Ewenki Nationality

"Ewenki" is a national self proclaimed Ewenki nationality, which means "people living in mountains and forests". Historically, due to the relationship between living areas, the Ewenki people collectively referred to the mountains and forests in the greater Hinggan Mountains, including the areas from the outer Hinggan Mountains to the amazar River and the upper reaches of the Lena River as "egduuri" or "egden" (Ewenki means "Dashan"). There is another saying: "Ewenki" means "people down the mountain" or "people living on the south slope". The above two explanations show that Ewenki people are hunting people in the mountains and forests. With the development of history, some of them moved out of the mountains and forests and settled in grasslands and river valley plains, while some still remained in the mountains and forests. The name "Ewenki" reflects the ancient history and life of Ewenki nationality, which is closely related to mountains and forests.

Due to the different living areas formed by historical migration, Ewenki people in different regions were called "Solon", "Tungus" and "Yakut" by other nationalities.

The name "Solon" was recorded in the records of Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty in the eighth year of Tiancong (1634). In quite a historical period, the so-called "solun" includes not only Ewenki, but also Daur and Oroqen. Later, other nationalities gradually separated from "Soren", and "Soren" became the only name for Ewenki. By the early 1950s, the Ewenki nationality known as "Sorun" refers to the Ewenki people living in today's Ewenki banner, Arong Banner, Zalantun City, Molidawa banner and Olunchun banner. They account for the majority of the total population of Ewenki nationality.

"Tungus" is mainly the name of Ewenki people living in Chen banner. There are also some Ewenki people called "Tungus" in the Sini River Basin of Ewenki banner.

"Yakut" is the name of the Ewenki people in Aoluguya Ewenki nationality township of ezuo banner. This part of Ewenki people was mistakenly called "Yakut" because they lived adjacent to Turkic speaking Yakut people in the Lena River Basin.

In history, although the Ewenki in different regions have different names by other nationalities, they all call themselves "Ewenki", which is a unified Ewenki. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the party and the people's government, after investigation and understanding, decided to cancel the titles of "Soren", "Tungus" and "Yakut" according to the wishes of the Ewenki people in 1958 and call them Ewenki in a unified way, restoring the true face of history.

Family source

Due to the lack of information on the origin of Ewenki nationality, there are different views in academic circles. There are mainly room Wei theory and Kan an Ju bone theory.

According to the brief history of Ewenki nationality published by Inner Mongolia People's Publishing House in 1983, as early as 2000 BC, that is, the era of copper and stone tools, the ancestors of Ewenki nationality lived in the outer Baikal Lake and the coastal area of Baikal Lake.

According to archaeological excavations, a human skeleton was found on the mount fofanov opposite gongsk village on the left bank of Selenge river. Its clothes were equipped with dozens of glittering shell rings. The position of the rings was exactly the same as that of the beads worn on the chest of Ewenki and the shell rings decorated on the robes of Shaman wizards. In addition, it was also found that some large white jade rings of the deceased were no different from those on the ancient clothing of Ewenki people from the 17th to 18th centuries. This proves that the ancestors of Ewenki people lived in Baikal Lake at the latest in the era of copper and stone tools.

According to the legend of Ewenki, their hometown is the Lena river. The Lena river is so wide that even woodpeckers can't fly over. It is said that the Lena river has a "Lamu" Lake (i.e. Baikal Lake), and eight large rivers flow into the lake. There are high mountains around the lake. The ancestors of Ewenki people originated from the high mountains around the "Lamu" lake. Another legend says that the hometown of Ewenki people is the shileka River in the upper reaches of Heilongjiang.

Tang Song Yuan period

The Shiwei in the Northern Wei Dynasty, especially the beishiwei, boshuwei and the Ju tribe of the Tang Dynasty, had a close relationship with the origin of the Ewenki nationality and maintained contact with the Central Plains Dynasty. According to historical records, beishiwei and boshuwei "shoot and hunt, eat meat and skin, chisel ice, drown in water and net fish and turtles", build houses with birch bark, use skis and carry out customs such as wind burial, which is a portrayal of the early life of Ewenki nationality. In the Tang Dynasty, Youling dududufu was established in the post Baikal region to govern the poyegu and Ju departments. After the establishment of the Liao Dynasty, its territory extended to waixing'an mountains in the north and Baikal Lake in the northwest. Shiwei palace and Jiedu envoy were established to control the people in this vast area, so as to bring the Ewenki ancestors under their own rule. Puhe Road, the Shangjing road of the Jin Dynasty, governs Muke, the "Huolu huotuan" (the meaning of Gou city) of waixing'an mountains in the north, and its ruling scope has been extended to the ancestral residence of Ewenki nationality.

