Dulong Nationality

Dulong People call themselves "Dulong". They call themselves "qiupa", "quluo" and so on. It mainly lives in the Dulong River Basin of Gongshan Dulong and Nu Autonomous County and is the earliest owner of Dulong River area.

According to the custom article of Lijiang road in the annals of the unification of the Yuan Dynasty, "there are eight kinds of Lijiang Road, which are called moyou, Bai, Liluo, dongstuffy, echang, pry, Tufan and Lu. They live in error." pry "is the same voice and different writing of" Qiu ", that is, it refers to the Dulong nationality now.

In 1952, under the care of Premier Zhou Enlai, according to the wishes of the nation, the "Qiu pa", "Qiu Zi", "Qu Luo" and others were abolished. He called them "Dulong nationality".

origin

Up to now, there is no clear context and clue about the origin and formation of Dulong nationality. However, from the perspective of language family, Dulong nationality, as a Tibetan Burmese language family of Sino Tibetan language family, should come from Diqiang group. To sum up the legends spread within the nation, there are mainly two kinds: first, the Dulong nationality is an indigenous people. Second, the Dulong People first lived in the Nujiang area. Later, due to hunting, they came to the Dulong River Valley. Seeing that there are not only broad hunting grounds, but also relatively flat platforms, they moved here one after another and gradually developed from north to south. Among about 15 clans of Dulong clan, 8 clans are said to come from Nujiang River. Moreover, from the cultural characteristics such as language and tattoo customs in the past, the Dulong nationality is also very similar to the Nu nationality in Gongshan. In recent years, most scholars believe that the latter statement is more credible.

evolution

Dulong River valley was under the jurisdiction of Nanzhao and Dali regimes in the Tang and Song dynasties; The yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties were ruled by Lijiang Mu's chieftain and Lijiang road military and civilian general office. Here, the records of the Dulong ancestors have begun to appear in the relevant Chinese historical books. For example, according to the "Customs of Lijiang road" in the records of unification of the Yuan Dynasty, "there are eight kinds of Lijiang Road, which are grinding, white, Luoluo, dongstuffy, echang, prying, Tubo and Lu. They live in mistakes". Lijiang road at that time included the current Lijiang City, Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture and the south of Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, and its northwest was connected with today's Tibet Autonomous Region. The "Qi", "Tubo" and "Lu" contained in the article are the ancestors of Dulong, Tibetan and Lisu nationalities who live together in the West and northwest of Lijiang road. "Pry" is a homophonic variant of the word "Qiu". In the past, the river and area where Qiu (QI) lived were called Qiu River and Qiu Yi land. For example, the upper reaches of Dulong River in the west of Gongshan County is still called Qiu river. It can be seen that the Qiu nationality in the Yuan Dynasty was in the area of the Qiu River, and then gradually moved to the Dulong River Basin downstream. In the Qing Dynasty, Daoguang's general annals of Yunnan, volume 185, quoted the map of tribute in the Qing Dynasty, which said: "Qiu people live outside the snow capped mountains in Lancang River. They are from the wild outside the west city of Heqing and Lijiang. They live in a thatched house or covered with bark. Men wear hair, linen pants and short feet, and women wear copper rings and linen clothes... Even those who live in the mountains and rocks wear wood leaves and drink blood. They are like ancient people. Qiu people border with angry people and dare not cross the border in fear of them." Yongzheng's general annals of Yunnan " There are also records of "Qiu people in Lijiang, dressed in leaves, drinking blood, without houses, living in mountains and rocks", as well as many similar records in the records of Lijiang Prefecture and other historical records of Qianlong. These records reflect the production and living conditions of the Dulong People at that time.

In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, Dulong River and Nujiang River were divided into two sections, which were respectively under the jurisdiction of the general manager of CommScope Tuqian and the general manager of Yezhi Tuqian, which belong to the local magistrate of Mu family in Lijiang According to the records, since 1730, Dulong People have paid tribute to the president of Weixi Kangpu Tuqian every year with 30 jin of yellow wax, 15 Zhang of linen and 20 pieces of mountain donkey skin. Later, the president of Kangpu Tuqian transferred the upper reaches of Dulong River to the Tibetan Lama Temple. The Lama Temple collected "excess" fees from Dulong People through the president of chawalong Tibetan Tuqian, and changputong (now Gongshan County) lama temple also collected them "Incense money and grain" The general manager of CommScope Tuqian still collects the tribute as usual. Whenever the chieftain comes to collect the tribute, in addition to building another thatched cottage for his accommodation and entertaining him with rich food, he must also force him to share sand and salt and exchange them at an unequal price. If the tribute is insufficient, he will be forcibly plundered as slaves. In addition, the Lisu slave owners in the East often cross the Gaoligong Mountain and abduct the Dulong People as slaves, It aroused the resistance of several generations of the Dulong People, and was ruthlessly suppressed due to the great difference in the balance of power. The cruel slave owners also killed several families of the Dulong People successively, and forced them to establish a stone alliance, "never repent", and be willing to pay tribute or people for tribute, which is called "bones, money and food".

