Sibe Nationality

Xibo nationality, spoken as "Siwe", written as "Sibe". In Chinese history books, there were dozens of different translation methods in different periods, such as xubu, Xianbei, xipi, Xibi, Sibi, Sibi, Shibi, Xibei, Shiwei, Xipo, Xibo, Shibo, Xibai, Xibai, Xibei, Xibei, Xiwo, etc. it was not unified into Xibo until the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty.

Xibo's name first appeared in the 21st year of Wanli of the Ming Dynasty (1593). It is generally believed that the name of Xibo nationality is named after the area where Xibo nationality has been active for a long time.

Xibo language was changed on the basis of Manchu language in the 36th year of the Republic of China (1947), and has been used until now.

origin

As for the origin of Xibo nationality, Xianbei theory and Nuzhen theory are the mainstream. Scholars who hold Nuzhen theory also specifically point out that Xibo nationality originates from the Suwan Department of Nuzhen guarga. In addition, some scholars believe that Xibo nationality originated from the segur family of Gaoche people and the sugur Lake in the south of Baikal. In 429 ad, Taiwu emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty began to move to the Nenjiang River basin after his expedition to Gaoche.

About Xibo white Totem:

Mysterious legend in ancient times: according to the Xibo folklore, Xianbei, the ancestor of Xibo, lost his way in Xianbei mountain (now Daxinganling) and was trapped in the mountain when he moved south in ancient times. Later, a kind of divine beast led the way, but had to go out of the mountain before coming to the southern daze (Hulunbuir grassland). This kind of beast looks like a tiger with five claws, looks like a beaver with green color, and walks as fast as a dog. Xibo nationality retains the custom of worshipping "Xianbei beast" (auspicious beast). The animal shaped pattern drawn will be hung on the West or north wall of the living room, which will become the symbolic pattern of Xibo nationality over time.

Ancient Sibo

According to historical records, Xibo was originally a country granted by the Jin Dynasty. Its capital is Xidu, that is, Xidu, also known as Suwan city and Suwan Yan city. Now it is Shuangyang District, Changchun City, Jilin Province. It declined at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, called the country name for the second time in the Ming Dynasty, and finally declined at the end of the Ming Dynasty.

"From the sixth year of Tianfu in the Jin Dynasty (1122) to the sixteenth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1588), the state of Xibo in Shuangyang existed for 466 years. The state of Xibo in the Jin Dynasty was founded after the Xibo people and the little yellow headed Nvzhen Department of the four departments were moved into Shuangyang by the Jin government." when the Xibo department was strong, Yongji, Panshi, Huadian, Yitong and the marginal areas of Changchun and Jilin were all its territory. " The so-called four Hercynian tribes, namely the four Hulun tribes (Yehe, Huifa, hada and ULA), are the Xibe state (Hulun state).

Jin Yuan period

In the second half of the 12th century, in the process of Mongolian unification of Northeast China, Xibo people and Nvzhen resisted the Mongolian army together. Many people fled into the sparsely populated forest and became part of what was later called "people in the forest". During the war, the agricultural production of Xibo tribe in Taoer River and chuoer River Basin was greatly damaged, and many agricultural land was turned into grassland and pastoral land. In the Yuan Dynasty, Xibo people in Taizhou and other places returned to the chuoer River and Taoer River basins, and agricultural production was restored, which was under the jurisdiction of Liaoyang province.

Ming and Qing Dynasties

At the end of the Ming Dynasty, most of wuliangha Sanwei Mongolia moved south, and Horqin expanded to wuliangha Sanwei area, controlled by Taoer River, chuoer River and other areas. Since then, Xibo people were under the rule of Horqin Mongols.

At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Prefecture building department of Nvzhen rose. In the 21st year of Wanli of the Ming Dynasty (1593), the Mongol Horqin Department joined forces with Xibo, Yehe, hada, ulah, Huifa, guaerca, zhusheri and Nayin to fight Nurhachi. As a result, the nine allied forces lost, which is known as the "battle of the nine departments" in history. Since then, Nurhachi used appeasement to give those who took the initiative to surrender the name of "Buddha Manchuria" (Buddha, Manchu means old), which is the same as Manchurians. Many Xibe nobles went to Nurhachi, that is, the "Xibe Manchuria" in history. Some of them were granted official positions, known as "Xibe Shi Guan Zuo Ling". After the ninth war, Nurhachi divided Horqin Mongols into ten banners according to the league flag system, and Xibo people were incorporated into the ten banners of Horqin Mongols. In the 31st year of Kangxi (1692), Horqin Mongolia "offered" 14458 mouths of Xibo, guaerca and Daur to the Qing government. Since then, Xibe people and other ethnic groups have been called "Yiche Manchuria" (Yiche, Manchu means new).

Xibo people reorganized into 65 Niu records and were transferred to Qiqihar, ulajilin (today's Jilin City), boduna (today's Fuyu area of Jilin Province) and other places. This is the first Southern migration of Xibo Nationality in the history of the Qing Dynasty. After that, they moved to Kaiyuan, Liaoyang, Yizhou, Jinzhou, Xingjing, Niuzhuang, Fushun and other places where Shengjing belonged. Some of them were sent to shuntianfu, some stayed in the capital and were assigned to the eight banners of Manchuria and Mongolia.

In the 29th year of Qianlong's reign (1764), after calming down the rebellion in Junggar, in order to strengthen the defense of Yili area, the Qing government forcibly recruited 1020 officers and soldiers from 15 places of Shengjing, Fenghuang, Liaoyang, Kaiyuan, Niuzhuang, Guangning, Xiongyue, Fuzhou, Xiuyan, Jinzhou, Gaizhou, Jinzhou, Yizhou, Xingjing and Fushun, together with more than 4000 family members (there were more than 350 people born on the way and 405 people followed). They were divided into two teams. They started from Shenyang in the first ten days and the middle of April of the same year and traveled along the post road of the northern Mongolian Plateau to fight against wind and sand, resist floods, endure hunger and hunger for more than a year. They arrived in Huiyuan, Yili in August 1765. Yili general immediately reduced the original 10 zalan (teams) into 6 flags (Niu Lu) In the spring of 1766, he moved to Chabuchar area, expanded six banners into eight banners, and formed Xibo camp, which became the "four camps in Ili" (Sorun camp, Xibo camp, Chahar camp and erut camp) Xibo camp is an organization integrating military, administrative and production functions. In its 145 year historical process, Xibo camp has made great contributions to building the frontier and resisting foreign invasion.

After the Xibe people moved to the South Bank of the Ili River, they began to cultivate and feed themselves, and began to build canals to divert water and open up wasteland and cultivate land in various parts of Chabuchar. Among them, three Niulu soldiers and people camped on both sides of the chuoher River, a tributary of the Ili River. The river was diverted to reclaim 10000 mu of land, which solved the food problem of Xibe camp itself. At the same time, based on the horses and cattle lent by the Qing government, they established a "horse factory" And "cattle factory".

At the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, the population of the Xibe Nationality increased year by year. According to the wishes of the army and the people, tubert, who was then the manager of the Xibe camp, decided to dig a new canal to lead the Ili River in the south of chukhor River to expand the area of cultivated land. After six years of hard work, the drainage was finally completed in early 1808. The canal is more than 100 kilometers long from east to west, 1 foot deep and 1 foot 2 feet wide. It was called "Xibe canal" or "Xibe canal" "Sibo new canal", later known as "Chabuchar Buha" (Chabuchar canal, Sibo language, meaning granary canal) Once the canal was dug, more than 78700 mu of newly cultivated land was added from Xianglan banner in the east to Xianghuang Banner in the West. Since then, the lives of the army and people of Xibo camp have taken a great turn, the desolate appearance of Chabuchar area began to change, and Xibo camp has become the richest area among the eight banners of Ili.