The historical records of the Yuan Dynasty refer to the Ewenki, Oroqen, Mongolian and other ethnic groups living in the east of Baikal Lake and the vast Heilongjiang Basin as "people in trees". They live in birch skin houses, raise reindeer, use skis called "Chana" to travel between the mountains and forests, and are in the primitive era of fishing and hunting economy. In 1207, Genghis Khan sent his eldest son Shu chi to expedition the people in the forest. In 1235, wokuotai Khan set up Kaiyuan Road and hening road in the upper reaches of Heilongjiang to govern the people in the trees.

Ming and Qing Dynasties

In 1480, the Ming army occupied Helin, the seat of Lingbei Province in the Yuan Dynasty, and successively set up buludan River guard, Qita River guard and other guard stations in outer Baikal Lake and Heilongjiang Basin to govern the local people. In the literature of the Ming Dynasty, Ewenki people were called "Beishan savage" or "savage Nvzhen".

The Ewenki nationality in the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty was divided into three parts: one was the Sorun department from shileka River to jingqili River, which was the largest part of Ewenki people. There are several big clans, such as dular, Ola, merdil, brahmu, tukedong and Nahata. They lived together with Daur people and established many wooden cities and villages on the North Bank of the middle reaches of Heilongjiang. Their chief was bomubogor. The second is the sorenbe department, which is the "emissary Department" along the Chita River in the east of Baikal Lake, also known as "kamnyikan" (the name of Buryat Mongols, which means people with great internal unity) or "namiyar" or "Na Mei Ta". There are 15 clans, including the old namiyar, the new namiyar and tuokong wo'er, and their clan leaders include Ghent mul. The third is the "make deer Department", which is distributed in the west of Baikal Lake and in the area of willu River and vitim River, tributaries of Lena river. There are 12 large clans, and the chiefs are ye Lei, sherteku, etc.

From 1633 to 1634, Manchu rulers replaced the rule of the "Sorun tribe" in the Ming Dynasty. In 1635, he conquered the "kamunikan" in the Baikal region; From 1639 to 1640, the Soren region east of Lake Baikal was finally unified.

In the Qing Dynasty, the Ewenki clan was organized into "assistant" with the clan as the unit, the assistant collar and other official positions were selected, and mink fur was paid to the Qing Dynasty every year. After the middle of the 17th century, due to the aggression of tsarist Russia, the Qing Dynasty moved the Ewenki nationality to the Nenjiang River Basin in Daxinganling area. In 1732, the Qing Dynasty transferred more than 1600 Ewenki soldiers from butha area and moved to Hulunbuir grassland with their families to garrison the border. These people are the Ewenki nationality in the post Ewenki Autonomous Banner.

In the middle of the 17th century, tsarist Russia invaded China's Heilongjiang Basin, burning, killing and plundering, and did all kinds of evil, which aroused the incomparable anger and resolute resistance of the people of Ewenki and other nationalities. In 1651, tsarist Russian bandits occupied the Ewenki inhabited area in the upper reaches of Heilongjiang Province. The Ewenki people rose up and resisted bravely. They launched a resolute struggle against the sharp tsarist Russian invaders with bows and arrows. In 1664, Ewenki and local Mongolian residents besieged the Tsar bandits entrenched in nebuchu and dealt a heavy blow to the Tsarist Russian invaders.

Modern times

After the September 18th Incident in 1931, Japanese imperialism occupied Northeast China. The Ewenki people waged a heroic struggle. They joined the Anti Japanese coalition and attacked the Japanese aggressors in various ways. After the victory of the war of resistance against Japan, the young intellectuals of Ewenki nationality actively participated in the revolution, and the people everywhere participated in the people's armed forces led by the Communist Party of China. They also participated in the Liaoshen campaign and the liberation of Southwest China.

In 1957, the unified national name was Ewenki, and the Ewenki Autonomous Banner was established on August 1, 1958.

quantity

According to the sixth national census in 2010, the population of Ewenki is 30875.

distribution

Ewenki nationality is a cross-border nationality living across China and Russia. Once known as Tungus in Russia, it is now called Ewenki, with about 50000 people, mainly distributed in Siberia.

The Ewenki nationality in China mainly lives in the Ewenki Autonomous Banner of Hulunbuir League, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Others are scattered in chenbalhu banner, Erguna Left Banner, Molidawa banner, Arong Banner, Zalantun City and Nehe County, Heilongjiang Province. Most of them live together with Mongolian, Daur, Han, Oroqen and other nationalities.