From 1907 to 1908, the Qing Dynasty sent Xia Hu (from Hunan), a bomb suppression member of adunzi (now Deqin County) of Lijiang Prefecture and also in charge of the affairs of nuqiu and the two rivers, to inspect the Nujiang and Dulong rivers. He led more than 100 attendants, guides and porters to set out from changputong, climb over Gaoligong Mountain to Dulong River, distribute daily necessities such as salt, cloth, needles and thread to border villages along the road, and appoint people from all over the country to serve as inspectors He also appointed yuan Yucai and he Ding'an as the "manager of Nu Qiu" , which replaced the rule of Yezhi tuqianhe lama temple over Dulongjiang area. This was the first person to enter here as a government official in history. He also wrote the details of Nu Qiu border pass according to the local conditions and customs In the third part, it puts forward "ten suggestions" to the Qing government to strengthen border affairs and develop the frontier.

After the revolution of 1911, Dulong River was under the jurisdiction of changputong border settlement office. In 1918, it was changed to the office of changputong administrative committee. In 1933, it was changed to Gongshan to set up a governance Bureau, and successively set up a public security bureau and a district office. During the period of the Republic of China, the political situation was chaotic, and the Dulong People were under the dual rule of Tibet chawalong chieftain and the Kuomintang. In order to strengthen the effective control of the region, the national government set up an administrative bureau in Dulong River The Baojia system was implemented, with a total of four guarantees, one for each administrative village and one for each natural village. The local clan head was appointed as the Baojia and the first head, who changed every three years. In addition to managing the daily affairs of the village community, he was responsible for collecting taxes for the national government.

The "baiharuo religious case" in Nujiang in 1907 was a revolt against French imperialism by the local Tibetan, Lisu, Nu and Dulong People. In 1913, Britain sent more than 10 armed personnel as a "survey team" Under the leadership of British captain buricha, they invaded the Dulong River from Myanmar, aroused the righteous indignation of the Dulong People, immediately organized and resolutely resisted. They cut off the enemy's food supply and ambushed the "survey team" Near the gyselu slip rope, which is the only place to pass through, when bricha climbed the slip rope and slid to the center of the river, he was shot by the poison arrow of the Dulong hunter and fell into the river. The other aggressors were scared to flee the country from the original road, completely smashing the plot of the British invading army to invade Tibet through the Dulong River.

It is precisely because of the oppression and massacre of the reactionary rule of previous dynasties and the bullying of modern imperialism that the Dulong people suffered heavy disasters and their population continued to decrease. On the eve of the founding of new China, there were only more than 1700 people left, almost on the verge of extinction.

In August 1949, Gongshan declared its peaceful liberation. In March 1950, Gongshan interim government affairs committee was established. In April of the same year, it was officially changed to "Gongshan County". In October, Gongshan County People's government was established.

Dulong nationality is a cross-border ethnic group. It mainly lives in the NMAI Kai River and malikai river basins in northern Myanmar.

The total population of Dulong nationality in China is 6930 (2010), and 6353 people live in Yunnan Province. Gongshan Dulong Autonomous County of Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province is the only Autonomous County of Dulong nationality. Among them, Dulongjiang Township, located in Dulongjiang River Valley, is the most important inhabited area of Dulong nationality in the county. Dulong nationality accounts for 98.87% of the total population of the township. The rest are scattered in qiubaka village, Qile Township, Weixi Lisu Autonomous County, Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province and chawalong Township, Chayu County, Tibet Autonomous Region.

According to the 2000 census, the total population of Dulong nationality is 7400, including 3600 males and 3800 females; The sex ratio was 96.61. Compared with the "Si Pu" ten years ago, the population of Dulong nationality increased by 1600, with a growth rate of 27.48% and an average annual growth rate of 2.35%.

Among the Dulong population, the urban population is 13000, accounting for 17.55% of the total population; The rural population is 6100, accounting for 82.45% of the total population. Compared with 10 years ago, the urban population ratio of Dulong nationality has increased by 8.57 percentage points.

Dulong nationality is distributed in 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, mainly concentrated in Yunnan Province, with a total of 5900 people, accounting for 79.24% of the total population of Dulong nationality. In addition, only Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Shandong and Chongqing have a Dulong population of more than 100.

In terms of the population proportion of all age groups, the proportion of children (0-14 years old) is 29.13%, the proportion of working age population (15-64 years old) is 65.27%, and the proportion of elderly population (65 years old and above) is 5.59%. Compared with 1990, the proportion of children has decreased by 13.25 percentage points, and the proportion of working age population and elderly population have increased by 12.26 and 0.99 percentage points respectively.

