Maonan Nationality

Maonan people in Guangxi call themselves "Ananda" or "Ai Nan" (single name) and "embarrassed Nan" (public name), which means "people in this place". Translated into Chinese, it means "Maonan people". Zhuang people call Maonan people "Bunan", "wenmaonan" and so on, and the translation meaning is also "Maonan people".

The name "Maonan" comes from the place name. It was first seen in the answer outside the ridge written by Zhou qufei during the Chunxi period of the Southern Song Dynasty (1174-1189). The book said: "Zirong (prefecture) has Yizhou in the southwest. It is suitable to be located in the belly of Qun barbarians, including Nandan Prefecture, Anhua, Libo, Yinghe, Wutong, Maotan and Fushui." These places include today's Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County in Guangxi, the adjacent Nandan county, and the adjacent Libo County in Guizhou. "Maotan" also wrote "Maotan". At that time, the "three South" area was called "Maotan", which called the people here "Maotan man". Later Chinese ancient books and inscriptions also used homonyms such as "Maonan", "Maonan" and "Maonan" to record the names of the region and its administrative units. Such as "Maotan regiment" and "Maotan fort" in the yuan and Ming Dynasties. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong (1736-1795), Maonan people established the tan family genealogy, and records of "Mao Nan soil Miao place", "Mao Nan Jia" and "Lai Mao Nan place" began to appear in the inscriptions, which is the official emergence of the name of Maonan Nationality.

After ethnic identification in July 1956, Maonan Nationality was officially identified as a single nationality, known as "Maonan Nationality". In June 1986, according to the opinions of the ethnic group, it was approved by the State Council to be changed to "Maonan Nationality". Maonan people in Guizhou call themselves "Ai Rao", "Yin Tun" and "Ai Tun", which also mean "local people" and "own people". Other ethnic groups call them "Luoluo" or "Feiao", which was officially recognized as "Maonan Nationality" on July 27, 1990.

According to the genealogy of the Maonan surname Tan, the ancestor Tan Sanxiao moved from Wuling County, Changde Prefecture, Hunan Province during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty (the middle of the 16th century), intermarried with the local people and multiplied to form a national community.

For the origin of Maonan Nationality, there are few historical records, and the records of local chronicles, inscriptions and genealogies are also unknown. It is generally believed that Maonan Nationality has a relationship with Buyi Nationality, Mulao nationality, Gelao nationality and other southern nationalities, which are all developed from the Baiyue branch of Lingnan.

During the Yin and Shang Dynasties, Baiyue people were active in the vast area south of the Yangtze River. Maonan Nationality developed from "Luoyue people" before Qin and Han Dynasties and "Liao people" during Sui and Tang Dynasties. During the song and Yuan Dynasties, some Liao people and the nationalities of the Dongshui language branch were collectively referred to as "actors". According to Guangxi Tongzhi Zhuman, when Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty was in Shaoxing, "pacify LV Yuanzhong to lure down 31 species of manling, Nong, Liao and Dong, 27 in Texas, 125 in counties, 40 in villages and 179 in caves". Ling, Nong, Liao, Dong and other Mountain Nationalities exchanged and integrated with each other after they became obedient. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, "kuyou selling actors", one of the "actors", merged with other nationalities in the three southern areas around the Yangtze River to form Maonan Nationality, which was called "feint" in Guizhou. From these historical materials, we can see the development process of Maonan Nationality from Luo Yue, Liao people, actors, "feint" people, bitter people selling actors to finally forming a national community.

In order to resist the oppression of the feudal ruling class, the Maonan people have constantly fought. In the fourth year of song Qingli (1044), the resistance struggle led by Xi fan, a native of si'en county (now Huanjiang County, Guangxi), broke through Huanzhou and other places, and the struggle lasted for a year. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty, Liu bingtou, Liu TongLao and Liu Afu of Maonan Nationality in Guizhou jointly resisted the rule and exploitation of the local chieftain Yang. During the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom revolution, when Shi Dakai returned to Guangxi, many Maonan people joined the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom army. During the second revolutionary civil war, the seventh red army went north through Maonan areas, which had a considerable impact. During the war of resistance against Japan, Maonan people responded to the call of the party and organized Anti Japanese people's guerrillas together with the Han, Zhuang and other ethnic groups to attack the Japanese aggressors head-on until the final victory of the war of resistance against Japan.

In October 1949, under the leadership of the party, the Maonan people, together with the Han, Zhuang and other ethnic groups, organized an armed force of more than 200 people, annihilated the seventh Kuomintang puppet security regiment trying to occupy the Maonan area, captured more than 100 enemies and seized more than 150 guns, effectively cooperating with the people's Liberation Army to liberate the Maonan area. In the long-term common struggle, the relationship between Maonan people and Han, Zhuang and other people has become increasingly close.

