Korean Nationality

Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture of Jilin Province is the largest Korean inhabited area. In 2000, the population of the Prefecture was 2.21 million, including 800000 Koreans, accounting for 41.6% of the total Korean population in China. Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture is located in the east of Jilin Province, at the junction of China, Russia and North Korea, bordering the coastal border area of Russia in the East, adjacent to North Xianjing road and Liangjiang road of North Korea across the Tumen River in the south, bordering on the sea of Japan and facing South Korea and Japan. The Autonomous Prefecture governs six cities of Yanji, Tumen, Longjing, Helong, Hunchun and Dunhua and two counties of Antu and Wangqing. The whole Prefecture covers an area of 42700 square kilometers, accounting for about 1 / 4 of the total area of Jilin Province. Changbai Korean Autonomous County, located in the southeast of Jilin Province, is another Korean Autonomous Region, surrounded by Changbai Mountain. In 2000, there were 13600 Korean people in the county.

Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture is a good place with beautiful mountains and rivers, beautiful scenery and pleasant climate. It belongs to the hilly area of Changbai Mountain, with towering mountains and deep canyons. The famous Changbai Mountain has magnificent momentum, strange scenery and beautiful scenery. Baitou mountain, the main peak of Changbai Mountain, is 2744 meters above sea level. It is the highest peak in Northeast China. The Tianchi Lake on the top of the mountain is like a clear Jasper. It is a famous tourist attraction at home and abroad. There is a gap on the north side of Tianchi Lake. The waterfall hangs in the air and flows down. It is the source of Yalu River, Tumen River and Songhua River. The flowing Hailan River, burhatong River, Gaya River, Hunchun River, Gudong River and other blue waves are like dye, winding back and forth, moistening the fertile land. Fangchuan, Hunchun City, which is located at the junction of China, North Korea and Russia, presents a unique border style of "chicken crowing hears the Three Kingdoms and dog barking startles the three borders". It is only 15 kilometers away from the sea of Japan, the mouth of Tumen River.

The land inhabited by Korean people is not only beautiful, but also rich in products. A large area of virgin forest is covered with undulating and overlapping mountains. It is known as "Changbai forest sea". It is one of the important forestry bases in China. Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture has a forest area of nearly 3.2 million hectares, a forest coverage rate of more than 80%, and a forest volume of more than 300 million cubic meters; Changbai County has a forest area of 230000 hectares, a forest coverage rate of 85%, and a forest volume of 20 million cubic meters. In the vast forest sea, it is rich in all kinds of medicinal materials, mountain products and local specialties. The most famous are the three treasures of "ginseng, mink and antler", as well as plant resources such as fiber, oil, fragrance and dye; Deep in the dense forest, there are many kinds of wild animals such as Amur tiger and sika deer. Underground is rich in mineral resources, such as copper, lead, zinc and gold, which have been mined since the Qing Dynasty. Other mineral deposits such as iron, antimony, phosphorus, graphite, quartz, limestone and oil shale also have huge reserves.

Korean nationality area is a famous "hometown of rice" in North China. The famous Yanbian rice is crystal clear and fragrant. In the Qing Dynasty, the rice produced in Mingyan Township, Longjing County, Yanbian was officially designated as tribute rice. It is also an important tobacco producing area in China. The tobacco planting area of the autonomous prefecture has reached more than 7000 hectares and the annual output is more than 10000 tons. Yanbian's famous "apple pear" has large fruit, much meat, small core, rich juice, moderate acidity and sweetness. The planting area has reached 10000 hectares and the annual output is about 70000 tons. In addition, ginseng, Codonopsis pilosula, Fritillaria, mountain grape, Tricholoma matsutake, Auricularia auricula, yuanmu, etc. are also specialties in Korean areas.

The Korean people have their own language and writing. There is no final conclusion on the attribution of Korean, which is generally considered to belong to Altaic language family. The languages used by the Korean people in China are called Korean and Korean. This Pinyin character was created in January 1444 under the auspices of the emperor Sejong of the Korean Dynasty. It was initially called "Xunmin Zhengyin", referred to as "Zhengyin text", commonly known as "proverb text", and later changed to Korean. Korean has 40 letters, which are phoneme letters. When spelling, the phonemes of the same syllable are overlapped into word blocks to form square characters. In the past, Korean characters were mixed with Chinese characters, which were spelled in national characters.

Korean nationality is one of China's cross-border nationalities gradually formed by the successive immigration and settlement of the adjacent Korean Peninsula in Northeast China. During the 1982 national census, it was found that as early as the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, some Korean ancestors had settled in North and Northeast China. For example, the Korean people surnamed Pu in Tagou, Qinglong County, Hebei Province and pujiagou village, Gai County, Liaoning Province have settled there for more than 300 years.

Since the middle of the 19th century, more Koreans have moved from the Korean Peninsula, which is the main source of Chinese Korean nationality. Due to the cruel exploitation and oppression of the Korean feudal ruling class at that time, especially the natural disasters in the north of Korea for several consecutive years around 1869, hungry and cold Korean farmers left their homes one after another, crossed the Yalu River and Tumen River to China, reclaimed along the two rivers, and lived together with the Han, Manchu and other ethnic groups. According to statistics, there were 28 Korean inhabited townships along the North Bank of the Yalu River in 1870. In 1881 (the seventh year of Guangxu's reign in the Qing Dynasty), there were more than 10000 Koreans in Yanbian area. In 1883, there were more than 37000 Korean residents in Ji'an, Linjiang, Xinbin and other counties. During the same period, a large number of Korean farmers also moved into the area along the Wusuli River. However, at this time, there are not many immigrants. Most of them come and go in spring and autumn, and their residence is still unstable.