Sorun camp is one of the four camps in Ili, which is composed of Daur and Ewenki nationalities. In the third year of Jiaqing (1798) and the fourteenth year of Daoguang (1834) In, the Qing government transferred 1279 people from 260 young and strong households from Xibo camp, mainly to the West four banners of Sorun camp. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Xibo Nationality in Sorun camp accounted for the majority. In the activities of garrisoning stations, defending Karen, developing border areas and hustling outside, the Xibo army and people shared weal and woe with the Daur and Ewenki army and people and made joint contributions.

In 1883, when the Qing government restored the Manchu camp of Huiyuan city in Ili (formerly known as the old Manchu camp), it also established the new Manchu camp. Xibo camp immediately transported 3200 strong men for the new Manchu camp to maintain the social stability of Huiyuan city. At the end of the Guangxu period, the army and people of the eight banners were in short supply of rations. General Ili adopted Sepp Xixian, the manager of Xibo camp, to send Xibo officers and soldiers to Gongliu (then known as tegustaliu) In 1896, on the basis of reclamation, the proposal of reclamation began to build water conservancy, reclaim wasteland, and build villages and barracks. At that time, it was called "bingtun". The population of Gongliu increased year by year. After the revolution of 1911, Xibo officers and soldiers returned to the field and settled down. Now Xibo residents in Gongliu county are their descendants.

In 1884, when Xinjiang was established as a province, the Eight Banners system of xiboying was officially restored, stationed at stations, Karen, patrolling the border, and resumed production. After Yang Zengxin gained the rule of Xinjiang, he still retained the Eight Banners system of xiboying in the Qing Dynasty, and the old system of xiboying was finally abolished in 1938.

the Republic of China era

After the outbreak of the 1911 Revolution, the Xibo people living in Xinjiang responded positively with the local brothers, but the fruits of the struggle were usurped by the feudal warlords Yang Zengxin, Jin Shuren and Sheng Shicai, and the Xibo people were under their rule.

In 1944, Xibo nationality actively participated in the three District revolution and formed the "Xibo cavalry company". The Xibe Nationality in Tacheng and Huocheng also formed armed forces to participate in various campaigns.

After the September 18th Incident in 1931, Xibo people living in Northeast China joined the Han and Manchu people in the Anti Japanese struggle. Xibo Nationality in dawujiazi area of Shenyang, Liaoning Province actively participated in the Anti Japanese coalition army and sniped the enemy in Liaohe plain for many times. During this period, many Xibe youth joined the Communist Party of China. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, with the continuous victory of the war of liberation, the Xibe people in Northeast China and Xinjiang were liberated in 1946 and 1949.

In 1949, the Xibe Nationality in Xinjiang and the Xibe compatriots in Northeast China entered the socialist society at the same time.

Xibo nationality was incorporated into the Eight Banners by the Qing government until the eve of the founding of new China. While cultivating and farming, farming and eating by themselves, it also undertook the important tasks of guarding the border, calming civil strife and resisting foreign aggression.

New China period

On October 1, 1949, the people's Republic of China was founded, and the Xibe people all over the country entered a new era of socialism together with the people of brotherly nationalities. With the support and help of the party and the government, the Xibe people have undergone earth shaking historical changes in urban and rural areas, and remarkable achievements have been made in the economy and society of Xibe area.

After the peaceful liberation of Xinjiang, under the leadership of the party and the state, Ningxi county (the name of Chabuchar Xibe Autonomous County before its establishment) carried out a series of social reforms. On November 15, 1953, yichegashan Xibo township was established in Huocheng county. In March 1954, the former Xining county established Chabuchar Xibe Autonomous County, and democratically elected the first head of the county. After the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee, various policies of regional national autonomy have been gradually implemented. Xinglongtai Xibo town and Huangjia Xibo township have been successively established in Xinchengzi District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, further ensuring the right of Xibo to be the master of the country.

Since the beginning of liberation, coal, agricultural machinery, fur, food processing and other factories and mining enterprises in Xibe areas have been gradually built. After the reform and opening up, new industrial enterprises such as ginning plants and coal chemical enterprises have been built, and the economic structure has been continuously improved. Farmers pay more and more attention to scientific planting, crop yield increases year by year, and diversified management is very common. On the basis of Chabuchar canal, "Chanan canal" has drained water and produced economic benefits. The "south bank canal" construction project invested heavily by the state is also under construction,

After the reform and opening up, some young people stepped out of the closed environment and began to set foot in the field of Commerce and trade. With the development of economy, the income of farmers has been increasing, and the living conditions of the masses have improved significantly.

After the founding of new China, the Xibe people lived a stable life and were rich in food and clothing. Medical workers eradicated the "Chabuchar disease" and began to see a new atmosphere of prosperity. From 1949 to 1978, the population of Xibo nationality has more than doubled in just 30 years. A medical system covering urban and rural areas has been basically established in Xibo area. Medical institutions and medical means in rural areas are basically perfect. Various disease prevention and preventive measures are basically in place. Common and frequently occurring diseases can be treated in township level hospitals. The knowledge of disease prevention and treatment and health status of farmers are constantly improving. In the vast rural areas of Chabuchar County, a new rural cooperative medical system is being established on a pilot basis. In addition, the relief system for rural "Five Guarantees" households, poor households and other difficult groups is also becoming more and more perfect, and the degree of harmony of rural society has been greatly improved.

Xibo nationality has always attached importance to education. In the past, the family was so poor that even if it was too poor to open the pot, it was necessary to ensure that their children went to school, at least to master the language of their own nation. After the founding of new China, primary schools, junior and senior high school educational institutions in various townships have been improved one after another. After the reform and opening up, the level of school running hardware in ethnic minority areas has been continuously improved, the quality of teaching staff has been significantly improved, and various modern teaching methods have been increasingly improved, especially multimedia teaching methods have been widely used. By 2006, there were 17 Xibo Ethnic Primary and secondary schools in Xinjiang, including 12 primary schools, 5 middle schools, 1 vocational high school and 1 teacher training school. After 1978, according to the autonomous region's notice on restoring the use of Xibo language and restoring Xibo language teaching, Xibo bilingual teaching was restored in 12 primary schools, including 8 in Chabuchar Xibo Autonomous County, 2 in Gongliu County, 1 in yichagashan Xibo Township, Huocheng county and 1 in karhabak Township, Tacheng city. Since the late 1980s, Chabuchar county has also sent relevant personnel to teach Xibo language in karhabak Township, Tacheng city and Xibo town primary school, Xinglongtai, Xinchengzi District, Shenyang, with good results. With the development of education, batch after batch of Xibo cadres and talents have emerged. By 2005, among the nearly 35000 Xibo population in Xinjiang, more than 3300 people worked in state organs, party and mass organizations, enterprises and institutions and professional and technical units, and the number of candidates admitted to key colleges and universities was also increasing year by year.

The inheritance and protection of Xibo culture is one of the important work since the reform and opening up. Xibo nationality has always attached importance to cultural undertakings, including various folk literary and artistic activities. You can enjoy all kinds of national art performances on holidays and festive occasions. For example, folk dance, rap, opera, sketch, etc. are displayed with strong national characteristics and become an important part of the national square culture. Since the reform and opening up, all villages and towns in Xibo area have set up cultural centers, elderly activity rooms and other departments to actively carry out the above-mentioned cultural activities. The cultural troupe of Chabuchar Xibe Autonomous County, established in 1959, as a Wulan pastoral style literary and artistic performance team, has served the grass-roots people for more than 40 years and made great contributions to enriching the cultural life of the nation. After the reform and opening up, the dance hunting dance, Shaman Dance, archery girl, wedding dance and the song remember the kindness of Chairman Mao for generations have won awards in various competitions.

Story of the song "little Poplar": the name of Xinjiang little poplar city comes from the birthplace of the song "little Poplar". The mother of Xibo soldiers brought ten little poplar to accompany her at the outpost.