Before the founding of new China, Maonan areas were basically in an autonomous administrative system with the integration of government and nationality. Maonan people live together with the same family name. Families live together in one village with the same ancestor. Generally, one family name is one village cave. The Maonan Nationality in Pingtang County, Guizhou is mainly surnamed Liu and Shi. The most Maonan Nationality in Huanjiang County is tan, accounting for more than 70% of the total population. In addition, there are surnames such as Wei, Qin, yuan and Lu. The village is built close to the mountain, with dozens of households at most and dozens of households at least. The largest is no more than 100 households. Maonan villages are called "longban" (Village) and "Xiaotong" (cave) respectively. "Dragon Office" has a large number of households, ranging from 20 to 50 or 60, and even more than 100 to 200. "Xiaotong" has at least 3-5 households, and more than 30-40 households. Some live alone on the hillside or on the top of the mountain in order to reclaim a mountain.

According to historical records, Guangxi Maonan area was under the jurisdiction of Qingyuan Road in the Yuan Dynasty. In the first year of Zhengde of the Ming Dynasty (1506), si'en county was changed to hechizhou. The system of Township, lane and class A is implemented in si'en. The county is divided into 4 townships, 23 lane and 39 class A. In the Qing Dynasty, Sien County belonged to Qingyuan Prefecture. The Administrative Establishment and subordination relationship in the past dynasties have changed constantly. During the Xianfeng Period, the county was divided into five regiments: the front, the middle, the left, the right and the rear. Under the regiment, there was a "regiment a system" integrating military and political affairs. Maonan areas were under the jurisdiction of the rear regiment. During the reign of Guangxu, Mao Nanjia was set up here, belonging to Ningxiang, sienfu town. Under "a", there are upper, middle and lower "amount", and "amount" is set as "group president". "Amount" is divided into "brand" and "brand" has "brand head", which generally governs ten households. After the revolution of 1911, the regiment armour system of the Qing Dynasty has been followed. After 1933, the system of Township, village and class A was implemented. Maonan was divided into three townships: Shangnan, Zhongnan and Xianan. Shangnan Township governs 43 villages such as Longsheng, Baolou, Puli, Gaoling, Yuhuan, Zhongle and chaimen. Zhongnan Township governs 21 villages such as Xinfu, Shemo, Shangba, Renyi, Shangyi, ganqiang, changya (including Nanchang and Songyan), Xindong and Mudong. Xianan Township governs Liuwei street and 24 villages such as Bochuan, Mengren, Jingyang, Fengxia, Jianzai, Xinglong, Xiyuan, houken and Subang.

In the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty, there was already a social organization called "longkuan" in the Maonan area of Huanjiang County. The highly respected men were elected by the public as "village elders" (the Maonan people in Guizhou called them leaders or village elders) to preside over internal public affairs, weddings and funerals. Until the period of the Republic of China, the remnants of this organization remained in Yuhuan, Xiacheng, Tangba, Bochuan and other villages inhabited by Maonan Nationality. The "village elders" presided over the formulation of township regulations and people's covenants that everyone must abide by, known as "longkuan" or "Yelang" and "seedling protection committee", so as to safeguard the common interests and safety of the villages under their jurisdiction. The laws and regulations stipulated in the "long fund" include inscriptions or boards standing in front of relevant villages, as well as oral recitations. For example, before spring ploughing every year, Maonan people in Guizhou hold a "Baojia meeting" with the village as the unit, and formulate a "seedling protection law" to manage the local social order and production order. The "village elders" often hold joint meetings, where the "village elders" gather to negotiate the common affairs of each village, coordinate the relationship between each village, and exchange experience, gains and losses in the implementation of the "hammer regulations".

In addition to the village elders, the Maonan natural village also has the aforementioned Paitou, Xue Dong, Wu Xianggong and Wen Xianggong. "Paitou" is elected by the villagers or appointed by the government to be responsible for grain pressing. Regardless of civil disputes, when the village and cave have something to mediate, he is also invited to attend. "Xuedong" is the elder responsible for running schools in Maonan villages and caves. The Wu Xianggong in the village and cave must master boxing and martial arts, master a set of skills of riding and archery, and have taken an examination in the county or government. Only after passing the examination can he be awarded the title of Wu Xianggong. It is said that Mr. Wu sent a "newspaper" to congratulate him when he got home and set off firecrackers. He pasted the "newspaper" beside the gate. In this way, he was recognized as the Wu Xianggong of the village and cave. Mr. Wu is responsible for running a boxing school and convening young people to learn martial arts and strengthen their health. In addition to the obligation to teach martial arts, if a foreign enemy invades, he will organize group training to resist. Sometimes during the Spring Festival, the martial minister also led a team to perform martial arts.