At the time of the first national census in 1953, the Korean population was 1111000.

As an agricultural nation, the Korean nationality is famous for planting rice in the cold north. They creatively opened a new page in China's agricultural history. Originally, the Tumen River and Yalu river basins are mostly mountainous areas and hills. The climate is cold. The frost free period is 110 days at the shortest and 160 days at the longest. Moreover, they are wasteland or swamp areas with overgrown weeds and coiled roots. It is generally difficult to grow rice. However, the Korean ancestors braved hardships, planed land and pioneered, actively tried to grow rice, and finally made rice grow in Northeast China. In Dadianzi, Tonghua County and other places, the first trial planting of rice was successful. Later, it was expanded to Linjiang, Huairen, Xingjing, Liuhe, Hailong and other places. It was planted in Yanbian in 1877. In 1906, Korean farmers dug 1308 meters of channels in dajiaodong, Yongzhi Township, Helong County, irrigated 33 hectares of paddy fields and obtained high yield. Since then, the paddy field area in Yanbian area has increased year by year, becoming a famous rice producing area in Northeast China. According to statistics, by the 1920s, 100% of the paddy fields in Yanbian and Jilin areas of Jilin Province, 85% of the paddy fields in Tonghua area, 100% of the paddy fields in Heilongjiang Province, 90% of the paddy fields in Kaiyuan area of Liaoning Province, 85% of the paddy fields in Xingjing and Shenyang areas, 80% of the paddy fields in Fushun area and 70% of the paddy fields in Dandong area were developed and cultivated by the Korean people.

The Korean people are hardworking and brave. When they moved from the Korean Peninsula to Northeast China, they had nothing. In China, they were deeply oppressed and exploited by the Japanese colonial rulers, the reactionary government and the feudal landlords. Therefore, they were very revolutionary. The Korean people actively participated in the anti imperialist and anti feudal struggle at all stages under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and made their due contributions to the establishment of new China.

In the revolutionary struggle, many outstanding figures emerged from the Korean nationality. For example, Yang Lin (1898-1936), who was once Secretary of the military committee of the Manchuria Provincial Party committee of the Communist Party of China, member of the central executive committee of the second congress of the Chinese Soviet Union, chief of staff of the red cadre corps during the long march of the Red Army and chief of staff of the 75th division of the 15th corps of the Red Army after the Long March, founder of the rock Anti Japanese guerrillas, the predecessor of the Northeast Anti Japanese coalition army Li Hongguang (1910-1935), one of the outstanding commanders of the first army of the Northeast Anti Japanese coalition army and fighting side by side with the famous general Yang Jingyu of the Anti Japanese coalition army, Xu Hengzhi (1909-1942), who was a member of the CPC Beiman Provincial Committee, the commander of the third army of the Northeast Anti Japanese coalition army and the chief of staff of the Third Route Army, and Li Tiefu (1901-1937), who was Secretary of the CPC Hebei Provincial Committee and Secretary of the Tianjin municipal Party committee. In addition, there are also famous painting masters, Han leran (1898-1947), who is known as the "first person in art communication between Xinjiang and the mainland" and the "first person in mural Archaeology in Xinjiang", one of the pioneers of China's proletarian revolutionary music cause, and created the military song of the Chinese people's Liberation Army (the march of the Eighth Route Army) and the military song of the Korean people's Army (the march of the Korean people's Army) Zheng Lucheng (1918-1976), et al.

Traditionally, many Korean rural areas have formed non-governmental mutual aid and cooperation organizations for the purpose of helping each other. In terms of its types, there are not only various "Qi" organizations to solve economic difficulties, but also organizations related to agricultural work, such as "pinasi", "sweeping Li", "reading column" and so on. In addition, there are "Xiangdu" organized by various villages for funeral.

"Qi" is a mutual aid common life organization formed to solve the temporary difficulties of villagers. It aims to raise some money among its members for emergency use. According to different functions, the "deed" organization is divided into many kinds. There are "wedding deed" and "marriage and funeral deed" of mutual aid crown marriage and funeral sacrifice, the "cave deed" for common things in the village, the "agricultural deed" of mutual aid farming, and the "peer deed" organized to seek friendship among peers. In addition, there are "study deed" and "money deed" And so on. Deed organizations are generally composed of village residents, but some are beyond the scope of the village. Originally, deed organizations were mainly composed of men, but later, there were many deeds centered on female members. Generally speaking, there are more male deeds in dealing with public utilities and promoting friendship, while female deeds are mostly for the purpose of interest and assistance. "Deed" There are 4-5 people in the small deed, and dozens or even hundreds in the big deed. The deed organization has played a great role in solving villagers' emergencies and strengthening friendship.

