Russian Nationality

"Russian Русские） The word comes from Ross, the tribal name of the ancient Slavic people in Europe.

In the 1st century AD, it was called the "velardians" by Roman historians.

During the reign of emperor Wenzong of the Yuan Dynasty, 10000 Russian soldiers in the golden tent Khanate were recruited into Dadu to serve as Hu Wei's Pro army and gave land. They were called Semu people in historical books.

It is called "Luocha" in the documents of the Qing Dynasty, which is a transliteration of the Russian ancestor Ross tribe.

From the late 18th century to the late 19th century and before and after the Russian October Revolution, a large number of Russians poured into northern Xinjiang, China, from Siberia and other places because they could not bear the cruel rule of Tsar Russia. Sheng Shicai held the first people's Congress of Xinjiang in 1934, and the Russians who had joined Chinese nationality attended the meeting in the name of "naturalized nationality".

In 1935, the second people's Congress was held in Xinjiang. The meeting made specific provisions on the division and appellation of ethnic minorities in Xinjiang, and adopted corresponding resolutions. Among them, Russians and other Europeans who joined Chinese nationality were called "naturalized nationality".

After the founding of new China in 1949, it was renamed Russian.

The Russians in China mainly emigrated from Russia. As early as the first year of Shunzhi of the Qing Dynasty (1644), some czar Russian soldiers who invaded Heilongjiang region of China were captured and surrendered, and were sent to Beijing by the Qing government and incorporated into the eight banners. Later, in the seventh year of Shunzhi (1650), the seventh year of Kangxi (1668) and the twenty second to twenty fourth year of Kangxi (1683-1685), more than 100 Russian soldiers moved with the army from the border town of North Yaksa in Heilongjiang to Beijing. Today, there are more than 200 Russians surnamed Luo, he, Yao, Tian and he in Beijing, that is, their descendants.

Around the 18th century, some Russian fugitives, farmers and missionaries moved to the north of Xinjiang. After the Opium War, with the aggression of tsarist Russia against China, settlements were established in Northern Xinjiang and northern Heilongjiang, and a large number of Russian farmers moved into China. Using various unequal treaties, tsarist Russia established consulates and trade circles in Ili, Tacheng, Urumqi and other places in Xinjiang, and many Russian businessmen and handicraftsmen moved in. After the October Revolution, most of these Russian farmers, businessmen and handicraftsmen joined Chinese nationality. During the October Revolution, tsarist Russian soldiers who flowed into Xinjiang were placed in Ili, Tacheng, Altay and Urumqi. From 1932 to 1938, many overseas Chinese who settled in the Far East of the Soviet Union were forcibly sent home. Most of these overseas Chinese brought their Russian wives into Xinjiang. According to statistics, more than 19000 people entered Ili and Tacheng at that time. Today, most of the Russians in Xinjiang are descendants of these people. From 1955 to 1957, a large number of Russians who retained Russian nationality moved back to the Soviet Union, resulting in a sharp reduction in the population of Russian nationality in Xinjiang.

In addition, there are also a small number of Russians in the area where Erguna Left Banner and Erguna Right Banner of Inner Mongolia autonomous region border with Russia. Most of the residents of this generation were Shandong people who broke into Kanto. They either panned for gold, logged, or cultivated land. Later, they gradually intermarried with the Russians on the other side of the Erguna river. Today, most of the Russians in the Erguna River Basin are their descendants.

Before the founding of new China, the Russian nationality made many achievements in eliminating the war in Xinjiang and maintaining social stability in Xinjiang. In 1931, it was recruited by the Xinjiang Provincial Government to form the Russian "naturalized army". When the number was the largest, there were three regiments, which played an important role in the battle to defeat the army of Gansu warlord Ma Zhongying. In 1933, the naturalized army, together with all ethnic groups in Xinjiang, contributed to the "April 12" coup in Urumqi and overthrew the reactionary rule of the Jin Shuren warlord government in Xinjiang.

From 1944 to 1949, ethnic Russians played an important role in the revolutionary military struggle in the three regions of Xinjiang. Russian officers with rich military knowledge and combat experience have been appointed commanders at all levels. Many Russian people have been appointed commanders at the battalion, company and platoon levels. Others have held important leadership positions in the military department and the internal affairs department of the three district government, and even sacrificed their precious lives for the revolutionary struggle.