Change defense to talbach. In 1766, as soon as the soldiers and civilians moved westward and settled on the South Bank of the Ili River, general Ili ordered Xibo camp to transfer 100 elite soldiers, led by an assistant leader and a Xiaoqi school, to go to talbaha station and pass together with the officers and soldiers of Manchu, Sauron and other battalions. The officers and soldiers rotate once every two years, one and a half times a year. Later, with the change of the situation, the number of officers and soldiers sent by Xibo camp increased to 150 most of the time, up to more than 200 at most. This change of defense did not stop until the outbreak of the peasant uprising in 1864.

Kashgar. In 1759, after the Qing army calmed down the rebellion of Xiaohe and Zhuo in southern Xinjiang, hundreds of anti insurgency officers and soldiers stationed in Kashgar. In 1769, general Ili asked to change the garrison in Kashgar into a defense change army according to the example of the defense change in talbahatai. According to the instructions, 600 officers and soldiers of Manchu, Xibe, Soren and Chahar camps have been dispatched since 1771. Led by officials such as Xie Ling, Zuo Ling and Xiaoqi school, they went to Kashgar to change their defense, including more than 30 Xibe officers and soldiers. In the early years of Jiaqing, the number of Xibo officers and soldiers increased to more than 150, and then decreased. The officers and soldiers are also changed in shifts every two years, half a year. Officers and soldiers shall provide their own horses, saddles and forage.

Defend Karen and stand at the station. After the unification of Xinjiang in the Qing Dynasty, in order to strengthen the jurisdiction over the north and south of Tianshan Mountain, many Kalun and stations were set up in the north and south of Xinjiang. In 1777, general Ili ordered the leader ministers to take charge of these Kalun and stations. Xibo camp governs 18 Kalun, some of which are permanent Kalun, some are relocated Kalun, and some are added or removed Kalun. There are more than ten or dozens of soldiers stationed in each Karen. Their duties are to supervise nomads, arrest fugitives, deliver official documents, protect factories and mines, patrol tourists, etc. The system of Xibe officers and soldiers stationed in Karen lasted until the end of the Qing Dynasty.

Patrol the border. In the Qing Dynasty, Kazak and Kirgiz herdsmen (called brute in the Qing Dynasty) had been nomadic from north to south in the west of Yili. They traded with the Qing Dynasty every year and had frequent contacts. Therefore, in order to maintain and stabilize the normal production and living order of the border nomads, the Qing government has regularly sent a member of the talbahatai leader minister every summer and autumn since the 1940s of Qianlong, together with officials such as the coordinator, to dispatch 300 officers and soldiers from Xibo and Manchu battalions to inspect the border nomads of Kazakhstan and brute and collect horse rent.

Counterattack the aggression of Burmese soldiers and defend the southwest border of the motherland. In the thirtieth year of Qianlong (1765), the chieftain Zhao San of Menggen in Myanmar invaded the territory of Pu'er Prefecture in Yunnan, occupied Dongli and other places, burned, killed and looted the border residents, and committed all kinds of evil. The next year, the soldiers besieged the border areas of Tengyue and Yongchang. In 1767, the Qing government led an army to suppress Mingrui as governor of Yunnan and Guizhou, but it was defeated by the Burmese army. The Burmese army attacked me in depth. In 1769, the Qing government ordered Shengjing general Heng Lu and others to send Xibo officers and soldiers to Yunnan as reinforcements. General Sheng Jing followed his orders to select 1000 "xinmanchu Xibo soldiers" and arrived at the front line of Yunnan through the capital in mid July. They guarded ferries, garrisoned fortresses, set up post stations and threw themselves into battle on the front line of Yunnan. After months of fighting, the Burmese army was awed by the power of the army and negotiated peace with the Qing army in Myanmar. The following year, Xibo officers and soldiers withdrew to Shengjing. In this war, 105 of the 1000 officers and soldiers sacrificed their lives to defend the border of the motherland.

Resist the aggression of tsarist Russia and its colonial rule. In the sixth year of tongzhi (1867), after tsarist Russia completed its rule over the three Khanate countries in Central Asia, it began to covet Ili region. As early as the second year of tongzhi (1863), the Tsarist Russian army attacked the borohugir Karen stationed in China, fired and shelled the Xibe and Soren officers and soldiers stationed in the Karen, and was strongly counterattacked by them. After that, general Ili sent de gedu, director of Xibo camp, to lead hundreds of officers and soldiers to "prevent blocking" and beat back the enemy. In May 1871, in the process of advancing towards ILI, the Tsarist Russian army was also resisted by the Xibe and Daur officers and soldiers of the Sauron camp, which frustrated its aggressive plan many times. Especially when tsarist Russia marched into akkent outpost on June 28 of the same year, 500 officers and soldiers from Xibe camp, together with Uighur, Kazakh, Hui, Mongolian, Han, Daur and other officers and soldiers, almost bravely fought the enemy in the form of white-edged war, wrote a heroic chapter in the history of anti Russian, and dozens of officers and soldiers of Xibe Nationality bravely sacrificed their lives.

Participate in the battle to expel the aguber invaders. At the beginning of 1865, a Gubai, an officer of the Central Asian Haohan khanate, took advantage of the chance of peasant uprising in the whole Xinjiang to invade Southern Xinjiang. By 1867, he occupied seven cities such as Kashgar, yingjisar, Yeerqiang, Hotan and Aksu, and established the so-called "seven city Khanate". Later, they occupied Urumqi, Manas and other places and carried out brutal colonial rule over the people everywhere. After the Qing army's campaign to recover Xinjiang in 1876, Xibo soldiers and people scattered around volunteered to join the Qing army in Xinjiang and made contributions to the campaigns to recover Manas and Urumqi. At the same time, many Xibo people with rich reclamation experience also planted grain in Wusu and other places to supply the Qing army in Xinjiang, and were rewarded by the Qing government for changing their hats and promoting their official positions.

The total population of Xibo nationality is about 190000. It is mainly distributed in Liaoning, Jilin and other provinces and Chabuchar Xibe Autonomous County in Yili Prefecture, Xinjiang. The population of Xibo Nationality in Liaoning Province is about 133000, accounting for 70.2% of the national Xibo population, ranking first in the country. The rest mainly live in northern provinces and all over the country. It presents the distribution situation of East (North) West (North) separation, large dispersion and small settlement. After the 1980s, the population of Xibo Nationality in China (mainly in the three northeastern provinces) has increased sharply. The main reason is that the original Xibo families reported as Manchu and Han nationality in the past have been corrected to Xibo nationality.

Agriculture and animal husbandry

Xibo nationality is one of the earliest ethnic minorities in northern China to engage in agricultural production. In the early Qing Dynasty, Xibo began to grow rice, which was called "Xibo rice" in the literature of the Qing Dynasty. In 1766, some of them moved westward to the Chabuchar area. By the beginning of the 19th century, the Chabuchar canal was built, and more than 78700 mu of cultivated land was expanded in eight Niulu of Xibo camp. From the Xibo Nationality in Northeast China to the middle and late Qing Dynasty, agriculture was also dominated. The crops mainly included wheat, corn, sorghum, barley, flax, rapeseed, millet, sunflower, tobacco, etc.

In the production activities of Xibo nationality, animal husbandry and sideline industry also account for a certain proportion. Most farmers raise horses, cattle, sheep and other livestock, which are not only for their own food and use, but also their breeding scale is expanding, and many specialized households have emerged. Xibo people's sidelines mainly include gardening, fishing and a small amount of hunting. Gardening includes the planting of vegetables and fruit trees, as well as elm, poplar and other wood trees. Fishery is one of the important sideline production. The Xibe Nationality in the Chabuchar region has good conditions for fishing in the Ili River.

traffic

The transportation of Xibo nationality has unique characteristics. Due to the similar natural climate conditions in Northeast China and Xinjiang, cattle, horses, camels, donkeys, skis, sleds, ox carts, donkey carts and carriages have become important means of transportation since ancient times and the 1950s. After the 1950s, there were rubber tyred vehicles, bicycles, rickshaws, walking tractors, wheeled tractors, trucks, motorcycles, cars and so on. However, sledge is still cherished and inherited by people as a special means of transportation and entertainment.