"Pinaxi" is a kind of job change, which is a mutual support organization organized at any time to solve the shortage of labor and animal strength in the form of job change in the agricultural work with the family as the unit. "Pinaxi" is organized when the agricultural work needs certain labor but only depends on the family labor. The number of people ranges from 2 to 10, which is characterized by a temporary tendency. Later, "pinaxi" It is widely used not only in agricultural work, but also in home handicraft, house construction and repair, rice grinding and so on.

"Sachali" is a labor auxiliary organization organized for the exchange of labor and animal power when ploughing in dry land. It consists of families with cattle and families without cattle. It consists of an operation unit (generally 3-4 households), including 5-6 workers. They work at the same time, but each has its own division of labor. Generally, there are several "sachali" organizations in a village, "sachali" It is composed of ordinary neighbors and relatives, so the "sweeping neighborhood" organized in this way lasts for a long time.

"Reading column" is an organization formed in paddy field areas to effectively carry out irrigation, seedling transplanting, field weeding and other one-time operations that require a lot of labor. It is generally organized when weeding in the field. "Reading column" is composed of a village as a unit, including all male and female labor in the village. "Reading column" organizations include agricultural flag and Nongle. The agricultural flag is generally called reading column flag, which is written on the flag "Farmers are the foundation of the world". According to different places, agricultural music has different names, such as Fengzheng, scenery and military objects. Its musical instruments are mainly percussion instruments such as gongs, long drums, Yuan drums and French drums. When members go out to work or return, they must let agricultural flags and agricultural bands take the lead. Generally, there are "reading columns" organizations in villages in paddy fields.

"Xiangdu" is a mutual aid organization formed for funerals. In the past, almost every village had a Xiangdu organization, and every household joined. The person in charge of the organization was called supervisor, who was elected among the elderly. Xiangdu usually kept and managed the "funeral public" (a large lifting frame used for funerals, which was carried by more than a dozen people) In the past, many Korean rural areas still had Xiangdu, but it was excluded as a feudal superstition and destroyed during the "Cultural Revolution".

After the founding of new China, with the realization of rural cooperation, various mutual assistance organizations established in rural areas in the past have done their mission and become history. However, some mutual assistance customs continue to this day.

After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the policy of regional national autonomy was implemented and national autonomous areas were established in areas where ethnic minorities gather, creating conditions for ethnic minorities to be masters of the country and independently manage internal affairs. Yanbian Prefecture of Jilin Province, as the largest gathering area of Korean nationality in China, established Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture on September 3, 1952. On September 15, 1958, it was established Changbai Korean Autonomous County, Jilin Province.

Regional national autonomy is not only a basic policy for China to solve domestic national problems, but also an important political system. As a national autonomous region established earlier in China, Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture has developed rapidly in politics, economy, culture and other undertakings under the guidance of the policy of regional national autonomy, and fully enjoys the right of national autonomy.

When Deng Xiaoping inspected Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in 1983, he left the inscription "build Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture faster and better"; in 1991, Jiang Zemin left the inscription "build Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture into a national model Autonomous Prefecture" The broad masses of cadres and people in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture actively strive to create a model Autonomous Prefecture of national unity. Under the illumination of the ethnic policy of the Communist Party of China, the economic and social development of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture is rapid, and many economic and social development indicators are in the forefront of the country's 30 autonomous prefectures.

The traditional clothing of the Korean nationality coincides with its way of life. Korean people live on the hot Kang as the center. Usually, men sit cross legged, while women usually sit on their knees, so their clothes are mostly loose. Korean people generally like plain clothes in white, showing the characteristics of loving purity and simplicity, so they are known as "white nationality".

Women's clothing is the most distinctive and still loved by people today. Korean women's clothes are divided into upper and lower clothes. The upper clothes "zeyangli" (short shirt) are mostly sewn with bright colors and beautiful patterns of silk, satin or yarn. The skirt is very short, only reaching the chest. The cuffs are slightly thin without buttons. The two colored long bands on the front are tied into a butterfly shape. The lower garment is a loose colored high waist long skirt, which is wrapped in two or three layers of underwear to make it more fit. The wearing method is to wear the skirt first and then the blouse. In coordination with this kind of dress, it is customary to wear white or sky blue ship shaped hook nose rubber shoes, which is integrated with the dress and shows the beauty of curve. This kind of dress can only be seen in all kinds of festive festivals and grand gatherings.

Korean people live in the north and are mostly engaged in rice production, which directly affects the formation of their staple food habits. In the traditional Korean diet, rice and vegetables are the basic diet, and the dishes are usually characterized by spicy. In the daily diet, rice is the staple food, vegetable soup is the non-staple food, and there are all kinds of flavor dishes. Korean people have always been vegetarian and do not like to eat greasy food. Their dietary characteristics can be summarized as spicy, cool and light.

Korean flavor dishes have their own characteristics, mainly in the form of pickling and mixing, especially the famous pickled dishes, which are indispensable throughout the year. Korean people pay great attention to pickling. Each family has jars of different sizes for pickled dishes. Pickles include cabbage, radish, tassel, cucumber, eggplant and turnip, among which spicy cabbage is the most famous. Every autumn, Korean women are busy pickling cabbage, which has become a unique scenery in Korean areas. In addition to pickles, mixed vegetables are also one of the favorite dishes of the Korean people, with many kinds. Korean people are good at mixing all kinds of mountain vegetables and seafood, such as Platycodon grandiflorum, sea cucumber, bracken, wild celery, sea cabbage, sea spinach, small fish, oysters and shellfish. This kind of raw mixed dish is very popular at the banquet, especially raw mixed beef and raw mixed beef louver are indispensable delicacies at the traditional banquet.