On April 16, 2001, with the approval of the Department of civil affairs of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the only Russian nationality township in China, Shiwei Russian nationality township, was established in Erguna City, Hulunbuir city.

More than ten Russians hold leading positions in the three levels of political power in Hulunbuir City, Erguna city and Shiwei township of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

In Chinese people's congresses at all levels, Russian representatives participate in national and regional affairs. There are also Russian members of the CPPCC at all levels, who actively participate in the discussion of state affairs and contribute to economic and social development.

Trade

Before the October Revolution, Russian businessmen brought capitalist factors, stimulated the emergence and development of Xinjiang's national capitalist economy, and enriched and activated Xinjiang's commodity market.

After the October Revolution, Sheng Shicai, who ruled Xinjiang, implemented the pro Soviet policy. Russian businessmen played a great role in promoting the economic exchanges and development between the Soviet Union, Central Asia and Xinjiang, China. In the 1930s, 82.5% of Xinjiang's trade was with the Soviet Union.

organization

In the early 1930s, Russian businessmen living in Dihua (now Urumqi) established the Russian Economic Association to raise funds to handle various trade and industries, build clubs, show films and hold song and dance parties. They also purchased power generation machines and established small power plants, which contributed to the promotion of industry, handicraft industry, commerce and culture in Xinjiang.

traffic

The Russian people made positive contributions to the development of modern automobile transportation in Xinjiang.

In 1926, gmiriken was appointed the general office of Xinjiang highway bureau. Under his guidance, Russian car drivers and repair technicians were hired from Northeast China, Tianjin, Ili and other places, and the first generation of minority drivers and repair technicians in Xinjiang were trained.

skill

The Russian people brought more advanced production and technology, which played an important role in the development of agriculture, animal husbandry and horticulture in Northern Xinjiang.

The Russian people have also introduced repair technologies such as food processing, shoe manufacturing, clothing and skirt sewing, clocks and watches, sewing machines, hand gramophones, bicycles and so on.

medical care

Among the Russians who moved to Xinjiang in different periods, there are some medical and health personnel. They have done a lot of work in medical and health management, training and training of medical personnel, disease prevention and treatment, maternal and child health care and the dissemination of medical and health knowledge in Xinjiang, and have made a certain contribution to the development of medical and health undertakings in Xinjiang.

In the early days of the founding of new China, many young Russian women participated in obstetrics and maternal and child health care training courses. They delivered babies with new scientific methods for the people of all ethnic groups to protect the health of mothers and children. They travel through alleys and households, publicize maternal and child health knowledge to women of all ethnic groups, and carry out disease prevention and treatment.

education

In the early days of the founding of new China, a Stalin middle school in Yining City, Xinjiang was established to recruit the children of overseas Chinese from the Soviet Union. Russian primary schools were established in Gongliu, Huocheng, Yining County, Tacheng and Altay.

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the above schools were closed successively due to the reduction of Russian ethnic groups. In 1981, Yining Education Bureau set up a Russian class attached to Yining No. 6 middle school to recruit Russian students in Yining. In 1985, based on the Russian class, Yining Russian school, the only nine-year consistent Russian school in China, was built. In 1989, the state allocated special funds for the construction of a teaching building, a canteen and a restaurant, which improved the school running conditions. In 1996, the state allocated special funds to compile and publish Russian primary school textbooks. Enhe and Shiwei, Erguna City, Hulunbuir City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, are the places where the former Soviet overseas Chinese lived most. Enhe ranch middle school opened Russian courses in 1988, which played a good role in promoting Russian traditional culture and Sino Russian border trade.

In 2005, there were 182 students in Russian colleges and universities in Xinjiang, 182 times that in 1949; There are 82 students in ordinary secondary schools, 5.5 times that in 1949; There are 388 students in ordinary high schools, 388 times that in 1949; There are 419 ordinary junior middle school students, 3.5 times that in 1949. In 2005, the enrollment rates of school-age children in Tacheng, Ili and Urumqi, where there are more Russian nationalities in Xinjiang, reached 99.91%, 99.32% and 99.51% respectively, and the enrollment rates of junior middle schools reached 93.63%, 85.47% and 99.18% respectively. The three prefectures, prefectures and cities achieved the goal of popularizing nine-year compulsory education and eliminating illiteracy among young and middle-aged people around 1999.