Languages

Xibe Nationality has its own language, belonging to the Manchu branch of Tungusic language family of Altai language family, which is mainly distributed in Chabuchar Xibe Autonomous County, Huocheng, Tacheng, Gongliu, Yining, Urumqi, etc. Compared with Manchu of the same language branch, more than 80% of the vocabulary is borrowed from Manchu.

According to historical records, before the Qing Dynasty, Xibo people used a "non Qing and non Mongolian" language. Many people believe that this language is called "Jifu Xi" language. After Xibo nationality was conquered by Manchu and incorporated into Manchu eight banners, it was assimilated by Manchu before it gradually changed to Manchu. In the absence of accurate historical data, it is certainly not easy to draw a conclusion on this view.

In 1764, some Xibe soldiers and civilians moved to ILI, Xinjiang, which made a new development in the spoken Xibe language and continues to the present. There are 26 vowels, which are divided into single vowels and compound vowels. The single vowels are: J ε、 a. Y, OE, u, O, compound vowels: I, AI, UI, OI, u, Au, ou, IA, IU, IO, y, ya, UA, uo. There are 44 consonants. Xibo language has its own characteristics, that is, vowels are regardless of length, there are many compound vowels, there is vowel harmony, but it is not strict, there are a number of body words and the category of case, nouns have the reflexive possession of the third person, additional components, verbs have the category of state, aspect and form, and function words are relatively rich. Today's Xibo language is the continuation of Manchu.

Xibo script is a kind of Pinyin script, also known as phoneme script. It was created in the 27th year of Wanli of the Ming Dynasty (1599), improved in the fifth year of Chongzhen (1632), and later slightly modified on the basis of Manchu. However, it should be noted that Xibo language is not equivalent to Manchu.

Xibe has 40 letters: 6 vowels, 24 consonants and 10 letters spelling foreign words. The basic strokes of letters include prefix, tooth, circle, dot and suffix, as well as apostrophe in different directions and vertical lines connecting letters. The writing order is from top to bottom, the line is from left to right, and the punctuation marks commonly used in general words are used.

Xibe people living in Ili River Valley are surrounded by multi-ethnic languages. In order to survive, they have to learn other ethnic languages, including Russian. Xibo people generally speak Chinese, Russian and Uyghur. Therefore, the Xibo Nationality in Yili is known as a "genius translator".

Chabuchar is the only Xibo language newspaper published in China.

faith

In the past, Xibo people had mixed religious beliefs and had natural worship of heaven, earth, sun, moon and stars; Worship Xianbei animals, foxes, snakes, insects, ancient trees, ginseng and other animals and plants; Worship the earth God "banaezhen", the valley God, the plague God, the livestock God "helkan", the kitchen god "gizzard according to mother", the door god "Duka ienduri", the goddess God, the river god "luochahan", the mountain god "alinwuran", the guide God "zhuoyun duri", the hunting God "Banda MafA", the willow God "foduohuomafa" and the fishing God "nimuhan duri"; Worship of the soul; Worship of ancestors. The degree of trust is different. Generally speaking, it mainly worships the "mother hili" and the "herhan MafA" to protect livestock. It has always believed in Shamanism and Tibetan Buddhism. In the past, Xibo people had mixed religious beliefs and had natural worship of heaven, earth, sun, moon and stars; Worship Xianbei animals, foxes, snakes, insects, ancient trees, ginseng and other animals and plants; Worship the earth God "banaezhen", the valley God, the plague God, the livestock God "helkan", the kitchen god "gizzard according to mother", the door god "Duka ienduri", the goddess God, the river god "luochahan", the mountain god "alinwuran", the guide God "zhuoyun duri", the hunting God "Banda MafA", the willow God "foduohuomafa" and the fishing God "nimuhan duri"; Worship of the soul; Worship of ancestors. The degree of trust is different. Generally speaking, it mainly worships the "mother hili" and the "herhan MafA" to protect livestock. It has always believed in Shamanism and Tibetan Buddhism.

surname

Halamokun is a community of Xibe people linked by blood. Hara is the surname, with more than 50 names, including guaerjia, guoerjia, heye'er, hashuri, tukseri, uzara, fucara, irali, hushari, kongur and juero. Xibo people in Xinjiang also have more than 30 surnames. After the revolution of 1911, it was gradually translated into a single surname, such as heye'er into he or he, tumulqi into Tong or Tu, uzara into Wu, hushari into Hu, etc. Mokhun is a branch from Hara. Some Hara have one mokhun, and some have two or three. Each Hara and mokunda has a Harada (chief) and mokunda democratically elected by the members. Generally, they are the people with the highest rank and high prestige. Every haramoquin has written family rules and graves. Harada and mokunda are responsible for handling matters such as litigation, ancestor worship, property, marriage and funeral, etc. Xibe genealogy is divided into Hala genealogy and Mokun genealogy. The significance of establishing genealogy and the continuation of haramokun; The spectrum sheet records the continuation of each generation and branch; There is also a note column to regularly record major and important events in the family.

diet

Xibo people have unique eating habits. There are some differences due to their different living areas. Xibo men generally have the habit of smoking and drinking. According to legend, every family used to make rice wine. Every household raises pigs, chickens, ducks, cattle, horses and sheep, and is self-sufficient in meat. At the same time, he also likes game. He goes out hunting and fishing whenever the winter snow melts.

Most Xibo people are used to three meals of solar eclipse. Their staple food is rice and noodles. In the past, sorghum and rice were mostly eaten. Pasta is mainly made of steamed bread, steamed noodles, chives, zygotes, dumplings, etc. Affected by the Uighur people, they also eat pilaf and roast Nang, and drink flour tea, milk and milk tea. Meat sources mainly rely on family feeding, mostly cattle, sheep and pork. When eating meat, it is customary for everyone to carry a knife. After cooking the meat, put it into a large plate, cut it with a knife, and then dip it in the seasoning mixed with salt and scallion and garlic. Used to do pig blood enema. I also like to eat cooked pig blood, mix it into sauce, and make dishes with mashed garlic or scallion. In winter, Xibo people often hunt. Wild boar, wild duck, hare and yellow sheep are common game on the winter table. Xibo people are also used to making all kinds of pickles. At the end of autumn every year, every family cuts leeks, green peppers, celery, cabbage and carrots into thin filaments to marinate pickles. It is locally called "Hart mixed Suji", which can sometimes be eaten throughout the year. Xibo people also like to make flour sauce in summer to taste.

Xibo people in Northeast China mostly eat rice, sorghum and millet, while Xibo people in Xinjiang eat wheat. Among them, FA Mian cake is an essential food for Xibo people in Xinjiang for almost three meals a day, which is called "Fa La ha e Fen", also known as "Xibo big cake". Xibo people eat it almost every day. This kind of cake is made of flour, alkali flour and water. It is baked in the pot. It is generally 30 or 40 cm in diameter and about 1 cm in thickness. It is called "heaven" with baked patterns, and the other side is "Earth". The eating method of this kind of cake is very particular. When eating, it must be broken into four pieces with "heaven" upward and "Earth" downward, which reflects the Xibo nationality's concept of heaven and earth and national habits.

In addition to "Xibo big cake", Quanyang banquet is the most distinctive meat dish of Xibo nationality. The Xibo language of Quanyang banquet is "morschek", which means "dishes in a bowl". In 2009, as a traditional skill, Quanyang mat was listed in the second batch of representative works of intangible cultural heritage of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The main ingredients are sheep's heart, liver, lung, large intestine, tongue and blood. There are 12 dishes in total. The practice is exquisite and the flavor is unique. If distinguished guests come to visit, Xibo people kill sheep and make a rich whole sheep banquet to entertain them.

In addition, Xibo food also has two soup noodles, leek cake, sastan (chowder), etc., with rich styles and special tastes.