Generally speaking, the Korean people like to eat dog meat. Among them, dog meat soup is very characteristic. When making soup, the dog meat must be boiled, and some condiments made of wild coriander, chili oil, pepper noodles, salt and soy sauce should be put when eating. When you drink a big bowl of dog soup in midsummer and sweat all over, you feel comfortable and refreshed. Dog meat soup nourishes the body, expels heat and heatstroke, so it is said that "dog meat soup is better than ginseng and pilose antler in dog days". Therefore, dog meat soup is also called "body tonic soup". Korean people eat dog meat soup all year round regardless of season, but there is a taboo to eat dog meat, that is, they don't eat dog meat during New Year holidays, weddings and funerals or when moving.

Barbecue is also a delicacy loved by the Korean people. Korean barbecue generally uses beef and pork, especially roast beef. In addition to roast beef, fish slices and chicken slices can also be roasted. Today, the barbecue shop also has squid, Mingtai fish and other seafood and potato chips.

Among the cold staple foods, the most popular food among the Korean people is cold noodles. Cold noodles are made of buckwheat flour, wheat flour, starch, etc. and pressed by a noodle press (wooden noodle press used to be pressed by people). Cold noodles are very particular about the taste of soup, so there is the saying "very soup, three noodles". Soup includes broth, bean juice soup, Kimchi Soup, etc. the best cold noodle soup is boiled with pheasant or beef. Seasonings include beef slices or shredded chicken, apple slices, shredded eggs, sesame, sesame oil, chili noodles, green sauce, vinegar, monosodium glutamate, etc. Cold noodles are sour in sweetness, spicy in fragrance, cool and appetizing. Therefore, Korean men, women and children love to eat them regardless of spring, summer, autumn and winter.

There are many special foods in the Korean diet, among which the most distinctive is various cakes made of rice noodles, with more than 30 kinds, which are mainly eaten during New Year holidays or various ceremonies.

The traditional Korean houses are very distinctive. The houses are generally built in the Pingchuan area along the mountain. The front of the house is facing the sun, close to the mountain and water, keep simple and clean, and integrate with the natural environment as much as possible. Most of the houses are thatched or tiled houses with civil structure, the roof is mostly on four slopes, and there are many houses. Except for the kitchen, cattle house, stone house and other rooms, all the others are living rooms. The doors and windows of the house are not divided. The rooms are separated from the outside and between rooms by sliding sliding doors. Pulling is the access door, and closing is the window or interval. Therefore, the inside of the house is bright, well ventilated and easy to access. The house is heated with a hot Kang called "wentu'erbang" (meaning Wenshi Kang). When the kitchen stove is used to burn a fire, its hot gas and thick smoke go out to the outdoor through the channel under the Kang to make the whole Kang warm. The hot Kang is very suitable for the cold winter and cool summer climate in Northeast China, as well as the traditional way of life of the Korean people. In the past, Koreans generally did not use chairs and beds. Tables and tables were short legged low tables, which were stacked aside when not in use. The heated kang can be used for sleeping, dining or other activities. This is the characteristic of Korean traditional houses. Nowadays, traditional Korean houses are rare in cities and their internal furnishings have changed in rural areas. However, some families in Korean rural and urban areas still retain "wentur state". Good neighborhood relations can also be seen in Korean housing customs. They pay special attention to harmony and mutual assistance among neighbors. Every family in the village will send people to help build a house. This kind of labor is not remunerated. Accordingly, the host family will also give good wine and delicious food as a token of gratitude.

The Korean people attach great importance to family etiquette. There are many etiquette companions from birth to death. The most eye-catching celebrations in the life cycle of the Korean people are their first birthday, wedding ceremony and 60 year old flower armor.

Korean families attach great importance to and seriously manage their children's first birthday. On that day, the children wore beautiful birthday clothes. The boys usually wore "zelambli" (coat), a small waistcoat, blue pants and a scarf. The girl wore colored silk "in the lamb" and a red silk skirt. On the birthday, the most eye-catching activity is the "catch the week" which symbolizes the prediction of fate. In the morning, the family put a birthday table for the children. On the table were some symbolic things such as rice, beans, cakes, noodles, thread, books, pens, coins and so on. With the support of parents, let the child take what he likes. If the child takes a pen or book, he will study well and become a scholar in the future. If you take money or rice, you say you will get rich in the future. If you grab noodles or thread first, you say he will live a long and healthy life, and so on.

Marriage is a major event in life. It is inevitable that people pay attention to it as a wedding to conclude a good marriage. Traditionally, Korean weddings are carried out according to the procedures of "wedding ceremony", "nacai", "nacoin" and "welcoming". The wedding ceremony is that the parents negotiate the marriage of their children through the matchmaker and accept it as the engagement ceremony. The coin is the bride price given by the groom's family to show their gratitude for the woman's marriage. Welcoming is the wedding ceremony, which is the most important and grand ceremony in the whole wedding.