There are 5300 people aged 15 and above. Among the population aged 15 and above, 14000 are illiterate, and the illiterate population ratio is 26.80%, of which the adult illiteracy rate of men is 18.66% and that of women is 34.48%. Compared with 1990, the illiterate population decreased by 0400 and the illiteracy rate decreased by 26.84%.

There are 6700 people aged 6 and above, of which 73.53% have received primary school education or above, 29.70% have received junior middle school education or above, 10.39% have received high school and technical secondary school education, and 2.35% have received college and university education. The average number of years of education was 5.71, an increase of 2.34 years over 10 years ago.

Among the population aged 15 and over, the labor force is 23200, of which 23100 are employed and 0100 are unemployed (calculated according to the "five general plans", the labor participation rate is 83.92%, the employment rate is 83.35% and the unemployment rate is 0.69%. Among the employed population, 93.84% are engaged in the primary industry, 0.78% in the secondary industry and 5.37% in the tertiary industry.

In terms of occupation, in 2000, 3.60% of the total employed population were engaged in mental work, 2.64% in urban physical work and 93.76% in rural physical work. Specifically, the proportion of persons in charge of state organs, party and mass organizations, enterprises and institutions accounted for 0.91%, 2.17%, 0.52%, 1.78%, 93.76%, 93.76%, 93.76% and 0% respectively.

Among the Dulong People aged 15 and over, 70.99% are married, 58.96% are first married, 3.36% are remarried, 0.65% are divorced and 8.02% are widowed.

During the period from November 1, 1999 to October 31, 2000, the birth population of Dulong nationality in China was 860 (calculated according to the long table), and the total fertility rate was 2.50. The sex ratio at birth was 126.32, including 118.75 for one child, 81.82 for two children and 181.82 for three children.

During the period from November 1, 1999 to October 31, 2000, the death population of Dulong nationality in China was 77, including 48 males and 29 females. The crude mortality rate is 10.41 ‰, including 13.19 ‰ for men and 7.71 ‰ for women, the infant mortality rate is 24.12 ‰, and the life expectancy is 66.02 years.

social structure

In Dulong language, the clan is called "Nile", which means a community with blood relationship inherited from the same ancestor. The clan concept of most Dulong People has been very weak, and they have no common region and more political and economic ties. Only a kind of ancestral symbol recognized by the brothers and families is left in everyone's memory. The clan name also has no totem content. It is mostly called by some characteristics of the clan, and some have a supernatural symbolic meaning. For example, in the 1950s, among all the 15 clans in the Dulong River Basin, one was called "mujin", which means "born in heaven"; It's called "dangsheng", which means "red skin"; There are also "dongle", which means "grumpy" and so on. Some of them are place names, such as "mabilo" and "clollo", which are the names of the two tributaries in the upper reaches of Dulong River. "Mabi" and "crow" are probably the names of the original clan, but their significance can not be tested. "Luo" means "River Valley". Clan members have the responsibility to help and protect each other and implement the blood clan revenge system. If any member is bullied or killed by outsiders, other members are obliged to avenge him. Families separated from the same clan cannot intermarry.