Clothes & Accessories

The early clothing materials of Xibo nationality were mainly animal skins such as deer and pig, which paid more attention to the function of cold prevention and warmth preservation. The clothing of Xibo nationality also varies and changes due to the differences of times and regions, as well as the influence of nationalities. The traditional Xibo costumes have absorbed the advantages of Mongolian, Manchu, Han and other national costumes. Xibo men like to wear blue, green, gray and brown robes. They wear a green mandarin jacket, a dome hat, a green cloth belt around their waist and thick soled shoes. In order to facilitate horse riding, men's robes and Mandarin jackets are forked on the left and right. The robes of Xibo people are mostly long robes, with the bottom half a foot below the knee. The cuffs are horseshoe shaped, which can be rolled up and put down. They wear trousers on the lower body, plus "pants" (only two trouser legs, no crotch and back waist). They wear "jacket pants" in spring and autumn and "cotton pants" in winter.

Xibo women have many dress styles. I like to wear cheongsam (multi piping), embroidered shoes, camisoles and so on. The long robe with big placket shall be pasted with lace or embroidered wide edge, and love to wear the waistcoat. The waistcoat with opposite placket and big placket shall also be pasted with lace. The trousers shall be tied with black leg straps, and the feet shall wear embroidered shoes. Girls and unmarried girls have a long braid, tie the braid root with various colors of "wool", do not cut the hair curtain, love to wear some flowers on the head and braid tip, wear gold (silver) earrings and elegant and beautiful cheongsam. Tuck a colored handkerchief into the pocket on the right waist, half of which is exposed outside the pocket. Wearing embroidered cloth shoes shows the vitality of youth. The daughter-in-law's dress is no different from that of a girl, but it is brighter than that of a girl. The hairstyle is also different. The daughter-in-law combs in a "dragon bun", with "bangs" in front of her forehead and "swallow tail" behind her head. Her black hair rises on her head and is rolled into a bun. She combs her braids into double braids or two "grabbing bun" in daily life to form a big "pimple bun". Hair dishwashing oil, no head oil, the water soaked with elm bark is also viscous and bright. Face can be painted with powder, mouth can be painted with lipstick, nails can be dyed, etc. There is a gold hairpin on the head bun and a gold (silver, jade) bracelet on the wrist.

The clothes of the Xibo elderly are different. Generally, the elderly men wear a white jacket with a pair of lapels inside and a robe outside (cotton in winter). Individuals also wear a mandarin jacket, white socks and cloth shoes (round mouth black cloth shoes in spring, summer and autumn and felt cotton black cloth shoes in winter. Their shoe waist is slightly higher in spring and summer, which is called "zabu Sabu" in Xibo language). They tie trouser legs and wear a hat; Women's dress changes with age. Elderly women wear blue, blue and black cheongsam, which is as long as their feet, tie trouser legs, wear white socks, wear embroidered black cloth shoes in spring, summer and autumn (cotton high waist in winter), and wear cotton robes and cotton hats in winter, which is similar to kunqiu hats of the Han nationality. When elderly women go out, they have to hold a cigarette bag in their hand and pack cigarettes into each other when they visit.

After the revolution of 1911, the clothing changes of Xibo nationality were greatly influenced by Han, Uygur and other nationalities. Young women like to wear colorful dresses, skirts, shirts and lapels, high collar short coats, boots, etc. Young men like to wear suits, sportswear, jackets, leather shoes, etc. only men and women aged 80 or 90 occasionally wear robes, Mandarin coats, top hats, kunqiu hats and embroidered shoes.

festival

Xibo people have many traditional festivals, most of which are the same as those of the Han nationality. Such as Spring Festival, Qingming Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, etc. Every year before the Lunar New Year's Eve, every family has to kill pigs and sheep to make all kinds of new year's dishes, new year's cakes and fried fruits. On New Year's Eve, the whole family made dumplings together and put them into the pot on the 15th of the first month; Second day to eat longevity noodles. When making longevity noodles, first make broth, then cook the noodles in another pot, take out the water, and add broth when eating, symbolizing sending off the old and welcoming the new. Although the time of some festivals is the same as that of the Han nationality, they have their own uniqueness, such as "Spring Festival", "Dragon Boat Festival" and "Lantern Festival", which are different from that of the Han nationality in the form of festival.

During the Spring Festival, visit relatives, worship ancestors and entertainment activities are more popular. "Fish Qingming" with fish as sacrifice in March of the lunar calendar, "melon Qingming" with melons and fruits as sacrifice in July of the lunar calendar, "sun zabai Yiche sun Zha" (Dragon Boat Festival) and the Mid Autumn Festival. The way to celebrate these festivals is to offer sacrifices, eat and entertain in the way of national customs. National festivals include the "April 18" westward migration Festival and the "smear Festival" on the 16th of the first month.

Westward migration Festival

Every year, April 18 of the lunar calendar is the Xibe westward migration Festival, which is called Duin baizakun festival in Xibe language. Before the 16th century, Xibe ancestors lived in the Northeast Plain and Hulunbuir grassland for generations. In the mid-18th century, the Qing government recruited 1018 Xibo officers and soldiers from Shengjing (Shenyang) and other places, together with 3275 of their families. Led by Manchu officials, they moved westward to Yili area of Xinjiang for reclamation and border defense. On April 18 of the lunar calendar this year, Xibo people who moved west to Xinjiang and Xibo men, women and children who stayed in Northeast China gathered in Taiping temple, Xibo family temple in Shengjing to pay tribute to their ancestors and have a dinner to say goodbye. The next morning, Xibo officers and soldiers and their families said goodbye to their hometown and embarked on the long journey of moving west. After a year and five months of arduous trek, we arrived in Yili region of Xinjiang. The Chabuchar Xibe Autonomous County in was their residence in that year, and the Xibe people there are their descendants. Therefore, at present, some ethnic scholars believe that it should be called "western expedition Festival" more accurately.

On the day of the westward migration Festival, all the men, women and children of Xibo nationality should put on their costumes, get together happily, play the "dongboer", blow the "ink tune", and dance the "bellene" with vigorous posture and bright beat. The "shoulder shaking" of the girls and the "duck step" of the boys are vivid to express the longing for the hometown and the vision of a better life in the future.

This festival activity focuses on the splendid and long-standing cultural tradition, national psychology, national emotion, folk beliefs, folk customs, various crafts, song and dance arts of Xibo nationality, which has rich cultural connotation and valuable value.

Smear Festival

The 16th day of the first month of the lunar calendar is the smear festival of Xibo nationality. On this day, people get up early in the morning, take the black cloth or felt prepared last night and go to the street to smear each other's faces. On this day, men, women, young and old can smear each other's faces. But when you see the old man, you must greet him first, and then you can smear his face, but only a little less to show respect.

The smear festival of Xibo nationality has a long history. It is said that in the past, a young daughter-in-law offended the God of heaven by feeding the burnt hair noodles to the dog. Therefore, the God of heaven should punish those who do not cherish food. In the second year, the God of heaven patrolling cast a spell to blacken the crops planted by the Xibe people. As a result, all the harvest in autumn was black seeds. Now people are flustered and don't know what to do. Finally, the whole village apologized to the God of heaven patrol and swore that they would rather wipe their face black than make the wheat sick and the crops bear black seeds. The God of heaven patrol was moved by people's sincerity and took back the spell. So later, on the 16th of the first month of each year, people blackened their faces to replace the crops to be punished.