In the celebration of the Korean life cycle, another important celebration is the 60th birthday, called "Huajia". The Korean people have always regarded respecting the elderly as a very important etiquette in the family and even the whole social life. It is grand and sincere to spend a flower armor for the elderly. On the day of Huajia, the children put a birthday banquet for the elderly, set up a banquet, and invited relatives, friends and neighbors to gather together to thank their parents for their upbringing and wish the elderly health and longevity. In the Huajia ceremony, "offering birthday" is the main content, that is, the younger generation toast and kneel down to the Huajia old man in turn. Birthday gifts are presented according to the order of children, relatives, and guests. Offering birthday gifts is also a unique celebration. People either offer flowers, toast or write poems to celebrate their birthday. After the ceremony, the old people and women distributed the food on the birthday banquet to the young people and children present. It is believed that eating the food on the birthday banquet will make people grow up healthily.

The Korean people attach great importance to funerals and have their own unique funeral customs. In the past, the Korean nationality practiced burial. When the old man dies, relatives are not allowed to wash their faces, have a haircut, eat dry meals, and must wear filial piety within three days. When relatives and friends come to mourn, they first kowtow three times before the body, and then kowtow two times to each other with the relatives of the deceased. Burial must be held on a single day. At the time of burial, the deceased should be dressed in new clothes, and the original clothes should be burned. Buried in three days. Before burial, please ask Mr. Feng Shui to choose a cemetery. The cemetery is mostly on the sunny side of the hillside, with its head facing the top of the mountain and its foot facing down. After burial, the tomb is provided with offerings and kowtows. After that, we should offer sacrifices for three consecutive days, and offer sacrifices before meals: the first day is called "Chu Yun", the second day is called "Bai Yun", and the third day is called "San Yun". Since then, every birthday, death day, Tomb Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid Autumn Festival and so on. With the development and progress of the times, burial has been mostly changed to cremation, and the procedure is becoming more and more simplified.

At the age of the Korean people, the festival is accompanied by many competitive games, such as wrestling, swing and springboard. Now it has become the traditional sports of the Korean people.

Korean wrestling has a long history and is the most popular and popular event among the people. Traditionally, wrestling competitions are usually held in festivals such as Dragon Boat Festival in May and autumn Eve in August. Korean wrestling is generally that both sides are barefoot, wearing short shirts and trousers, wearing a coarse cloth belt on their right leg, grasping the cloth belt on each other's right leg with their left hand and hugging each other with their right hand. In the competition, they first fall each other as the winner. It is customary that the first prize is a yellow cow. After the competition, the winner sat proudly on the back of the winning cattle around the venue for a week, and the audience cheered. In the past, it was customary for the winner to put some wine and vegetables to entertain the villagers when he came home.

The custom of swinging and playing springboard occupies a certain position in Korean customs. On festivals such as Dragon Boat Festival or autumn Eve, girls and young women who usually stay at home wear bright Korean women's clothes. They gather together on the swing and springboard field to swing or play springboard. Now these games have also changed into traditional sports. The swing is to erect two wooden poles several feet high on the competition field. The swing rope is usually woven with hemp or dyed cloth. Swing is usually decided by height. The springboard facilities are relatively simple, which can be erected on a half meter high support with a certain length and width of wood. During the springboard competition, one person sits in the middle and presses down, and one person stands at both ends to jump each other. I go up and you go down, and jump higher and higher, up to 3 or 4 meters high.

In the long-term production and life practice, the Korean nationality has created and inherited many folk oral culture and art, mainly ballads, legends and folk stories.

Korean folk songs have a wide range of contents, including the "agricultural Ballads" created by farmers in their long-term working life, the "divine songs" developed from witchcraft customs, the "miscellaneous songs" created by urban common people at the end of feudal society and later spread to farmers, and the "new Ballads" created by progressive students and intellectuals in the early 20th century and finalized in oral circulation Wait.

Arirang is one of the most popular and beautiful traditional ballads among the Korean people. It is said that the word "Arirang" evolved from the meaning of "I can't leave", "I can't leave Lang". During its spread, arilang formed different variants due to the differences of temperament, hobbies and habits of singers from all over the world, and gradually gathered into a huge group of Ballads.

"Doraji" is one of the love ballads freely sung during field work or festive self entertainment, often accompanied by relaxed and happy dance movements. This ballad, with the title of Korean favorite mountain vegetable Kikyo, expresses the love of the younger sister for the lover who died from the persecution of feudal ethics.

Korean folk stories reflect all aspects of social life. They have a wide range of contents and a wide variety. To sum up, they can be roughly divided into fantasy stories, animal stories, life stories, witty character stories, fables, jokes and so on. Among them, they are widely spread, such as rabbit and tortoise, Korean pine and ginseng, shepherd boy and fairy, three brothers of frogs Chunxiang and Li Daoling, the story of Jin Xianda, etc.

After the founding of new China, Korean folk literature workers collected and sorted out more than 5000 folk stories in the Northeast Korean living areas, and collected and published more than 20 works of Yanbian folk literature (Korean) and selected Korean Folk Stories (Chinese). Among them, young dalitu, six brothers and hundred day red collected and sorted by Zheng Jiyun were selected in Selected works of Chinese minority literature. In 1982, Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House translated and published selected Korean folk stories, which systematically introduced Korean folk stories to readers of other nationalities for the first time. In 1983, Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House published the collection of Jin Deshun Stories (compiled and translated by Pei Yongzhen), which is the first collection of folk storytellers in China.

