (Linxian Daoqing Opera)

Applicant: Linxian County, Shanxi Province

Daoqing opera is a popular folk opera in the Yellow River Valley in China. It originated from the "Jingyun" sung by Taoists in the Tang Dynasty, and developed into a form of white quyi, Daoqing Gucci, in the Song Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong in Qing Dynasty, rap and Daoqing, which was popular in northern Shanxi, was put on the stage of opera, becoming a popular opera variety among local audiences. Before and after Daoqing in northern Shanxi appeared on the stage of opera, Linxian Daoqing, which was popular in Western Shanxi, also appeared on the stage of opera. Hongdong Daoqing, which was popular in southern Shanxi, also appeared on the stage twice in Xianfeng and Xuantong years, but failed to continue. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, Daoqing plays such as Hedong Daoqing in Jinnan, Shanxi, Zhoukou Daoqing in Henan and Languan opera in Shandong have developed into stage plays.

The early plays of Daoqing mainly reflected the life of Taoism and preached the doctrines of Taoism, such as jingtanghui, erlinying, gaolouzhuang, etc. In the middle stage, most of the plays are stories of Taoist cultivation and good advice, and the representative plays are Wang Xiang lying on ice, Guo Ju burying her son, Xiao Tao grinding, etc. The contents of the plays in the middle and later periods reflect the stories of folk life, and the representative plays include "changing wives between the old and the young", "beating kitchen king", "ceiling lamp", "striking knife" and so on. There are singing tunes in Daoqing operas all over the country. Daoqing opera in northern Shanxi includes playing children, Xijiang moon, and langtaosha. Daoqing opera in Linxian county includes seven character tune, cross tune, Zhongnan tune, luotousha, Yizhimei, taipingnian, and yanzifei. The accompaniment musical instruments of Daoqing opera are dizi, Sihu, dabanhu and xiaobanhu. Except for Yugu and Jianban, other musical instruments in Wuchang are the same as Bangzi. The roles are divided into five elements: Xusheng (Xusheng), Hei (Jingjiao), Sheng (Sheng), Dan (Dan), Chou (Chou).

After the founding of the people's Republic of China, professional Daoqing troupes were established in Yingxian and Linxian counties of Shanxi Province, which further improved and promoted the singing art of Daoqing. After the 1980s, the competition in various forms of art and entertainment has intensified. Daoqing opera has been greatly impacted. There are fewer and fewer amateur folk performances, and professional troupes are in urgent need of rescue and protection.

Linxian county is located in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, on the west side of Luliang in the Loess Plateau of Western Shanxi Province, across the Yellow River, facing Jiaxian county and Wubao County of Shaanxi Province.

Linxian Daoqing is a local opera evolved from rap Daoqing. It is mainly popular in Linxian County in Northwest Shanxi and along the Yellow River in Luliang Mountain.

In history, Taoism prevailed in Linxian County. Up to now, many Taoist cultural relics and ancient buildings have been preserved. There is a saying of "Thirteen temples and nine halls". There were activities in song and Yuan Dynasty. At the latest, it became a kind of opera during the reign of Daoguang in the Qing Dynasty, and the state-run Daoqing opera troupe was established in 1960. Up to now, Linxian Daoqing has always been a popular folk art form in Western Shanxi.

The traditional repertoire of Linxian Daoqing includes "Hanmen Daoqing" which mainly reflects the content of Taoism and "folk drama" which was widely popular in Ming and Qing Dynasties. After the establishment of a professional troupe, a number of modern dramas were created, transplanted and rehearsed.

The traditional singing style of Linxian Daoqing is Qupai style, which can be divided into pingdiao (the singing style evolved from Daoge) and Xiaodiao (the singing style formed by the combination of local folk songs and Daoge). Pingdiao is a kind of music used in the early stage of storytelling and singing, mainly including "shua'er" (Zhongnan tune) and "Lang Taosha"; Xiaodiao is mainly composed of Ming and Qing folk songs and local songs, mainly including "Taiping tune", "Wugeng tune" and "xiaofangniu". In modern times, the structure of banqiang style has been used for reference, and the development of banqiang style has been made.

In the stage of storytelling and Daoqing, there are "wenbaxian" and "wubaxian", namely "four pieces of Wenchang" (Guanzi, Sihu, bamboo flute, Sheng) and "four pieces of Wuchang" (Yugu, Jianban, Xiaochai, Muyu).

Linxian Daoqing has evolved from folk rap to traditional opera. The way and process of its evolution is of great value to understand the formation and development of traditional opera and the evolution of traditional opera music.

Chinese PinYin : Dao Qing Xi Lin Xian Dao Qing Xi