Because of this, people are not afraid of being tarnished by others on this day, because they are being punished for their crops.

literature

Xibo nationality's literature and art connotation is rich and colorful and has its own national characteristics. Folk literature is an important part of national literature, including folk songs, folk stories, proverbs, riddles, proverbs and so on. Folk songs are also divided into narrative songs, bitter songs, shaman songs, carols, persuasion songs, custom songs, field songs, hunting songs, love songs, wedding songs, new folk songs, etc. Folk stories include legends, fairy tales, animals, fables, myths, riddles, etc. Proverbs mostly teach people modesty and prudence, honesty and faith, unity and friendship, praise and criticize likes and dislikes, diligence and thrift. Riddles are mainly used to improve children's intelligence and enlighten their minds. They are a tool for the elderly and women to educate children. Creative literature is mostly expressed in modern content. The earliest is the prose letter "letter from Huifan Karen" written by Heye wenkejin, the guard of Karen in the first half of the 19th century. Only after the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China did new literary talents emerge. So far, many novels, narrative poems, essays, poems, chronicles and biographies in Xibo and Chinese have been published, occupying a place in the field of Xinjiang national literature. The music of this nation is divided into drama music and rap music. Drama music is called yangga'er Mu Dan, which is divided into flat and Yue tune. But it is basically the content of nationalization after introduction and processing. Rap music has strong national characteristics. Folk sports include archery, horse racing, wrestling, wrestling, skating and recreational hunting activities. Archery and Horse Racing have a long history, which is the continuation of the national historical tradition of "good riding and good shooting".

Architecture

As early as the Qing Dynasty, Xibo Nationality in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Xinjiang and other places formed villages and towns. After the Chabuchar canal was opened, the Xibo people who moved westward basically formed the settlement form of 8 Niulu (also known as gashan). Niu Lu is both an economic unit and a combat unit. At first, each Niulu was surrounded by tall walls, opening four gates in the East, West, North and south, ranging from two to three hundred households.

The size of each courtyard varies from two or three mu to four or five mu. The courtyard is mostly rectangular from north to south, surrounded by various trees. The courtyard is surrounded by low walls. It is divided into North and South courtyards. The South courtyard has a variety of fruits and vegetables, and the north courtyard has built sheds, trees and grains. Houses are mostly herringbone Adobe inclined roof houses or wooden frame inclined roof houses, mostly from north to south. The bedrooms have heated kang, mostly the "three ring Kang" in the South and northwest. Westinghouse is mostly lived by the elders, while the east house is for the living of the younger generation, and most of the middle is a kitchen separated into an aisle. Xibo nationality has always advocated the same family for many generations, and the separation of families must be handled by their parents to build houses and set up other portals.

Xibo people's houses are increasingly developing into houses with brick wood, reinforced concrete structures. The herringbone roof houses left over from the Qing Dynasty have been eliminated. Individual villages are only preserved as cultural relics. The shape of this kind of house is learned from the Manchu nationality. It has high cost and more labor and materials. Today's housing tends to be a combination of brick wood structure and "lailanpi" structure. There are many houses, steel windows and steel doors replace wooden windows and doors. Individual farmers also built buildings.

The architectural art of Xibo nationality is mainly reflected in the construction of houses and temples. Xibo people's residence, with a large herringbone roof, is spacious and generous. The eaves are about half a meter wide and the windows are large. Some houses have four or five windows. The shape of the window lattice wood is very exquisite, small and curved, almost the same as that of carving. It can't be done without fine skills. And there are exquisitely carved patterns on door frames, windows and screens.

folk song

The musical structure of this kind of songs is slightly larger than that of field songs, and some single passages of four phrases appear. It mainly reflects the customs of Xibo Nationality in funeral, marriage, labor, recreation, etiquette and belief. For example, in terms of funeral, there is "crying funeral song"; In terms of marriage, there are "marriage talk song", "marriage cry song" and "marriage advice song"; In terms of labor, there are four seasons songs; In terms of amusement, Diaoyang song; Etiquette includes "respect the old song"; In terms of faith, there are "hymn of Xili Ma" and so on. In marriage custom songs, there are usually fixed lyrics.

Nursery rhyme

The melody of such songs is concise, mostly educating children to study hard, learn to sing letters, archery formula and so on. It is the embodiment of the nation's fine tradition of advocating education. It is this tradition that prompted this nation with only more than 3000 people when it moved west. Although it has lived with other nationalities for more than 200 years, it still retains its own language and traditional art.

Narrative song

Narrative songs mostly describe the historical events of Xibo nationality moving west to Xinjiang in 1764. This has a great relationship with the special historical mission undertaken by the Xibo people and the specific content of life. The general melody is very concise, and there are five relatively complete parts: the song of Kashgar Gore, the picture of Laxi Xian, yeqinna, helangge, and the song of the Three Kingdoms. The song of Kashgar Gore describes the historical process of some officers and soldiers of the Fourth Battalion of Ili who were ordered to go to southern Xinjiang to calm the zhanger rebellion instigated by Britain and Russia in the 1920s. The whole poem of La Xi Xian Tu is nearly a thousand lines, with a strong flavor of life. The characteristics of colloquialism enhance the color of folk music. Yeqinna is an ancient narrative song reflecting the fishing and hunting life of Xibo nationality. With unique national characteristics, each sentence of the poem starts with the word "yeqinna" and connects the upper and lower sections with the rhetorical device of "thimble lattice". Helangge is a love song for lovers, also known as mourning love song. "Ge Ge" is the old Xibo nationality's good name for girls, and can also be used as a nickname for husbands to wives. "Helangge" means "a pity sister (or a pity miss)". The three national anthems is compiled and sung according to the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" widely spread among the masses. It has been spread for more than 100 years and is a historical witness of the cultural exchange between Han and Xi.

There are few existing Xibo folk songs, but their modes are very complex. There are more than 20 kinds of tones, such as four, five, six and seven. Some of them have rare special modes.

Field song

It is also called "Street Song", and Xibo language is called "tarayi Dance Spring". This is the most distinctive folk song of Xibo nationality, and it is considered by the majority of Xibo people to be the inherent folk song of the nation. The objects it sings include everything, from heaven and earth to the sun and moon, from humans to animals. This kind of song has no fixed lyrics, and is often composed and sung by men and women on the spot during family and friends' gatherings on holidays or field work. It is characterized by its melody development techniques, musical structure and lyrics. It is almost entirely composed of two asymmetric phrases, which are strictly imitated five degrees (or four degrees) below the second half of the next sentence; The termination of the two phrases is terminated by the upward progression of the second or third degree below the ending sound to the ending sound, and the fifth degree imitation of the terminating form is particularly strict.

Musical Instruments

Butterfly piano

Butterfly piano, also known as domduokun, is also a musical instrument developed in recent years. Mahogany as like as two peas in the shape of the butterfly shaped instrument, which were identical in shape, we found one string string instrument and one plucked instrument. All four strings were all the butterfly strings. The color of the butterfly organ was like the color of mahogany furniture, antique and antique. Another artist holds a "Butterfly" about 40 cm long in his hand, which is a percussion instrument. The butterfly is made of two iron wires to decorate the tentacles. There are four parallel wooden sticks in the shape of a wooden butterfly. One row is 20 iron rings and the other row is 6 sheep thighs, which are formed alternately. The performer holds the wooden shape of the butterfly and shakes it rhythmically.

Dongboer

Dongboer is a plucked instrument of Xibo nationality. It is generally believed that Dongbula originated from Kazak is reformed on the basis of Manchu's big Sanxian and Kazak's Dongbula. The handle and string axis are similar to the three strings of the Han nationality, and the resonance box and two strings are similar to the Dongbula of the Kazak nationality. It is about 110 cm long, with goat intestines as strings. There are two treasures and two silk strings at the tasteless head. When playing, hold the piano in your arms and play with your elbow and right hand. The timbre is between three strings and Dongbula. It is used for Solo, ensemble and dance accompaniment.

Chulun

Chuo Lun looks like a gourd, so it is also called a gourd Qin. Xibo people first split the gourd into two with a civilian knife, put the pig bladder on it, and two catgut strings. In modern times, chueren has developed from two strings originally developed to four strings today. The sound of the strings is like the soft beauty of the horse head piano. The timbre is beautiful and crisp. It is really the best instrument to sing love songs.

Sports

The traditional entertainment activities of Xibo nationality are rich and colorful, including archery, wrestling, horse racing, wrestling, skating, etc. in addition, there are swing, kite flying, chess (Kata), gaerchuk (leg stone) games, etc.