According to the fifth national census in 2000, the number of Russians in Xinjiang with education above primary school per 10000 population is 1405 in Universities (including junior colleges), 1064 in technical secondary schools, 1580 in senior high schools, 2949 in junior middle schools and 1985 in primary schools. The number of Chinese blind people of the Russian nationality over the age of 15 is 422, and the illiteracy rate is 3.64%. It is one of the ethnic minorities with low illiteracy rate in China. The average education level of the Russian nationality in China has reached 8.37 years.

According to statistics, from 1976 to 2005, there were 2317 Russian graduates from technical secondary schools and high schools in Xinjiang, and a large number of professional and technical personnel in the fields of science and technology, culture, education, medical treatment and finance emerged.

faith

Most Russians believe in orthodox religion, and a few believe in Christianity.

The elderly of Chinese Russians have a deep belief in the Orthodox Church, while the adults and teenagers mostly celebrate festivals according to the Orthodox tradition, but most of them do not read the Bible or pray.

Before the founding of new China, after the birth of Russian children, they went to the church for baptism according to religious rules, held a wedding in the church, and asked the priest to preside over the funeral. After the founding of new China, these rituals gradually decreased and disappeared.

Since the 1990s, the religious rites of the Russian nationality have been restored. Russian churches are built in Ili, Tacheng and Urumqi in Xinjiang, Harbin and Qiqihar in Heilongjiang.

The Russian nationality is deeply influenced by its living habits due to more intermarriage with the Han nationality, such as paying New Year's greetings during the Spring Festival, offering sacrifices to ancestors and sweeping tombs on the Qingming Festival, offering sacrifices on the birthday and death of deceased relatives, and erecting tombstones instead of crosses in front of tombs.

ceremony

The Russian nationality is a nation that attaches great importance to civilization and etiquette, which is reflected in all aspects of daily communication. When acquaintances meet, they should say "hello" or "hello"; Say "goodbye" when you say goodbye; When you ask a stranger about something, you should say hello first and thank him after asking; When you see others eating, you usually say "I wish you a good appetite"; When you meet a patient, you should greet "I wish you health"; When sending people away, I wish them a "safe journey". When they say goodbye to each other, the people who are about to break up must sit down again, be silent for a moment, then stand up and surround the people going out on the journey; Say "good night" to each other before going to bed at night; When we meet on the eve of the festival, we should say "happy holidays in advance!" in case of major festivals, some still have the habit of writing letters or sending congratulatory messages to each other. Kissing, bowing, shaking hands and other etiquette are also very common. When relatives or friends meet again after a long separation, they should hug each other. Both sides kiss each other on the cheek. The opposite sex usually only shake hands. In case of elders or women, it is not appropriate to reach out first, and then shake hands with the other party when they reach out on their own initiative. For women who meet for the first time, they only bow and don't shake hands. Take off your gloves and shake gently when shaking hands. When someone sneezes, the people around him should wish him good health, and the people who sneeze should thank him. When two people are talking, others should not interrupt at will. In Russian families, when the baby is full moon, the host should set up a banquet to entertain relatives and friends and name the child; After 40 days to 3 months, the baby should go to the church to baptize the child and recognize the godfather and godmother.

The Russian people attach great importance to family affection and friendship. Relatives and friends have close contacts and often hold family gatherings. When visiting or working in a Russian home, you must knock on the door before entering the house. With the permission of the host, you should wipe your shoes first, and then enter the house. When entering the door, take off your hat and sit in the seat given by the host. If guests want to smoke, they should obtain the consent of the host in advance. They can't throw paper scraps, knock ash and throw cigarette butts indoors. The most solemn traditional etiquette is to greet guests with bread and salt, symbolizing goodwill and friendship. Visitors must cut off a piece of bread and dip it in a little salt before entering the house. This etiquette used to be used only to greet distinguished guests and brides, but now it is also used in general social occasions. The hostess must wear a headscarf in front of the guests to show respect. During dinner, the used knives and forks should be placed on the edge of the plate. If they are placed on the tablecloth, they will be regarded as uncivilized behavior.