The Dulong family commune is formed by the continuous division (migration) of the original clan members. The Dulong language is called "Qila" or "jikoro", which means whole and complete. By the early 1950s, there were 54 family communes in Dulong River Basin. Although it has been in the disintegration stage and is no longer a complete economic unit, it still plays a unique role in the social life of Dulong nationality compared with the original clan organization. Specifically: ① each family commune has a common area, and its boundaries are divided by mountains, valleys, forests and streams to form a natural village. Generally speaking, without permission, members of other families are not allowed to move into their own family territory or reclaim land, fish and hunt, etc. ② Each family commune has a naturally formed family leader (some are also clan leaders), called "KASAN", which is generally held by men with high seniority, eloquence and wealth in the family. KASAN also participates in labor and cannot be inherited. If he dies or loses his prestige for some reason, he will find another new person to replace him. Internally, he leads production, presides over sacrifices, resolves disputes, and externally, he is responsible for paying tribute, directing operations and concluding alliances. Each family commune is independent, equal and not subordinate to each other. Only when they jointly resist the cruel exploitation and plunder of Tibetan feudal lords and Lisu rulers will some close relatives temporarily form an organization similar to the alliance. The more powerful family becomes the core of the alliance, and its "KASAN" is the leader of the alliance. Sometimes another military leader, called "a card", will be produced as the assistant of "KASAN". Once the foreign war ended, the alliance would dissolve itself. ③ Intermarriage is prohibited within the family commune and extraclan marriage is implemented. ④ Each family commune has its own unique name, which is used to naming and addressing with the characteristics of local natural environment. For example, the "kongdang" family means a wide dam. The "dragon stick" family means a place with many stones. Of course, it is also named after the family leader, such as "wooden thousand king", "wooden thousand map", etc. ⑤ The names of the members of the family commune must be preceded by the family name or the father's name (the daughter must also be preceded by the mother's name). For example, the full name of a Luo, a Dulong girl, is Bai Li (family name) · Ding ban (father's name) · Ding (mother's name) · akcha (nickname) · Luo (ranking). Therefore, as long as you know the name, you can judge which family it is, whose children it is, and what rank it is. Moreover, a woman does not change her family name after she gets married. ⑥ Family communes usually include two or three large primitive Communist families dominated by paternal parents, which is called "Zong" in Dulong language. Each extended family generally includes three generations of father, son and grandson. There is a parent called "jimaga" (some are also family leaders). There are several fire ponds inside, which represent the small families separated by fire ponds after men get married. In Dulong language, it is called "kalxin". All members shall participate in the work of the extended family to jointly cultivate the land, and the harvest shall be collectively owned by the extended family. A small amount of land belonging to each fire pond (i.e. small families) is still cultivated by members of the extended family, and the harvest belongs to each fire pond. There are generally two kinds of warehouses in large families: one is called "holding thousands", which is used to store and enlarge the common harvest in the family, which is managed by the old housewife. The other is the small warehouse of each small family with the fire pond as the unit, which is called "holding autumn". Managed by the housewife of the small family, it is mainly a place for storing food and materials for the small family. Within the big family, the housewives of each fire pond first take out food from the big barn and cook in turn. After eating, they then use the food in the small barn, and each small family can't refuse, which has become a traditional obligation. When eating, the elderly housewives usually divide the meal equally, regardless of the size, even the baby. If the old housewife is absent, the oldest daughter-in-law will divide it in turn. Such traditional practices as "housewives in charge of warehouses" and "housewives sharing food" are the relic customs of Dulong's former matriarchal society. In the 1950s, with the development of productive forces and the increasingly individualized production labor, monogamous individual families were separated from family communes and became the basic organizational form of Dulong's social economy. Small families, including couples and their children, have rarely lived together for three generations. The status of men and women in the family is basically equal. Production, housework and children's marriage are generally determined by both husband and wife through consultation. The parents are men. After his son gets married, he will set up a fire pond to separate from his father. A fire pond is a relatively independent economic unit. The young son lives with his parents, both as the supporter of his parents and the heir to his property.

Religion

Under the control of the traditional concept that all things have spirits, Dulong People generally believe in the existence and function of ghosts. Their understanding and worship of nature are mainly reflected in their belief and sacrifice to all kinds of ghosts. The "God" does not seem to be completely separated from its ghost concept. It is believed that all the misfortunes and blessings in people's life are determined by ghosts. Few relics of totem worship can be seen, and the ritual activities of ancestor worship have not been found so far, and there is no offering and worship of any idol. A series of witchcraft activities such as sacrificing ghosts, witches (nanmusa, Wu, etc.) treating diseases, chopping ghosts and divination are popular. To some extent, it is influenced by the Bon religion of Tibetan and the primitive religious ideas of Nu and Lisu. In the 1930s and 1940s, after Christianity was introduced into Dulong River area, some Dulong People in the lower reaches began to believe in religion.

Dulong People sacrifice ghosts by wizards. There are two kinds of wizards, one is called "namusa", which presides over sacrifice and divination, and the other is called "seizing mumusa", which is specialized in expelling ghosts. The status of "namusa" is high.

Dulong people believe that both humans and animals have two souls: "Bora" (living soul) and "Axi" (dead soul). People and animals always die first. It is believed that the human and animal Brahms are arranged in advance by the "Gammon" in heaven. Once the Brahms are recovered by Gammon or killed by evil spirits, their lives will end. Bora neither resurrected nor reincarnated, but disappeared forever. Ah Xi, the soul of the dead, often does harm to people and animals. Therefore, people often sacrifice wine, meat, meals and food, or use the smell from burning linen to drive ah Xi to "ah Xi Murray". Dulong religion believes that ASI Murray lives on the other side of the land, where everything is similar to the world. There are not only Shanshui villages, houses and livestock, but also ASI who lived together before his death. ASI also exists for many years as long as he lived before his death.

Dulong people believe that there are ten layers from the highest point of heaven to the earth. The first floor is called "nanmu Nian Ge Ruo" and "mupeipeng" lives in charge of everything in the sky; The second floor is called "Mu Dai", inhabited by "Ge Meng", which is under the jurisdiction of "Mu peipeng", creates all things on earth, determines the life and death of people and animals, and blesses and blesses the world; The third floor is called "muda". There are four Tianmen in the southeast and northwest. It is the residence of ghosts. There is the ghost king "nanmu Zeng Murou"; The fourth floor is called "nanmulang pine", which is the rest place for ghosts; The fifth floor is called "nanmu gaerwa", which is the place where the ghost of the blacksmith gaerwa lives; The sixth floor is called "dabula", which is the place where the souls of living people and raw birds on the ground can travel together; The seventh floor is called "namudo Murray", which is the "ah Xi" residence of good people and babies in the world; The eighth floor is called "Zili mu Dangmu", which is where the evil ghost imprisons the living "Bora"; The ninth floor is called "helmu", which is the space on the roof of each house; The tenth floor is called "dangmuka", that is, the fire pond of each family. The fire pond is the most revered family relic. Every time you drink and eat meat, you should sprinkle wine on the fire pond for meat sacrifice. The iron tripod on the fire pond or the three stones of a pot are regarded as sacred and cannot be profaned.