Taval

Dawar is a kind of sports activity loved by Xibo nationality. It originated from the hunting era of Xibo nationality. It can not only exercise arm strength and eyesight, but also cultivate people's collective concept. Play tile, many people and few people can. Each person holds a square thick wooden block called "tile", which is divided into two groups with equal numbers. Before playing tile, gamble out the standing tile group and playing tile group. The loser stands tile and the winner plays tile. The specific method is as follows: when both sides are on the specified distance line, the tile maker uses the tile to knock down the tile maker's tile, even if it passes. If you can't hit or fall down, you'll be "burned". For the first time, the person who hits the tile should also shout at the head. If he yells wrong or doesn't shout, he will be "burned". Those who "burn to death" are allowed to be saved by others. After they are saved, they can continue to fight. Those who cannot be saved will become tile makers, and the original tile makers will become tile makers. When the head tile is finished, it is more difficult to hit two or three sides step by step. If one person can't finish it, all of them will be "burned", and the tiles will be changed from beating tiles to standing tiles.

Wrestling

Wrestling is a highly antagonistic sport with competitive strength and skills. It is a folk traditional sport loved by Xibo people. Every wedding, festival and other auspicious days shall be held, and the winners shall be rewarded. There are many forms of wrestling. In addition to International Wrestling and Chinese wrestling, there are also national wrestling forms. In classical wrestling, the age and weight of the wrestler should be the same. There is no fixed procedure for wrestling. As long as one side touches the ground with both hands, knees or back, he will lose. One is freestyle wrestling. The players participating in the competition are regardless of weight and time and place. As long as they fall their opponent, they will win. Xibo nationality also has a form of wrestling. The wrestler's legs are packed in a sack, and the mouth of the sack is tied tightly around the waist. Both sides can only fall to each other with the strength and skills of their upper limbs. There is also a kind of horse wrestling, also called horse wrestling. During the competition, the rider holds the bridle in one hand, grabs, pulls, pushes, pushes and twists the other, or presses the bridle on the saddle with the whip in his mouth. When the two horses intersect, both sides try to pull the other off the horse, and pulling off the horse is even a win. In the fight, the two riders often hover left and right, the riders twist together, wrestle and pull, fight wits and bravery, and there are numerous dangers and soul stirring.

taboo

Xibo people pay great attention to etiquette and have some taboos. For example, pants, shoes and socks taken off during sleep cannot be placed high; Do not lie horizontally on the Kang; Do not step over clothes, hats, quilts and pillows; Do not sit on the doorsill or stand or walk during meals. It is strictly prohibited to beat the table and bowl; A daughter-in-law cannot eat at the same table or sit with her father-in-law; When handing a knife to others, you should have the tip of the knife facing yourself and the handle facing each other. You should avoid eating dog meat, and intermarriage with the same surname in the family is prohibited.

ceremony

Xibo nationality has the traditional virtues of paying attention to etiquette, respecting the old and loving the young, being hospitable and advocating cleanliness. In daily life, those who are unfilial to their children and do not support the elderly should be condemned by the society. Teachers are particularly respected in society. The national proverb says that "if you don't respect teachers, you don't respect your parents". Respect for guests is regarded as an important aspect of the civilized quality of a family or family. Keeping clean, protecting water sources and maintaining the appearance image in public places are important manifestations of the nation's social morality and individual morality since ancient times. Etiquette is regarded as the foundation of life. In daily life, if you are kind to your elders and meet again after a long separation, you must give a "thousand" gift, and kneel and kowtow on major festivals, weddings and funerals. This tradition has been handed down to this day.

diet

In the past, Xibo people had many rules that must be observed in their diet, such as hair noodles cake, which is often eaten. When it is served, the sky must face up and the ground must face down. It must be cut into four pieces and placed on one side of the edge of the table. When eating, do not sit on the doorsill or stand and walk. It is forbidden to beat the table and bowl with chopsticks or put chopsticks across the bowl. The whole family was seated according to their elders and children, with the West as the top. In the past, father and son and Weng's daughter-in-law were not allowed to sit at the same table. When you meet your elders on the road, say hello and make way; People of the same generation should say hello to each other when they meet. When guests visit, their daughter-in-law should come out to pack cigarettes and pour tea. If the number of people who pack cigarettes and pour tea is equal to that of the guests, the guests should stand up or lean over and pick it up with both hands; When the guests say goodbye, the whole family should come out and send them to the gate.

Xibo people have an ancient custom of encircling. No matter how much game they hunt, all participants, regardless of size, are equally distributed. Even if passers-by encounter prey, they will get a share without exception. However, the head and hoof of the prey should be distributed to the first hit, which is a reward. Xibe people believe that prey is given by nature, not belonging to anyone, and can not be used alone.

Xibo people not only regard encirclement as a means to obtain food, but also as a symbol of unity and auspiciousness.

marriage

Xibo nationality basically maintains a typical patriarchal marriage form of monogamy and women living with their husband. Some people who have no children recruit their sons in law. The same surname does not marry, but there are occasional marriages between aunts, uncles and cousins. After the founding of new China, the new marriage law was fully implemented in Xibe society, and the bad habits of concubinage, child brides and finger belly marriage were gradually eliminated. Inter ethnic marriages between Xibo and Han nationalities are increasing day by day.

funeral

There are many exquisite things about the funeral of Xibo nationality. In the past, cremation was changed to earth burial with wooden coffins. The Xibo nationality practices burial. Each Hara (Surname) and Mocun has its own cemetery. The old man was baptized after death and knelt when reporting the funeral. Choose a single day for funeral, avoid Shen day and afternoon. The mourning period is usually three days, ranging from five to seven days. Two flags (one is a paper flag and the other is made of red cloth or red silk) are inserted on the tomb pile. Don't visit during the funeral. During the "49 days" of the memorial period, distant relatives need to get rid of filial piety, while lineal relatives need to get rid of filial piety for 100 days. The coffins of unmarried men and women are not used as the bottom, but replaced by reeds. The dead bodies of young children are abandoned in the wild and eaten by birds and animals.

There are many customs in the funeral of the elderly. Generally, when the elderly are critically ill or dying, the children of the family shall not leave. The old man should not die on the Kang. Before swallowing his breath, he should be carried to the temporary bed in the middle of the house, and his son should put on shroud and shoes for the old man. When swallowing, shave the dead, wash his face, cut his nails, hold copper money in his mouth and take money in his hand, and then immediately open the door, which means to let the old man's soul out. Before burial, there are many superstitious stresses, such as covering the dead with "face paper" on their heads, covering their bodies with "tora quilt", putting "long light" and "upside down rice" in front of their heads, and inserting "open eyes" cotton balls. The younger generation of the whole family should wear white filial piety robes and white cloth belts. During condolence and small funeral, the Lama should also be asked to chant scriptures. At the same time, the drummer should also play happy music in front of the door, because this kind of funeral is called "happy funeral". If the deceased is under the age of 60, a sad song will be played.

PierreToubert

There are many exquisite things about the funeral of Xibo nationality. In the past, cremation was changed to earth burial with wooden coffins. The Xibo nationality practices burial. Each Hara (Surname) and Mocun has its own cemetery. The old man was baptized after death and knelt when reporting the funeral. Choose a single day for funeral, avoid Shen day and afternoon. The mourning period is usually three days, ranging from five to seven days. Two flags (one is a paper flag and the other is made of red cloth or red silk) are inserted on the tomb pile. Don't visit during the funeral. During the "49 days" of the memorial period, distant relatives need to get rid of filial piety, while lineal relatives need to get rid of filial piety for 100 days. The coffins of unmarried men and women are not used as the bottom, but replaced by reeds. The dead bodies of young children are abandoned in the wild and eaten by birds and animals.