Travel

Before the founding of new China, the means of transportation of the Russian nationality were horses, carriages and plows. The six stick carriage was introduced into Xinjiang from the Soviet Union. It is the main means of transportation for the Russian people in urban and rural areas.

The driver of this kind of car is composed of "six sticks" which are slightly thicker than the iron handle. People call it "six sticks". This kind of carriage is powered by one horse and pulled by two horses. It has four wheels. The front wheel is small, the rear wheel is large, the body is low, the weight is light, the speed is fast, and it is very flexible.

Architecture

Russian traditional houses are mostly brick wood structure, tall and spacious bungalows, as well as houses with single wood structure.

Most of the tin roofs are painted with color paint and extend around to form eaves. There is a skylight on the roof to adjust the indoor temperature and air circulation. The house is divided into living room, living room, kitchen, etc., and many fire walls are built for heating. The room is covered with carpets and furnished with sofas, tables and chairs, bookshelves, wardrobe, etc.

Russian folk houses in rural areas are surrounded by courtyard walls, various flowers and trees are planted in the courtyard, and livestock pens, cellars and warehouses are built in the backyard. Some villages have a beautiful natural environment, such as kalangur village, ERGONG Town, Tacheng City, where more Russians live. Winding rivers flow through the village, and houses and courtyards are covered by trees, showing a pleasant pastoral scenery.

Some of the Russians living in the Erguna River Basin forest area still live in traditional Russian "wood engraved ridge" houses, which not only retain the Russian architectural style, but also add new designs.

diet

The staple food of the Russian people is wheat bread. Most of them are long bread with cracks in the middle during baking, which is called "Leba". When eating, they cut it into flakes and coated with jam or cream. Non staple foods include all kinds of vegetables, fish, meat, dairy products, etc. The festival food includes pie, big round bread, dense sugar rice and red beet soup, sour milk and fish of various methods.

Russians love to drink vodka (Baijiu) and homemade beer (beer), and homemade beer gage drinks. Due to the long-term contacts with other ethnic groups, catching rice, milk rice, milk noodles, Nang, steamed stuffed buns, dumplings and so on have also become the home meals of the Russian people. Many Russians are used to using bowls and chopsticks. Housewives are good at baking all kinds of sweet and delicious bread and biscuits.

Clothes & Accessories

In traditional Russian costumes, men usually wear slant collar linen shirts and woolen tops, fasten belts, and wear thin leg trousers and long leather boots.

Women often wear burlap shirts with pleats at the neckline, sleeveless robes "salafan" over the outer cover, or a home-made wool skirt. Wear more dresses in summer. Rural residents often wear rubber shallow upper overshoes on leather boots, and wear felt boots and socks woven with self-woven wool in winter.

Nowadays, people wear more suits and shoes on weekdays.

literature

Russian folk literature has a long history and diverse genres, including folk songs, folk stories, proverbs, riddles, sketches and so on.

Folk songs include dance songs, short songs (also known as duets), love songs, ritual songs, romantic minor, etc.

Folk stories include historical stories, legends, jokes, short stories and stories told by the best man at the wedding.

Folk proverbs, riddles and humorous satirical sketches are also very rich in content.

The Russian nationality has continuously developed and improved its inherent traditional culture, especially folk literature, which has become an indispensable part of people's life. Russian folk literature has a long history and diverse genres, including folk songs, folk stories, proverbs, riddles, sketches and so on.

Folk songs include dance songs, short songs (also known as duets), love songs, ritual songs, romantic minor, etc.

Folk stories include historical stories, legends, jokes, short stories and stories told by the best man at the wedding.

Folk proverbs, riddles and humorous satirical sketches are also very rich in content.

The Russian nationality has continuously developed and improved its inherent traditional culture, especially folk literature, which has become an indispensable part of people's life.

taboo

Russians taboo Friday and 13. They don't invite 13 guests. They should avoid the 13th of each month when they get married, which is considered an ominous day.