Ewenki Township

Chabaqi Ewenki township (under Arong Banner)

Deliqier Ewenki township (under Arong Banner)

Ewenki township of Yinhe Daur (under Arong Banner)

Dular Ewenki ethnic township (belonging to molidawaddaur Autonomous Banner)

Bayan Ewenki nationality township (belonging to molidawaddaur Autonomous Banner)

Sumu of Ewenki nationality (belonging to chenbalhu banner)

Ewenki nationality township, Sama Street (belonging to Zalantun City, formerly known as "butha banner")

Aoluguya Ewenki nationality township (belonging to Genhe City, formerly known as "Erguna Left Banner")

Xingwang Ewenki township (Nehe city)

branch

The Ewenki people in China have three branches: Sauron, Tungus and Ewenki.

Due to the scattered residence of Ewenki nationality, different natural conditions and unbalanced social and economic development. Ewenki people living in Ewenki Autonomous Banner and chenbalhu banner account for more than half of their population. They are mainly engaged in animal husbandry production, live in yurts and live a nomadic life. As early as the end of the 17th century, Ewenki nationality was in the stage of transition from the end of primitive society to hierarchical society.

For a long time, Ewenki nationality has always followed the production and life style of "living by water and grass". Animal husbandry is one of the traditional industries of Ewenki people. Ewenki people living in Ewenki Autonomous Banner and chenbalhu banner mostly take animal husbandry as their main industry.

Until the establishment of Ewenki Autonomous Banner and other autonomous institutions, they gradually embarked on the road of multi industry and diversified development of "focusing on animal husbandry, agriculture, half agriculture and half hunting, reindeer breeding, local industry and township enterprises", forming a type of economic development with distinctive characteristics.

Agriculture is also one of the traditional industries engaged in by Ewenki people. Many Ewenki ethnic townships, such as the prosperous Ewenki ethnic township in Nehe City, Heilongjiang Province and dular in molidawaddaur Autonomous Banner of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, mainly focus on agricultural production.

Languages

Ewenki language belongs to Altai language family, Tungusic language family and Ewenki language branch. In daily life, most Ewenki people use their own national language, with a population of more than 20000. Without their own language, Mongolian and Chinese are commonly used in pastoral areas, and Chinese is commonly used in agricultural and forest areas. In history, Ewenki people have learned and used Manchu, and some people have learned and mastered Japanese and Russian in modern times.

Ewenki language has 18 consonants and 9 vowels, all of which are divided into long and short. Vowel harmony is more strict. The basic word order is subject first and object last. Grammatical categories such as body word number, case and possessive. More than 80% of the words are polysyllabic, indicating rich vocabulary in hunting, animal husbandry, landform, plants and so on.

When Ewenki people speak, they often use gestures to emphasize the tone. In daily life, talk in oral form. Because Ewenki language is a language without words, the rules and regulations in life cannot be fixed with words, so we have to guide future generations in the form of preaching. Shamanism's shaman language is relatively abstruse. From the current perspective, it has accumulated ancient vocabulary. It sounds very laborious today. It seems to have the meaning of classical Chinese or poetry in Chinese.

With the development of the times, in modern social life, Ewenki people generally master Chinese and Mongolian, and many Chinese and Mongolian words enter Ewenki.

Clan system

The clan organization of Ewenki people is called "Hara". The people of the same Hara are all related by blood and have a common ancestor and surname. Ewenki people usually name their clan by river name, mountain name, person name or residence name. Therefore, each Hara has a fixed name, and its clan name has a certain meaning. For example, "dural" (people living by the river), "tukedong" (people living at the foot of the bald mountain), "nahatta" (people living on the south slope of the mountain). People of the same clan have a common ancestor god, which is called "shewoke" or "Aojiao". Members of the clan strictly prohibit intermarriage. In the Republic of China, many clan groups in mountainous areas and agricultural areas simplified their surnames due to the influence of registered residence system and Han culture. For example, the "dular" clan is abbreviated as Du, the "tukedong" clan is abbreviated as Tu or Dai, and the "Nahata" clan is abbreviated as Na.

Each clan has its own leader, called "Harada". Harada was elected through the democratic election of clan members, and there was no unified regulation on his term of office. If Harada acts unfairly, he can be removed by the clan assembly. Harada has the right to convene clan members to meet at a designated place to discuss and deal with important affairs within the clan. At the same time, Harada also has the right to deal with disputes within the clan and punish those who violate the customary law of the clan.