Korean dance has its own distinctive national characteristics, mainly including agricultural music dance, long drum dance, fan dance, elephant hat dance, top water dance, knife dance, etc. among them, agricultural music dance is one of the popular folk dances among Korean people. It evolved from agricultural music games. The performance is guided by percussion instrument gongs and drums, led by a dozen gongs. The beginning, middle transformation and end of the dance, They are all commanded by those who play gongs. During the performance, there must be a person who plays a flag, and the flag should read "agriculture is the foundation of the world" The eight characters stand in front of the gongs, dancing heartily and full of pride. In addition, the long drum is also one of the representative dances of the Korean nationality. It is famous at home and abroad for its unique and elegant dancing posture. The long drum is mainly composed of soft hand carrying, shoulder stretching, Magpie step and other movements. It is performed in the form of carrying a long drum on the shoulder, holding a drum whip in the right hand, jumping and knocking. The body, drum and spirit are integrated into a high degree Coordination and unity, including solo dance, duet dance and group dance.

The traditional musical instruments of the Korean nationality include Gaya Qin, Tongxiao, Xi Qin, etc. Gaya Qin is the first of the traditional stringed musical instruments of the Korean nationality. It is a plucked musical instrument with strong national color. Its shape is similar to the guzheng of the Han nationality. When playing, one end is on the ground, one end is on the leg, the right hand plays, the left hand plays, and the performance posture is stable, elegant and unique. The Tongxiao is an important playing instrument in the Korean national music, since its birth Xi Qin has been favored by the Korean people since its birth. Its timbre is very beautiful. It is a Chinese musical instrument among bamboo wind instruments. Xi Qin is a bow string instrument loved by the Korean people. It is said that it was created by Xi tribe in the northeast of Song Dynasty, so it is named.

In history, the Korean people believed in a variety of religions, including the original multi God belief of animism, Buddhism, Christianity and other world religions, as well as the national religious beliefs produced in modern times, such as Tiandao religion, Shitian religion, Jiyu religion, Qinglin religion, Yuan religion, tanjun religion, Dawei religion, etc. in addition, some people also believed in Buddhism and Confucianism. After the founding of new China, these religions Faith has gradually disappeared in Korean society. After the reform and opening up, with the re implementation of the policy of freedom of religious belief, the influence of Christianity in Korean religious belief has gradually expanded, and its followers have also increased significantly. Korean religious beliefs are mainly Christianity and Catholicism, especially Christianity, which has developed rapidly.

After the victory of the Anti Japanese war in 1945, the Korean nationality areas in Northeast China were liberated successively. In 1949, the Korean people, together with the people of all ethnic groups across the country, ushered in the founding of new China. Over the past 70 years since the founding of new China, the Korean people, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, have actively established autonomous areas, worked hard to carry out industrial and agricultural production, vigorously developed various social undertakings, undergone profound changes in politics, economy, culture and other aspects, and made great achievements.

After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture was established in 1952 in Yanbian, the largest Korean settlement in China. The Korean nationality has become the main nationality of the autonomous region and enjoys the right to be the master of the country. In 1958, Changbai Korean Autonomous County, the only Korean Autonomous County in China, was also established. In addition, more than 40 ethnic townships have been established in scattered areas.

Party organizations at all levels have always attached great importance to the work of vigorously training ethnic cadres. As early as the war of resistance against Japan and the war of liberation, a large number of outstanding sons and daughters of the Korean nationality trained in the struggle and grew into revolutionary soldiers with a certain ideological level and working ability. After the founding of new China, many people have become the leading backbone of the party and government at all levels. For example, when Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture was established, there were 6090 Korean cadres, accounting for 74% of the total number of cadres in the prefecture, 12 percentage points higher than the proportion of Korean population; Among the 14 departments, bureaus and commissions of the government, the important heads of 11 departments are held by the Korean nationality.

Economically, as an agricultural nation, the Korean nationality is good at rice farming. They are the pioneers of rice agriculture in Northeast China. After 1945, when the land reform was carried out in the northeast liberated area, the nationality problem that plagued the Korean farmers was basically solved. The Korean farmers shared the land, the people's government issued the land license, and the land ownership belonged to the Korean farmers themselves. The solution of the land problem is of special significance to Korean farmers. They are no longer refugees without foundation. They become the real owners of the land.

After the founding of new China, Korean farmers actively responded to the call of the Communist Party of China and took the lead in agricultural mutual assistance and cooperation. In Korean areas, a number of mutual aid production change groups, temporary mutual aid groups and seasonal mutual aid groups had appeared in 1946. By 1953-1954, mutual aid groups had been basically organized in Korean rural areas. At the same time, shortly after the CPC Central Committee issued the resolution on mutual assistance and cooperation in local agricultural production (Draft) in 1951, the first collective farm in China, Xinghuo collective farm in Huachuan County, composed of 36 households, appeared in the Sanjiang Plain of Heilongjiang Province, becoming an example of national agricultural cooperation. In March 1951, the Yanbian prefectural committee of the Communist Party of China established the first primary agricultural production cooperative in Yanbian - Liming primary cooperative, taking the national labor model jinshilong mutual aid group in Yongcheng village, dongshengyong Township, Yanji county (now Longjing county) as a pilot, and became the banner of rural mutual aid cooperation in Northeast China.