There are two kinds of Wizards: nanmusa and Wu. In the past, it was held concurrently by the head of the family or the head of the village. It is said that "nanmusa" was selected by "gemon". He has special eyes and can communicate with "nanmu" who can cure diseases and eliminate disasters. When nanmusa was cured, he first lit pine branches to smoke the house to show cleanliness, and then set up a confession. Dressed in a linen blanket, he rang bells and drums to welcome nanmu's arrival, and said that nanmu brought the heavenly medicine "shengdeng ladder" and dropped it into the sick population. If the drug is excreted, it is considered that the patient's soul has been taken away by Gammon and cannot be cured. Otherwise, the souls of chickens or pigs will be exchanged for the souls of patients, and nanmusa's duty is to hold the soul exchange ceremony. "Wu" is another ancient wizard whose function is to prophesy and sacrifice ghosts. With the help of witchcraft, Wu sings and dances after being drunk, claims to be possessed by Cliff ghost (an evil ghost in Dulong Religion), and often predicts what misfortune will happen in a place, and so on. Around the Spring Festival every year, Dulong People hold a ceremony of plagiarizing cattle and sacrificing ghosts to ensure the safety of the village. It is slaughtered by Wu Qin with a knife, and no one can replace it.

Languages

Dulong language belongs to the Tibetan Burmese language family of the Sino Tibetan language family, and the attribution of language branches has not been determined at present. However, according to the investigation and research of linguist sun Hongkai, it is similar to Jingpo language, Kan language, Luoba language and other languages, and may be divided into the same language branch. Dulong language can be divided into two dialects: Dulong dialect in Dulong River and Nujiang Dulong dialect in Bingzhongluo, Gongshan. Use Latin alphabet based Pinyin text.

In history, the Dulong nationality did not have its own national characters. It only expressed various thoughts and feelings by carving wood notes, tying rope calculations, painting and embroidery patterns, which can be regarded as the initial stage of character germination. In the early 1950s, Bai Jidou tiqiku, a Dulong man who called himself "riwang" in Myanmar, and Morse, an American missionary, created a Latin alphabetic Pinyin with "riwang" as the standard sound, which is called "riwang". "Japanese WangWen" includes initials, finals, tones and long and short tones. It is mainly used in the dissemination of Christianity in Dulong areas. It has translated the Bible, religious rules and teachings.

In 1983, according to the wishes of the majority of Dulong cadres and people, the Yunnan Provincial People's Committee sent Comrade long Chengyun to assist muliman John, a Dulong language expert working in Gongshan, in creating the Dulong Pinyin scheme. Based on the original "Japanese WangWen" and according to the use characteristics of Dulong language, this set of phonetic scheme of Dulong language was created with kongdang village committee of Dulongjiang township as the standard phonetic point after careful comparative investigation of oral language, dialect, local language and vocabulary (later, the vocabulary in the South and North of Dulongjiang township was also absorbed in practical application), It was discussed and adopted at the second enlarged meeting of Yunnan minority language Steering Committee in December 1983 and has been implemented in the pilot scale of Dulong cadres and masses in Gongshan County since 1984.

Astronomical calendar

Dulong nationality has its own unique calendar algorithm. In the long-term production and life struggle, according to the changes of nature, the Dulong People call it a year from the closure of the mountain by heavy snow in that year to the closure of the mountain by heavy snow in the next year, which is called "extreme friends". The year is divided into twelve Festival months with varying time.

January is called "ah Meng", which means a snowy month. In this month, everyone has a rest and individual households plant dry potato.

In February, it is called "a Bo", which means the grass month. Mountain grass begins to grow. It is the time to plant a large number of potato.

In March, it is called "extravagant for a long time", which means sowing month. It starts sowing millet, taro, cotton and other crops.

In April, it is called "changmujiang", which means the month of flowering, peach blossoms bloom, cranes sing and sowing is completed.

In May, it is called "Ashi", which means the month of burning volcanoes. A large number of volcanoes are burned and planting is stopped.

In June, it is called "bouang", which means hungry month. It eats up all its grain. In the famine month, it collects a lot of wild grain.

In July, it is called "a Rong", which means the month when mountain grass blooms, weeding and collecting wild grain.

In August, it is called "ah Changmu", which means the frost month. The mountain grass is frozen to death and begins to harvest crops.

September, called "danluo", means harvest month, harvest millet, Baogu, barnyard grass and buckwheat.

In October, it is called "total wood armour", which means snowy month. After harvest, grain storage and snow on the top of the mountain.