Above the clan organization of Ewenki, there are tribes. Therefore, the Ewenki people in the Qing Dynasty can be divided into several tribes. The tribal elders' Council is formed by the heads of all clans of the same tribe to elect tribal chiefs. Ewenki tribes are also named after place names, rivers and mountains. For example, the Arun tribe is the Ewenki people living in the Arun River Basin, which is composed of three Clans: "dular", "tukedong" and "Nahata"; "Genqian" refers to the Ewenki people living in the Geni river. There are three clans, "tukedong", "Nahata" and "kaltagir".

Due to the influence of migration, population reproduction and other factors, the Ewenki clan has divided into several large families, which is called "maocoao" in Ewenki language. Mao coax is a paternal family commune based on public ownership, which is usually composed of descendants of the same paternal ancestor within ten generations.

National Costume

The traditional clothing of Ewenki nationality is mostly made of leather. Make winter robes, trousers, suits, boots, hats, gloves, socks, etc. from roe deer skin, (Dog + rare) skin, deer skin, sheep skin, etc. Women's robes are mainly made of cloth. In agricultural areas, the robes should be lined with edges. When wearing robes, they should be covered with long and short shoulders. Aoluguya Ewenki women wear dresses with large collars and white, black and red collars. Front flap. Ewenki women in chenbalhu banner wear dresses in winter and summer, with narrow upper body and wide pleats at the lower body. The sleeves of married women are sewn with an inch wide colored cloth around the sleeves, and wear a waistcoat with colored cloth trim. The man's hat is conical. There are red tassels on the top, mostly made of blue cloth. In summer, it is a single cloth hat, and in winter, it is made of lamb skin, otter skin or lynx skin. Ewenki people have a variety of leather gloves, of which 5 finger gloves are sewn with beautiful patterns, which is very refined. The boots made of roe deer (Dog + rare) leg skin are beautiful, moisture-proof, light and wear-resistant. They are suitable for walking in mountains, forests and snow.

religious belief

In the past, Ewenki mostly believed in Shamanism, and residents in pastoral areas also believed in Lamaism. Before 1945, there were still remnants of animal worship, totem worship and ancestor worship. Some clans took birds and bears as totem worship objects. Each clan or big family has a wizard "Shaman", which is mostly held by the head (chief).

literature

Ewenki nationality has created rich and colorful traditional literature and art. Their folk literature includes myths, legends, stories, narrative poems, proverbs, riddles and so on. It conveys the belief concept, historical events and rational thinking of ancient Ewenki people, and contains people's emotion of yearning for beauty and pursuing progress.

traffic

Reindeer was once the only means of transportation for Ewenki people, known as "the boat of the forest".

hunting

Ewenki people have accumulated rich and diverse hunting techniques and experience in their long-term hunting practice. In addition to hunting with shotguns, various hunting methods are also adopted, such as hunting, trap, gun binding, arrow shooting, dog catching, clip, net cover, drug poison, drug explosion and so on. The teaching of hunting knowledge and experience began as early as the children of Ewenki people. Children go hunting with adults from an early age. They can try guns at the age of 12. They hunt with their father and brother. They learn to fight squirrels first, and then big animals. By the age of sixteen or seventeen, they could hunt alone. By the time they were young, most of them had become excellent hunters. Ewenki hunters invented and made skis as a means of transportation and used to chase all kinds of wild animals. They also invented making boats. At first, they used five meters long thick logs and logs as boats, which could take 1-2 people. Later, they used birch bark to make birch bark boats, which could take three people.

reindeer

Ewenki people have a long history of raising reindeer. It is said that long ago, their eight ancestors hunted in the mountains, caught six wild deer and brought them back for breeding. Over time, they developed into today's artificial reindeer. According to the research of relevant experts, the Ewenki people raised deer back to the Han Dynasty. The record of "raising deer like raising cattle" in Liang Shu refers to the northern people raising reindeer here. Due to the development of history and the changes of the times, reindeer have disappeared in other northern nationalities, only among Ewenki hunters.