Taboo to send yellow gifts, that yellow means disloyalty.

It is taboo to ask a woman's age.

When you visit or do business in a Russian family, you must knock at the door first, otherwise it will be regarded as impolite behavior.

It is considered the most impolite reception not to lead guests to the kitchen.

Taboo strangers sitting in bed.

song and dance

Russians taboo Friday and 13. They don't invite 13 guests. They should avoid the 13th of each month when they get married, which is considered an ominous day.

Taboo to send yellow gifts, that yellow means disloyalty.

It is taboo to ask a woman's age.

When you visit or do business in a Russian family, you must knock at the door first, otherwise it will be regarded as impolite behavior.

It is considered the most impolite reception not to lead guests to the kitchen.

Taboo strangers sitting in bed.

workmanship

Russian national handicrafts have a unique style. For example, the brass Chakan (Samawal) is famous for its exquisite workmanship and unique shape.

The carving technology is developed. It has a strong national style from practical bed railing, chair back carving and building carving to handicraft carving including metal, jade and wood. The Russian people who moved to Xinjiang established handicraft factories and workshops for tanning, using chemicals and advanced tools to process all kinds of leather. All kinds of sheepskin, cowhide and horseskin tanned by them are light, beautiful and durable. The oil leather shoes they produce are not afraid of entering the mud. The Cossack saddle and carriage sets they produce are light and strong.

Russian women are skilled in embroidery and weaving, especially cross stitch embroidery. In addition to the patterns of clothing accessories such as collars, cuffs and sweaters, indoor door curtains, curtains, tablecloths, quilt covers, pillowcases, bed circumference and other items are embroidered with geometric patterns, flowers and leaves of different colors. The intensity is appropriate, elegant and generous, which is not only a necessity of life, And it is also an exquisite handicraft.

festival

Russian festivals mainly include Christmas and Easter.

Christmas is on January 7 of the Gregorian calendar. At that time, everyone decorates the Christmas tree and enjoys delicious food. Santa Claus plays will distribute gifts, sing and dance and celebrate Christmas Eve. Easter is in April every year. 49 days before the festival is the fasting period, and the first day of the festival is Easter.

Russian Easter is the festival of the festival. At that time, every family will prepare rich food. Men, women and children will come to each other's door to celebrate and sing and dance. On the day before the festival, each family has to cook a lot of colored eggs, which looks like a colorful flower bed. When the guests come in to congratulate, the host gives each one a colored egg to symbolize the prosperity of life. During the gathering and eating, the host and guests also play the game of touching eggs. It's very interesting to lose and win.

In addition, there are "good news Festival" (the festival lasts in early March of each year) and "adult Festival" (the festival lasts from June to July of each year), as well as national festivals such as new year's day, Spring Festival and national day.

marriage

family

Russian families are small monogamous families. Father is in charge of the economy. When the children grow up and get married, they set up another door and live independently. Children born from intermarriage with the Han nationality generally have the names of the Han and Russian nationalities. Russian names are composed of their own name, father's name and surname. After marriage, women follow their male surname, and a few follow their female surname. Their usual address is rarely called their full name. They are generally commensurate with their small name or real name. Their peers and friends can call them by their first name.

In the family relations of the Russian nationality, husband and wife have equal status, respect women, respect the old and love the young, family harmony, the elderly have supreme authority in the family, and the relationship between children and parents is harmonious. Marriage is relatively stable and there are few divorces. Pay attention to the education of children's ethics. The Russian nationality is cheerful and handles neighborhood relations well. After children get married, they should live separately from their parents, while some still live in the same yard.

In the eyes of the Russian people, family separation is a sign of their children's economic and life independence. At the time of family separation, if the parents are alive, the family property is distributed by the parents. Generally speaking, the parents should leave a family property for themselves, and then distribute the rest of the family property to the married daughter, married son and unmarried son. If the parents die, the children who set up another portal have no right to inherit the estate, and their estate is inherited by their brothers living with their parents or dealt with according to a will.

wedding

Russian people have freedom of love and marriage, but marriage must be approved by their parents.