November, called "Le stem", means that the water falls on the moon, the river falls, looking for winter firewood, cutting tartary buckwheat and preparing for the winter.

In December, it is called "cut when you get it", which means the new year's month. It is also called "Luoshe Shila". Women cut live hemp, weave hemp cloth and dance cow dance.

After the founding of new China, the Dulong People began to learn the advanced calendar and the scientific planting calendar, which has become a reference for folk farming. The Dulong People gradually abandoned this original natural calendar algorithm and adopted the Han calendar (summer calendar), but there are still folk customs such as "sowing month", "harvest month" and "New Year Month". The general elderly are not used to using the summer calendar, but still take the changes of natural phenomena as the symbol of production.

Clothes & Accessories

The traditional clothes of Dulong nationality are very simple. Both men and women expose their arms, and their legs are wrapped in linen leggings. The man wore a striped linen blanket called "yodegren melon" obliquely, wrapped around his chest and tied it. The crotch is usually tied with a small piece of linen Bib called "nengbutlian" with a hemp rope around the lower body. Wear a knife on the left and a bamboo basket on the right. The woman wrapped herself around her knees with two long linen blankets called "qilaijokua" and surrounded her forward. Those who copy from left to right are tied tightly to their waist with a rope. If you copy from the right to the left, you can take off freely. It is usually used for clothing during the day and quilt at night. In the past, some men could only wear a bunch of leaves around their waist.

Both men and women of Dulong nationality are distributed, with eyebrows hanging in front, shoulders draped behind and ears covered on the left and right. In the past, people liked to wear earrings and necklaces, but now men rarely wear them. In the past, women had the habit of tattooing, which was called "baktu" in Dulong language. Usually at the age of twelve or thirteen. When writing noodles, first use a bamboo stick or branch dipped in a pot of ashtray water to draw the pattern on the face. After drying, take an old thorn with hard thorns to aim at the pattern on the face from top to bottom, and then gently tap it with a wooden stick to prick along the pattern. Wipe off the blood, apply a pot of soot or a dark grass juice, and rub the thorn lines repeatedly to make them penetrate under the skin. After 7 days or so, the stabbed lines were red, swollen and scabby. After the wound healed and the scab was removed, the pattern was blue, which could not be washed off and remained on the face forever. The patterns of tattoos vary from region to region. Usually, the upper reaches of Dulong River are covered with tattoos, that is, the forehead, cheeks, bridge of nose and upper and lower lips are tattooed with patterns; The lower reaches only prick one circle at the tip of the nose and two or three times under the lip. There are many different views on the origin of the Dulong nationality's tattoo custom: some people think it is the initiation ceremony of Dulong women; Some believe that it is the pursuit of beauty and the need to avoid evil spirits and eliminate disasters, while others believe that it came to hide foreigners from plundering women in history; Some also believe that it has some connection with the totem worship that has long disappeared of the Dulong nationality. After the founding of new China, this custom of tattooing has been gradually abandoned by Dulong women.

Life customs

The traditional clothes of Dulong nationality are very simple. Both men and women expose their arms, and their legs are wrapped in linen leggings. The man wore a striped linen blanket called "yodegren melon" obliquely, wrapped around his chest and tied it. The crotch is usually tied with a small piece of linen Bib called "nengbutlian" with a hemp rope around the lower body. Wear a knife on the left and a bamboo basket on the right. The woman wrapped herself around her knees with two long linen blankets called "qilaijokua" and surrounded her forward. Those who copy from left to right are tied tightly to their waist with a rope. If you copy from the right to the left, you can take off freely. It is usually used for clothing during the day and quilt at night. In the past, some men could only wear a bunch of leaves around their waist.

Both men and women of Dulong nationality are distributed, with eyebrows hanging in front, shoulders draped behind and ears covered on the left and right. In the past, people liked to wear earrings and necklaces, but now men rarely wear them. In the past, women had the habit of tattooing, which was called "baktu" in Dulong language. Usually at the age of twelve or thirteen. When writing noodles, first use a bamboo stick or branch dipped in a pot of ashtray water to draw the pattern on the face. After drying, take an old thorn with hard thorns to aim at the pattern on the face from top to bottom, and then gently tap it with a wooden stick to prick along the pattern. Wipe off the blood, apply a pot of soot or a dark grass juice, and rub the thorn lines repeatedly to make them penetrate under the skin. After 7 days or so, the stabbed lines were red, swollen and scabby. After the wound healed and the scab was removed, the pattern was blue, which could not be washed off and remained on the face forever. The patterns of tattoos vary from region to region. Usually, the upper reaches of Dulong River are covered with tattoos, that is, the forehead, cheeks, bridge of nose and upper and lower lips are tattooed with patterns; The lower reaches only prick one circle at the tip of the nose and two or three times under the lip. There are many different views on the origin of the Dulong nationality's tattoo custom: some people think it is the initiation ceremony of Dulong women; Some believe that it is the pursuit of beauty and the need to avoid evil spirits and eliminate disasters, while others believe that it came to hide foreigners from plundering women in history; Some also believe that it has some connection with the totem worship that has long disappeared of the Dulong nationality. After the founding of new China, this custom of tattooing has been gradually abandoned by Dulong women.