The Ewenki people who hunt for a living, men, women, young and old, love and protect reindeer very much. They regard them as a symbol of auspiciousness, happiness and enterprising, as well as a symbol of pursuing beauty and lofty ideals. Therefore, reindeer have national cultural characteristics and are representative. At the same time, the Ewenki people identified reindeer as the mascot of Ewenki nationality.

music

Ewenki like singing. Their folk songs are bold and unrestrained, full of grassland and forest flavor. It is characterized by improvisation and improvisation. There are many songs in which they use the same tune and fill in different words on different occasions to express their joys, sorrows and joys. The melodious and unrestrained melody shows the broad mind and simple character of the Ewenki people living in the forest and grassland. Their folk songs, both songs and poems, are expressed by singing, ranging from long to short, several lines and dozens of lines. Most of the short ones are lyric songs, and the shorter ones are called story songs.

dance

Ewenki people like group dance with simple and lively steps. Most of them express the production and life of Ewenki people through women's dance. There are mainly "ahanbai", "aidahaxiling dance" and "Zhehui cold dance".

Ewenki people advocate swans and take swans as totems. Swan dance is a folk dance of Ewenki nationality, which is called "good offices, day and cut" in Ewenki language. In their spare time, women like to imitate various postures of swans, entertain themselves and dance, and gradually evolve into a fixed Dance - Swan Dance.

Architecture

Ewenki people do not have a fixed residence in the forest, and "cuoluozi" is their traditional residence. "Cuoluozi" is called "xiluozhu" in Ewenki language. Its shape is like the "oblique human column" of Oroqen nationality. It is about 3M high and 4m in diameter. It is a conical building. In fact, it is a circular shack made of pine poles. It is also a very simple tent. The covering of "pinch of Luo Zi" varies with seasons. Birch bark is generally used in summer, while muntjac and deer skin are used in winter. Although Ewenki people have no fixed residence, they have fixed buildings, that is, their warehouses. Their warehouse is very strange: first cut off the treetops of two adjacent trees as columns, and then build a suspended warehouse with wood. A wooden column with steps is obliquely erected on the ground as a ladder. Food, prey, clothes and utensils are stored in the warehouse. They are never locked. Other hunters can take them at will and return them afterwards.

The main housing in pastoral areas is "yurt", round. Cover it with reeds, wickers or birch bark in summer. In winter, poor people still use reed as a cover, while rich people use felt as a cover.

Poor families near the mountain live in small, damp "horse racks" (Adobe).

handicraft

Ewenki women are good at embroidery, carving and paper cutting. The patterns are mostly based on production and life, and have a unique national style. Ewenki people, who live a hunting life, are good at using birch skin and mushrooms as raw materials and cutting into various birds and animals, such as sweat, deer and ducks, with knives and scissors. They are also good at carving beautiful flower patterns on utensils. There are many paper-cut artists among Ewenki people. They can cut paper into various animals with realistic, beautiful and lifelike images. All the statues they worshipped were painted with small human models cut from birch skin.

In the daily life of Ewenki nationality, birch skin occupies a certain position, which can be called "birch skin culture". Many of its hunting, fishing and milking products are made of birch skin. Tableware, wine brewing utensils, containers, housing "pinch of raspberries", fences, leather. Even after death, the shroud is made of birch skin. In addition, many Ewenki costumes are also made of birch skin. Such as birch leather hat, birch leather shoes and so on. All kinds of Birch Bark products, especially birch bark containers, are not only light and practical, but also equipped with decorative patterns. At the age of seven or eight, ordinary women began to learn the skills handed down from generation to generation, such as carving, embossing, painting and collage. They gradually developed a passion for studying skills and created art for utensils and utensils. Most of the patterns come from production and life. There are flowers, trees, mountains, insects, fish, stone cliffs, etc. to imitate the natural composition, which has a unique national style.

plastic arts

The traditional plastic arts of Ewenki nationality are very distinctive. There are dozens of production and daily necessities made of birch bark, such as boxes, barrels, bowls, basins, boxes and satchels. They also engrave, carve and draw various geometric patterns, flower patterns and animal patterns on birch bark, showing a superb artistic level. Carving art can be divided into bone carving, wood carving, etc. Embroidery techniques include flat embroidery, lock embroidery, forehead embroidery, patchwork, etc. the colors used are eye-catching and exaggerated, and the patterns include cloud roll patterns, geometric patterns, flowers, animals, figures, etc. In addition, Ewenki nationality also has the art of adverbs such as painting and paper cutting, and many famous folk artists have emerged.

diet

The traditional plastic arts of Ewenki nationality are very distinctive. There are dozens of production and daily necessities made of birch bark, such as boxes, barrels, bowls, basins, boxes and satchels. They also engrave, carve and draw various geometric patterns, flower patterns and animal patterns on birch bark, showing a superb artistic level. Carving art can be divided into bone carving, wood carving, etc. Embroidery techniques include flat embroidery, lock embroidery, forehead embroidery, patchwork, etc. the colors used are eye-catching and exaggerated, and the patterns include cloud roll patterns, geometric patterns, flowers, animals, figures, etc. In addition, Ewenki nationality also has the art of adverbs such as painting and paper cutting, and many famous folk artists have emerged.