There are many customs in the funeral of the elderly. Generally, when the elderly are critically ill or dying, the children of the family shall not leave. The old man should not die on the Kang. Before swallowing his breath, he should be carried to the temporary bed in the middle of the house, and his son should put on shroud and shoes for the old man. When swallowing, shave the dead, wash his face, cut his nails, hold copper money in his mouth and take money in his hand, and then immediately open the door, which means to let the old man's soul out. Before burial, there are many superstitious stresses, such as covering the dead with "face paper" on their heads, covering their bodies with "tora quilt", putting "long light" and "upside down rice" in front of their heads, and inserting "open eyes" cotton balls. The younger generation of the whole family should wear white filial piety robes and white cloth belts. During condolence and small funeral, the Lama should also be asked to chant scriptures. At the same time, the drummer should also play happy music in front of the door, because this kind of funeral is called "happy funeral". If the deceased is under the age of 60, a sad song will be played.

Ergulun

Ergulun (1768 -?), a meritorious General of the Qing Dynasty, defended the frontier of the motherland. In the 1920s, with the support of British colonialists, Zhang Ge'er, the grandson of Huo Jizhan, who was exiled in the vast small and outstanding, widely formed his party and invaded Southern Xinjiang on a large scale. They repeatedly harassed nearby, burned, killed and looted, and committed all kinds of evil. In an instant, the southern Xinjiang, which had been stable for a while, was full of war and smoke of gunpowder. Kashgar, Yingjisha, yeertsun and Hotan fell one after another. In the sixth year of Daoguang (1826), ergulun, as the manager of Xibo camp, led a total of 800 Xibo officers and soldiers to rescue the entrenched Qing army and launched a fierce battle with tens of thousands of troops of Zhang GER. Xibe officers and soldiers usually attach great importance to military training, rode and marched with skilled skills. In addition, they are brave and good at fighting. They fought side by side with the Qing army and beat back the zhangger rebels for more than 100 miles and won a complete victory. Ergulun took advantage of the victory to catch zhanger alive in the kartiegai mountain, so that the rebels were headless and the rebellion was put down. The next year, the Qing army recovered Kashgar City. Ergulun led the army to fight fiercely and captured Yingjisha and other three cities. So far, all the four cities in southern Xinjiang were recovered. The imperialist conspiracy went bankrupt and stability was restored in southern Xinjiang. Emperor Daoguang was overjoyed to learn of this letter and ordered that 40 meritorious officers and men be given the title and painted like Ziguang pavilion to commend their loyalty and courage. Emperor Daoguang also summoned ergulun and others, granted him headwear and the title of "guoleming abatulu". Ergulun and his Xibe officers and men made important contributions to the great cause of defending the border of the motherland, maintaining the stability of the border and the reunification of the motherland, smashed the aggressive plot of the British colonialists and calmed Zhang ger's armed rebellion. Their historical achievements are indelible.

SA Linga

SA ling'a (1798-1864) was the son of Er GuLun, a famous general of Xibo nationality. Born in Xibo camp in 1798, inlaid with red flag (liuniu record). He was intelligent and studious in his childhood. Influenced by his family environment, he became a armored man at the age of 18 and was soon selected to work in a stall. In 1824, Xiaoqi school was released again. In 1825, SA ling'a was appointed as the Xiaoqi school with white flag (Wuniu record). On August 27, 1826, the Qing government sent General Yang Wei to lead the Qing army to southern Xinjiang to suppress the rebellion. When officers and soldiers were transferred from each battalion in Ili, SA ling'a, as a brave cavalry School of Xibo camp, also bravely set out in this dispatch. On June 6, 1864, Kuqa city was finally conquered. SA ling'a led dozens of his own soldiers to fight in the street. Outnumbered, he retreated into the office of the minister, lit hundreds of kilograms of gunpowder already prepared, and the whole family committed suicide. On December 6, 1884 (the tenth year of Guangxu's reign), Emperor Guangxu, according to the invitation of general Jin shunzou of Ili, sealed and rewarded the saringa family. His grandson enfeng inherited the official position. Mrs. Kong e Li, who was killed in Kuqa by SA ling'a, was posthumously awarded as Mrs. Yipin.

Sebu Xixian

Sebu Xixian, Xibo nationality, is an outstanding educator of Xibo Nationality in modern times. Sebu Xixian studied hard since childhood, read widely and had both literature and martial arts. He once served as a writer and translator in Xibo camp, and later was promoted to director Soren. In the eighth year of Guangxu (1882), the Qing army recovered Yili, and general Jin Shun stationed in Yili and issued a supplementary subsidy to the officers and soldiers of various tribes and battalions located in Yili. During the reign of Guangxu, at the suggestion of sebuxian, the state funded Xibo students to study in Russia and trained batch after batch of translators who were proficient in Russian. Under the influence of Sebu Xixian's advanced thought, Xibo nationality has formed an educational tradition of learning multiple languages; Xibo cattle records have successively established "Xing society", actively advocated equal access to education for men and women, established mimeograph Xibo cultural publications, introduced advanced ideas and spread progressive culture and art.

Tong Liya

Tong Liya, an actress in mainland China, was born in Yili, Xinjiang on August 8, 1984. In 2002, she won the runner up of the first miss Xinjiang competition and the gold award of the national film and television newcomer selection competition. In 2004, he participated in the Spring Festival Gala of the Ministry of culture and surprised four people with a Xinjiang solo dance. He graduated from the undergraduate class of the performance Department of the Central Academy of drama in 2008. In May 2011, he volunteered as the image ambassador of Xibo nationality.

In 2007, young Li zai'ai played the role in "new love". In 2008, she played the role of Zhao Feiyan in mother's world. In 2009, Tong Liya also starred in "a living face", "servant girl under the big house" and "misty rain and setting sun". In 2010, Huo Jianhua and Tong Liya cooperated for the first time and played Jing Ruyi in a plum blossom. "Impeccable beauty like clouds" plays Yao Hui. He Xiaojun in my affordable man.

In 2011, "Tang Palace beauty world" played dancing city. Tong Liya once again plays the role of a dancer who is good at singing and dancing in the world of beauty. Gong Suoxin jade plays Nian Suyan / Tong Suyan. Nian Suyan, played by Tong Liya, is the female No. 2 in Gong Suoxin jade. Her original name is Tong Suyan. Her historical prototype is the Nian surname of the imperial concubine of Yongzheng emperor dunsu.

In 2011, Tong Liya and Fahrenheit member Wang Dongcheng jointly starred in the suspense love thriller purple house. In the same year, Tong Liya played Tao Meimei in the TV series dream back to the Tang Dynasty and he Xiaojun, the heroine in my affordable man, looking forward to her interpretation.

In 2012, Tong Liya played Shen Bing in the TV drama Beijing love story. Tong Liya's Shen Bing has become the most ideal model girlfriend. He plays Yu Huxin in the TV series love., And Du Chun as a couple. In "love can come again", Tong Liya plays the heroine Lu Jialiang. On November 21, Tong Liya launched her first musical debut "just sing for you" on her microblog and issued a love declaration.

At the 2013 asian idol Festival, she won the annual "most powerful actress" award with "Tangshan earthquake", "weaning" and so on. In 2013, Tong Liya ranked 79th on the Forbes list of Chinese celebrities and served as the image ambassador of the fourth Chinese college students TV Festival. In 2013, he participated in the film version of Beijing love story.

Guan yaomiao

Guan yaomiao was born on December 27, 1978. CCTV program host has successively presided over China Film Channel "movie encyclopedia", tourism satellite TV "clothing and makeup prosperous age", "on time broadcasting", "tourism Star Station" and other strong programs. And starred in many films and TV dramas.

Bai Jing

Bai Jing, (June 4, 1983 - February 28, 2012), female, from tiaobingshan City, Liaoning Province, has acted in many films and TV dramas, such as blood Xiangxi, Kung Fu Yongchun, seeing the dragon and removing armor. At school, he has acted in dozens of musicals. After graduation, he was accepted by Chinese children's art and has been active on the musical stage.