diet

The traditional diet of Dulong nationality is naturally unique. Affected by the degree of social and economic development and the surrounding natural ecological environment, their food sources were relatively scarce in history, belonging to an omnivorous structure with half of grain and half of wild plants. There are few staple foods, mainly corn, potato, highland barley, barnyard grass, buckwheat, oats, etc., of which starch food often accounts for the vast majority. The cooking utensils are simple and mostly made of bamboo and wood. Coupled with the lack of non-staple food and spices, the method of making food is also very simple. Most of them follow the previous cooking methods of burning, baking and cooking. In recent years, with the introduction of various beans and vegetables, the eating habits of Dulong nationality have also changed. The daily diet is only two meals a day, morning and evening. The breakfast is mainly fried noodles and barbecue potatoes, and the dinner is mostly corn and other cereals. Due to limited conditions, Dulong People generally have light taste and little oil and salt. Good drinking, drinking is self brewed low alcohol water wine. Wine is indispensable for relatives and friends, production cooperation, weddings and funerals, religious ceremonies and festival activities. Wine occupies a special and important position in the social life of Dulong nationality. Whenever guests come from afar or during New Year holidays, the host and guest should hug each other's necks, face to face, mouth to mouth, and drink a cup of "Tongxin wine" at the same time to express their friendship and loyalty. In addition, influenced by the nearby Tibetans, they also like to mix tea, salt and boiled animal and vegetable oil in a special bamboo tube to "beat" tea for drinking.

festival

The only traditional festival of Dulong nationality is the Chinese New Year. Dulong language is "kaque wow". It is generally held in the winter and December of the lunar calendar, that is, from December to January of the next year. There is no fixed date. The specific days are selected by each village. The length of the festival depends on the amount of food, or two or three days, or four or five days. During the festival, people offer sacrifices to heavenly ghosts and mountain gods, throw bowls and divination, eat new year's dinner, sing and dance all night, and the most lively and grand is plagiarizing cattle to offer sacrifices to heaven.

marriage custom

Dulong marriage strictly implements the clan extramarital system, that is, men and women of the same clan can not intermarry regardless of whether they have direct kinship, and there are relatively fixed marriage groups among clans.

Dulong young men and women have social freedom before marriage, non married children are not subject to social discrimination, and they can take their children to their husband's house after marriage. However, in determining marriage cigarettes, it is up to parents. Marriage is usually engaged and married. Whether engaged or engaged, the man should give a certain bride price to the woman's family. This kind of bride price is called "servant Ma Wang" in Dulong language. After the marriage is agreed by both parents, the man's parents should invite several relatives and bring water and wine (even number) to the woman's house for engagement, while the woman's parents should invite the whole village to drink and agree on the woman's bride price. The bride price varies according to the man's economic situation. It is usually a cow, a pot, a plate of iron tripods and several pieces of jewelry. If you can't get it all together at one time, you can owe it on credit and give it later.

On the wedding day, the man's parents, relatives, bridegroom and best man bring wine and meat bride price to greet the marriage, and the woman kills pigs to entertain guests. In the evening, I drank, danced and sang at the woman's house all night to express my congratulations. The bride and groom also enjoyed themselves with everyone. The next day, the man's house will take the bride away. The bride gets married without any dowry except wearing one. As soon as the bride arrives at her husband's house, her mother-in-law will take her hand and walk around the room, introducing the situation while walking: where is the warehouse, where is the water, where is the pigsty, etc. On the same day, the man's family also killed pigs to entertain guests. They also drank and sang songs at night. After the wedding ceremony, the husband and wife began to live together. A few months later, the groom needs to prepare two cans of water and wine and a pig leg, and go back to his mother's house with his wife to visit her parents to show his gratitude.

There are few divorces in Dulong nationality. If the wife abandons her husband, if the woman still has a sister, it should be arrived by her sister. Otherwise, all the gifts (worth) should be returned. If the man takes the initiative to divorce, the woman only needs to return a few betrothal gifts or not.

After the founding of new China, the marriage customs of Dulong nationality have changed greatly. Young men and women fall in love freely and go through registration procedures according to law.

funeral customs

Dulong nationality has always practiced burial. The coffin can be made of four boards, or a garden wood can be used to gouge out the empty body, or a bamboo strip mat can be used to bury the body in the earth. The man was carried out the day after his death. According to the taboo of the Dulong People, the body cannot be carried out directly from the gate. The body must be sent out by prying another crack on the back wall or floor of the house. It is said that only by doing so will we not continue to die. During the funeral, an old man waved a knife to drive away ghosts, opened a path, delimited a grave circle and buried. Those who died normally were buried not far from their homestead. Dulong people believe that it is a matter that they can't bear to bury their dead relatives far away.