ceremony

The traditional plastic arts of Ewenki nationality are very distinctive. There are dozens of production and daily necessities made of birch bark, such as boxes, barrels, bowls, basins, boxes and satchels. They also engrave, carve and draw various geometric patterns, flower patterns and animal patterns on birch bark, showing a superb artistic level. Carving art can be divided into bone carving, wood carving, etc. Embroidery techniques include flat embroidery, lock embroidery, forehead embroidery, patchwork, etc. the colors used are eye-catching and exaggerated, and the patterns include cloud roll patterns, geometric patterns, flowers, animals, figures, etc. In addition, Ewenki nationality also has the art of adverbs such as painting and paper cutting, and many famous folk artists have emerged.

festival

"Mikulu Festival" on May 22 every year is a traditional folk festival of Ewenki nationality, which is spread among Ewenki nationality in chenbalhu banner, Inner Mongolia. On this day, people will hold horse races and harness races, and cut the ears of the lambs produced that year as a sign. According to the traditional custom, the old man should give the younger generation's mother lambs to bless them with a cloud of sheep and a happy life in the future. He should also host a banquet to entertain relatives and friends and announce the number of their young animals in that year.

"Omenaren" is a grand religious activity and entertainment festival in pastoral areas. It is generally held in August.

In addition, "OBO" is also a relatively large religious festival in pastoral areas. When offering Oboo, cattle and sheep should be slaughtered as sacrifices to pray for the safety of people and animals.

marriage and funeral

The marriage of Ewenki nationality is monogamous, which still has the characteristics of exogamy and cousin marriage. Marriage can only be carried out between different clans, and intermarriage is prohibited in the same clan. They also intermarried with Mongolian, Oroqen, Daur and other nationalities. Among the Ewenki people in chenbalhu banner, there is still the custom of "escaping marriage". After the young men and women who love each other decide the marriage date, the woman escapes to the "pinch" built by the man by night, and the old woman waiting here changes the girl's eight pigtails into two, which becomes a legal marriage. After people died, they used to be buried in heaven (i.e. wind burial). Later, due to the influence of neighboring nationalities, they mostly changed to earth burial.

Astronomical calendar

The Ewenki nationality in various regions have accumulated rich experience in long-term production and living practice, and the folk have formed a unique set of methods for time, distance, measurement, direction, prediction of age and climate.

Ewenki people mainly count time by the sun and stars. During the day, it is timed according to "just dawn", "the sun comes out", "the sun goes to the southwest", "the sun is about to set", etc. In winter, we mainly observe stars at night and divide the night into three periods: "three stars come out", "three stars to the west" and "three stars to fall". Ewenki people in hunting areas call the time when the sun is due south "to find roe deer", the time when the sun just rises "to fight deer", and the time when the sun is southwest "to eat".

Ewenki mainly determines the direction based on the star position and the position of the sun. For example, the Big Dipper comes from the northeast, the three stars come from the southeast, and the Xiaoxing (chaolupeng) comes from the southeast before dawn in the morning; In addition, Tianhe is a wide line from northeast to southwest, with the same orientation in four seasons. The sun and moon come out from the East. The hunting area calls "the direction of sunrise" East, "the direction of sunset" West, "the direction of the middle-aged sun" south, "and the direction where the sun can't reach" north.

The traditional methods of observing weather are mainly based on the direction, solar terms and various changes in nature. For example, if it rains from the southeast, it must be heavy rain; When the wind blows from the northwest, it won't rain. It began to snow in the northwest. The presence of an aperture around the sun and moon is a sign of changing weather, which will be windy, snowy or rainy. It must have fallen a lot. There are many white butterflies in summer and snow in winter. There are many mouse holes in summer and less snow in winter. It's windy on Qingming Day, and there must be a strong wind in spring. It snows during the Qingming Festival and it snows heavily in spring.

The forecast of the year is to look at the position of the southern dipper and the moon before dawn on December 24 of the lunar calendar. The moon is on the upper left of the southern dipper, thinking that it will be waterlogged in the coming year; The moon is on the upper right of the southern dipper, and it will be dry in the coming year; When the moon is in the middle or below the southern dipper, it must be a good year with good weather.