The wedding was held in church. The priest asks the bride and groom whether they are willing to marry. When they get a positive answer, the priest prays for them and the two sides exchange wedding rings. The bride and groom will drink half of each of the two glasses of wine to show that they share weal and woe. The guests shouted, "bitter!" before drinking, and the bride and groom kissed each other to show their love. When returning to her mother's house after three days of marriage, the bride's parents should first bring out bread and salt water, the daughter and son-in-law should eat a little, then take out wine and drink a cup each to show their sweetness and happiness.

funeral

The Russian nationality implements burial. The funeral is held in the cemetery. The male relatives and friends of the deceased carry the coffin to the cemetery, open the lid of the coffin, and the relatives and friends make a final farewell to the dead. The priest read the Bible and prayed for the dead. After the burial ceremony, cover the coffin, nail the coffin, put the coffin into the tomb with a white cloth belt, and the relatives and friends throw a bouquet. The eldest son or the closest male relatives fill the first shovel of soil, and other male relatives and friends then shovel soil to fill the tomb, and erect a cross or stele on the tomb. After the death of their parents, their children used to wear funeral clothes. Now they generally wear black gauze. They are not allowed to watch movies, sing, dance, haircut, etc. within 40 days. Mourning activities should be held on the death day of the dead.

Kolbova Naga

Kirpova Najia (? - 1985), female, deputy to the National People's Congress, doctor of Hongqi agricultural machinery factory in Ili, Xinjiang.

Najia was born into a poor family in yinghel mountain area, Gongliu County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. She worked as a servant for the landlord's family at the age of 12. Later, her parents fell ill and couldn't maintain her life. She had to beg along the street with her two sisters. After liberation, they finally turned over and became masters of the country. In 1951, she joined the Communist Party of China as the first group of advanced elements of ethnic minorities. In 1952, she was selected to study in Urumqi Health College. After hard work, she graduated successfully with excellent results. In Ili, Xinjiang, she carried a medicine box and traveled through the grasslands and meadows here. When the medical equipment was relatively simple at that time, she relieved many people's pain and saved dozens of lives with rich clinical experience and exquisite medical skills. Today, the old generation of the local people of all ethnic groups in Ili still remember her. Because of her outstanding performance, Najia has been rated as an advanced worker and good cadre for many times, and has been elected as a representative of the National People's Congress.

Li Sha

Li Sha (1914-2015), formerly known as Elizabeth Pavlovna kishkina, a Chinese Russian, female, Mrs. Li Lisan, born in Saratov state of the Soviet Union, joined the Chinese nationality in 1964, professor and Russian linguist. He graduated from the French Department of Moscow foreign language normal university in 1941 and was once the technical editor of Moscow geological exploration press and Moscow Foreign Language Press. In 1945, he was awarded the "medal for heroic work during the patriotic war". In 1946, he came to China with his husband Li Lisan and served as a teacher of Harbin Russian college. After the founding of new China, Li Sha served as a professor at Beijing Foreign Language Institute and a consultant to the Russian Editorial Department of the people's Literature Publishing House.

Li Sha has trained a large number of Russian professionals and made great contributions to the examination and approval of Russian teaching materials. She is a director of China Russian teaching and Research Association, an honorary director of China Translators Association, and a member of the sixth and seventh CPPCC National Committee. The editor in chief has selected readings of the original works of contemporary literature of the Soviet Union, and the translations include water monster, spring bud and so on.

Gosha

Gosha (1931-2015), from Heilongjiang, is a senior editor and painter. He graduated from the Central Academy of Fine Arts in 1951. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1971. He has successively served as director of the creative office of Northwest pictorial, editor of Changchun pictorial, director and senior editor of the art group of Jilin daily. Mainly engaged in the creation of newspaper illustrations, oil paintings and prints. Many works have won awards. For example, the printmaking "ancient song" won the Gold Award for Japan China art exchange, the mountain village female teacher won the excellent work award of the national minority art exhibition, and the Potala Palace won the bronze medal award of the 10th National Printmaking Exhibition. Gosha also published selected Gosha prints, selected Gosha Silk Road prints, and selected Soviet book collections.