After the founding of new China, great changes have taken place in the employment and occupational structure of the Korean nationality. In 1982, the working population of Korean nationality accounted for more than 50% of the total population, exceeding the average level of the whole country and ethnic minorities. Among the working population, 15.4% are engaged in mental work, which is much higher than the national average of 7.9%, the Han nationality of 8.1% and the minority nationality of 0.2%. Among them, Korean professional and technical personnel account for 10.2% of the working population, 101%, 98% and 155% higher than the national average, Han nationality and ethnic minorities. The Korean people who are responsible for state organs, party and mass organizations, enterprises and institutions account for 3% of the working population, while the national average is 1.57%, the Han nationality is 1.59% and the minority nationality is 1.14%.

In terms of education, the Korean nationality has a good tradition of respecting knowledge and paying attention to education. On the eve of the founding of new China, Yanbian University, China's first comprehensive university for nationalities, was founded in Yanji, and liming peasant University, China's first peasant University, was founded in Longjing in 1958. With the care and support of the Communist Party of China and the people's government, Korean national education has developed rapidly. Primary education was popularized in Korean areas in 1952 and secondary education was basically popularized in 1958. Korean schools attach importance to national language teaching and bilingual teaching, and have achieved good results. The rate of Korean nationality receiving education above primary school and the level of university education per 10000 people are higher than the national average. For example, from the perspective of university education per 10000 people, according to the statistics of the fifth national census in 2000, the national average is 122, 126 Han and 381 Korean; In terms of the number of masters and doctors per 10000 people, the national average is 8, the Han nationality is 8, and the Korean nationality is 17.

Since the reform and opening up, the Korean economy and society have developed more rapidly. Before the reform and opening up, as an agricultural nation, the population distribution of Korean nationality was relatively concentrated in ethnic villages. They engaged in traditional rice production, lived a relatively stable pastoral life and maintained strong national characteristics. After the reform and opening up, with the deepening of urban and rural system reform and the expansion of foreign exchanges, Korean society, economy, culture and other aspects have been greatly developed and changed. In particular, with the enhancement of the awareness of market economy, the Korean nationality has changed the single rice farming in the past, and the national economy is becoming more and more diversified. Its population flows from rural areas to cities, from small towns to large and medium-sized cities, from northeast inhabited areas to developed areas in Guannei, and then to foreign countries. Its economic development achievements are remarkable.

The agricultural management system has been greatly changed. The Korean nationality used to be an agricultural people. They are good at rice farming. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, Korean farmers organized under the banner of mutual aid groups, cooperatives and people's communes, carried out collective production, engaged in equal distribution, and lived a relatively calm and stable pastoral life. Although this system has restrained polarization and liberated the productive forces to a certain extent, due to the practice of equal distribution and "big pot", it has seriously affected the farmers' production enthusiasm and low labor efficiency. Since the reform and opening up, the individual contract system for agricultural production has been widely implemented in rural areas, which has greatly mobilized farmers' production enthusiasm and significantly improved labor efficiency. For example, in the past, transplanting and harvesting took more than 20 days for collective production, but after the implementation of the individual contract system, it could be completed in less than a week. In addition, because farmers' farming is closely related to their own income, they pay more attention to intensive cultivation and make efforts in high and stable yield. Today, the yield of most paddy fields in Korean areas is more than 1000 kg per mu, and the yield of Cuan is more than 15000 kg.

Agricultural management is gradually moving towards intensification. The rural household contract responsibility system gives farmers the right to independent production and management, which mobilizes farmers' production enthusiasm, improves agricultural labor productivity and liberates a large number of agricultural labor force. Korean farmers who got rid of the land went out of their homes and entered the cities to engage in the secondary and tertiary industries, setting off a tide of Korean population mobility. More than one-third of the Korean rural labor force leave their hometown to do business, work or go abroad for labor services in large and medium-sized cities in China. In some rural areas, even more than half of the labor force left their hometown to find another way out, while the labor force engaged in farming is less than half of the total labor force. In the Korean rural labor force in Hailin City, Heilongjiang Province, a pattern of one-third of the labor force farming at home, one-third of the labor force working in business in large and medium-sized cities and one-third of the labor force engaging in various labor services abroad has been formed in the late 1990s. This situation not only greatly reduces the employment pressure in rural areas, but also promotes the gradual scale and intensification of agricultural management.

The industrial structure has been adjusted. In the past, as an agricultural nation, more than 80% of the Korean people were engaged in agricultural production and operated a single planting industry. This situation continued until the 1980s. With the advancement of rural economic system reform since the reform and opening up, Korean farmers have got rid of the simple planting industry, opened up production channels and engaged in diversified management. As a result, the situation in which the primary industry had an absolute advantage in the past has gradually changed, the proportion of the secondary and tertiary industries has increased day by day, the national economic structure has been adjusted and gradually developed in a reasonable direction. For example, the proportion of primary, secondary and tertiary industries in the GDP of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture of Jilin province changed from 23.6%, 51.2% and 25.2% in 1980 to 15.4%, 45.1% and 39.5% in 2004. In addition, the income components of the rural economy have also changed. The proportion of agricultural, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery income in the total income of the rural economy has decreased, while the proportion of non-agricultural income has gradually increased.