Housing form

Most Dulong People live on the hillsides and platforms on both sides of the Dulong River Valley, and form natural villages of different sizes according to family and kinship. The houses of Dulong nationality are generally small, and the building materials are mainly white gourd trees, bamboo, grass, etc. Dulong People always have the good habit of "building a house and helping the whole village". The men helped the host to process the cut down white gourd trees into round wooden beams and boards, and break the bamboo into strips to weave a bamboo fence; The women gave each one a bunch of grass and built the new house in one day.

There are two kinds of houses: Wooden ridge house and bamboo strip house. The house is a thatched roof dripping on both sides. The floor ridge is paved with white gourd wood of equal thickness, covered with bamboo strip fence. The lower floor of the house is short and only used for closing pigs and chickens. This kind of house generally has two rooms, one is a fire pond, which is the place where the master cooks and sleeps, and the other is the bedroom for unmarried children or used to entertain guests. In Bapo village, Dulongjiang Township, there used to be large wooden fence row houses, usually four or five in a row. The grain storage warehouses of Dulong People are generally set up 20 to 30 meters away from their houses. The grain harvested in a year is put in it and only taken before eating. Their habit of building another granary outside the house reflects the virtue of no theft within the Dulong nationality.

folk song

The folk stories and folk songs of the Dulong nationality are rich and colorful. The representative myths and legends include genesis, the big ant separates heaven and earth, the flood, Tan gengpeng and other works, which not only reflect the picture of life struggle in the early stage of the social development of the Dulong nationality, but also describe the ancestors of the Dulong nationality's understanding of everything in the universe Various explanations and views of human society reproduce the true face of Dulong ancient society.

Popular stories include star girl, fish girl, girl and frog, big pumpkin, sun mountain, orphan Gong Gan, etc. Its content includes the praise and description of love and marriage, as well as the respect for the hardworking and the ridicule of the lazy. It has distinctive national characteristics.

Dulong nationality and folk songs are called "door bamboo", which is the main form of antiphonic singing and a very wide range of artistic activities in Dulong nationality's production and life. Whether it is new year holidays, farming, hunting, building houses, celebrating the harvest, holding weddings or other festivals, we should express our inner joy and joy through singing and intonation. For example, "labor song" and "hunting bison" sing like this: "everyone works hard and fast. Cut down trees and burn mountains to open the land, and only the land and crops burned by the fire can grow..." "the bison from jiutiaojiang comes towards us, and we hit the bison, old and young. In addition, there are many love songs describing the love and marriage of young men and women, such as "We love each other forever", "you are the only one with my heart", "Baiyun and mountain spring", "luoshenghua", "yansang", "take a look", "Hunter", "stars in the sky", "dinge Baili", etc. a song is a narrative poem or lyric poem, which has always been loved and sung by the majority of Dulong People.

music

Dulong nationality has its own traditional musical instruments and music. The main musical instruments are:

Chords. In Dulong language, strings are called "Akang", which is a popular musical instrument in Dulong River area. It is made of bamboo, usually two pieces. When used, the tongue of the string is aligned with the mouth, and the air blown out of the mouth is used to control the sound of the string. The muzzle sound is gentle, but it doesn't go far.

Awn Gong. In Dulong area, manggong is indispensable for cattle plagiarism, dancing, festivals and villagers convened by the stronghold leader. People have to get together where manggong sounds. Dulong nationality also dances with the accompaniment of manggong. The pace of dancing is unified according to the sound of manggong. The faster the sound, the faster the pace.

small bell. Dulong People use bells to shake when offering sacrifices to gods, and their voice can be heard from a distance. They believe that the effect of sacrificing ghosts with bells is better, so every wizard must have a bell for sacrificing ghosts.

Ye di. Dulong People love to blow leaves. They like to pick leaves and blow them when they are in the field, in the forest, or after work. The content is mainly love songs.

Dulong's music is inseparable from musical instrument performance. It is usually played while dancing.

dance

Dulong People have their own dances. They usually dance during the Spring Festival, cattle worship, marriage and hunting to obtain prey. Most of them are group dances, and there are no single dance or double dance. When plagiarizing cattle dance, festival dance, wedding dance and dancing, they are usually accompanied by manggong. All men, women, old and young form a circle and dance while singing. It is very wonderful.

In 2019, Dulongjiang Township opened 5g test base station, becoming the first township in Yunnan to open 5g. On September 29, 2019, Dulongjiang Township, Gongshan Dulong and Nu Autonomous County, Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture, the main settlement of Dulong nationality, completed and opened the dibri base station. This marks the opening of the mobile network in the "last station" in Dulongjiang Township, and completely solves the problem of lack of terminal network coverage in the north of Dulongjiang township.