Life goes to a higher level. Agriculture, industry and commerce are both available, and the labor force is separated from agricultural production to engage in diversified operation and foreign labor services, which has greatly changed the situation that Korean rural areas used to live only on single rice production. Nowadays, agricultural income is only a part of the whole income of Korean farmers, and the income from industry and Commerce and overseas labor services is considerable. In 2006, Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture dispatched 17000 labor workers, including 5029 foreign labor workers in that year, with an annual private foreign-related income of US $1.05 billion; In 2006, the per capita disposable income of Yanbian urban households reached 9438 yuan, the per capita net income of rural households reached 2994 yuan, and the balance of residents' savings deposits reached 36.98 billion yuan. With the increase of Korean farmers' income, their quality of life has been significantly improved. Not only have clothing, food, housing and transportation changed greatly, but also modern household appliances and telephones have entered farmers' families and have been basically popularized.

Profound changes in concept and consciousness. Reform and opening up broke the closure and silence of Korean rural areas in the past, and promoted the liberation of the majority of Korean people from the shackles of the traditional small-scale peasant economy. The Korean people are no longer satisfied with the past "food and clothing" pastoral life, have poured into the tide of commodity economy, and their population flow has become very active. Population mobility not only expands the distribution field and economic diversity of the Korean nationality, but also provides the possibility for the Korean nationality to renew their ideas and establish modern consciousness. A large number of Korean people have entered cities and towns from rural areas, opened up markets, participated in competition, gradually learned the ability to control the market, accelerated the edification of urban civilization, and their ideas have been greatly updated. In particular, the Korean people seize the opportunity of the increasingly frequent and expanded economic and cultural exchanges between China and South Korea, make use of their ethnic, social and language advantages, and invest a lot in the field of foreign-related economy. On the one hand, they work in wholly-owned and joint ventures in South Korea, or act as Korean agents in trade, tourism and other industries, or conduct business activities directly with South Korea. On the other hand, go abroad directly to work or do business abroad. Through these business activities, the Korean nationality has not only obtained a certain "primitive accumulation of capital" and created conditions for expanding reproduction, but also learned their more advanced operation and management in contact with the capitalist market system, broadened their horizons, changed their traditional conservative ideas, greatly strengthened their modern market consciousness, and accelerated the modernization process of the nation itself.

Since the reform and opening up, Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, the largest Korean inhabited area, has made great achievements in its economic and social undertakings and significantly enhanced its comprehensive economic strength under the correct leadership of the Party Central Committee, the State Council, the Jilin provincial Party committee and the provincial government.

In terms of policy, Yanbian, as a national autonomous region, has always enjoyed the care of the party and the state's policy of regional national autonomy; As an underdeveloped frontier area, Yanbian was approved by the State Council as the only area in Northeast China to enjoy the western development policy in 2001; With the implementation of the national strategy to revitalize the northeast old industrial base, Yanbian enjoys the revitalization policy of the northeast old industrial base. Yanbian is the only area in China that enjoys the preferential policies of three "national brands" such as regional national autonomy, western development and revitalization of the old industrial base in Northeast China, and the policy advantages are extremely prominent.

In terms of infrastructure construction, Yanbian has formed a three-dimensional transportation network with parallel roads, railways and aviation, land and sea connection. The railway can directly reach Jilin, Changchun, Shenyang, Dalian, Beijing, Harbin, North Korea and Russia. The Helong Erdaobaihe section of Dongbian Road railway is about to start; Sea routes to Akita, Japan and shucao, South Korea were opened through North Korea's Luojin, Qingjin and Russia's boshet and Zarubino; Yanji Airport has reached the 4C standard, has become an international airport, and has opened many domestic and foreign routes to Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Changchun, Harbin, Mudanjiang, Shenyang, Dalian, Qingdao, Yantai, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Seoul, Russia, Vladivostok and so on; Yanbian has entered the national automatic communication network, and program-controlled telephones have been popularized in counties, cities and towns, with a penetration rate of 12 telephones / 100 people. Yanji has installed communication receiving facilities of international satellite earth station; With the acceleration of urban construction, rural areas are developing towards urbanization, and cities are moving towards internationalization and modernization. Now the urbanization level of Yanbian is significantly higher than the average level of the whole country and the whole province.

Yanbian's opening to the outside world has also made remarkable achievements. Yanbian is located in the "Golden Triangle" of Northeast Asia and has unique geographical and popularity advantages. The Korean people here have close relations with the Korean people in North Korea, South Korea, Russia, Japan, the United States, Canada, Australia and other countries and regions. Today, there are one national development zone and four provincial development zones in the Autonomous Prefecture, forming an all-round opening pattern led by Hunchun and relying on Yanji. The national Hunchun border economic and technological cooperation zone, the China Russia mutual trade zone and the national Hunchun export processing zone form a pattern of "three zones in one", which is unique in China. These have created excellent conditions for the introduction of capital, technology, talents and the development of export-oriented economy. By 2006, Yanbian Autonomous Prefecture had built 11 ports open to the outside world, with a total import and export volume of US $1.11 billion.

In terms of social development, Yanbian has formed a complete system from early childhood education to higher education. The popularization of compulsory education and the proportion of people with higher education are always among the best in ethnic minority areas in China. Great progress has been made in radio and television, press and publication, medical and health care and other undertakings.