On November 24, 1949, Sien county was liberated, and the party and government organs of Sien county were officially established on January 1, 1950. After the founding of new China, the people of Maonan Nationality Areas actively cooperated with the new regime, carried out the struggle against bandits and hegemony and land reform, established the people's regime, abolished the feudal land ownership, realized that the tiller had his own land and turned himself into the master of the country. On September 5, 1984, the people's Government of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region approved the establishment of Shangnan and Xianan Maonan townships. On November 1, 1986, the State Council approved the cancellation of Huanjiang County and the establishment of Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County. On February 14, 1990, the fourth session of the Ninth People's Congress of Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County adopted the regulations on the autonomy of Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County. The formulation and implementation of the regulations is a major event in the political life of the Maonan people around the river. In 1992, Guizhou Provincial People's Government approved the establishment of Kapu Maonan Township in Pingtang county.

Maonan people are mainly engaged in agricultural production, supplemented by breeding and sideline industry. They mainly grow miscellaneous grains and rice in a few areas. Due to the shortage of cultivated land, people cherish soil like gold, pay attention to intensive cultivation, and implement rotation, intercropping and interplanting. Cattle are not only a good helper for Maonan people to farm, transport fertilizer and pull firewood, but also raising vegetable cattle has become the main economic source of Maonan families.

For a long time, Maonan area has developed slowly. In the late Ming Dynasty, they also used wooden hoes and plows. In the Qing Dynasty, various iron tools were widely used, the land began to concentrate gradually, and the class differentiation was obvious. At this time, there were many poor and dimensionless "Da Huo" (equivalent to farm workers), only a small amount of land "exposed to fire" (equivalent to poor peasants), self-sufficient "Ma Wu" (equivalent to middle peasants), and "Fen Nai" (equivalent to landlords and rich peasants) occupying a large amount of land. Fennai ruthlessly exploited "Da Huo" and "suffer from fire" through land rent, usury and hiring workers. The annual interest rate of usury is as high as 100%. When farmers rent the land of landlords and rich peasants, they should produce their own seeds and fertilizers. Generally, they should be responsible for paying 10 ~ 20% of taxes first, and the remaining tenants should be divided equally. The actual income of farmers is only 30 ~ 40%. In addition, there are a small number of slaves who were bought by the landlords or lost their debts and served for the landlords for life. At that time, the arable land and large mountains and forests in the "Tiandong" were all privately owned. Only a few stone mountains and pastures far away from the village were shared by the villages, but they were soon invaded by "fennai".

Until the founding of new China, Maonan areas had inconvenient transportation, insufficient food, and it was difficult for people and animals to drink water and travel. The agricultural production conditions were still very poor, and the iron tools used at that time were still relatively simple. Hoes and foot plows were mainly used for farmland ploughing, and crop shears were generally used for rice harvesting, which was inefficient and the yield was not high. The yield per mu of rice is 200 ~ 300 kg, that of a few muddy fields (commonly known as cold water fields) is only about 100 kg, that of sweet potato is 200 ~ 300 kg, and that of corn is only 100 ~ 200 kg. In addition, they were brutally exploited by landlords and rich peasants, and the people's life was very difficult.

After the founding of new China, the Communist Party of China and the people's government actively led the Maonan people to build reservoirs, mountain ponds and drinking water reservoirs, and vigorously engaged in the construction of farmland and water conservancy. Five reservoirs with a water storage capacity of more than 60000 cubic meters have been built in the Maonan mountain area around the river, especially Nanchuan reservoir with a water capacity of 1.3 million cubic meters, which ensures the irrigation of farmland in Maonan mountain township. More than 100 Shantang water tanks have been built, so that there are pools at the end of Wutou village, and tap water has been used in some places. There are 453 pools and water kilns built in Kapu Maonan Township, Pingtang, Guizhou, which can store 16282 cubic meters of water, 12.95 kilometers of human drinking pipelines are also laid, and tap water is used in some villages. The effective solution to the problem of people storing drinking water has fundamentally improved the production and living conditions in Maonan areas.

faith

Maonan people are mainly engaged in agricultural production, supplemented by breeding and sideline industry. They mainly grow miscellaneous grains and rice in a few areas. Due to the shortage of cultivated land, people cherish soil like gold, pay attention to intensive cultivation, and implement rotation, intercropping and interplanting. Cattle are not only a good helper for Maonan people to farm, transport fertilizer and pull firewood, but also raising vegetable cattle has become the main economic source of Maonan families.

For a long time, Maonan area has developed slowly. In the late Ming Dynasty, they also used wooden hoes and plows. In the Qing Dynasty, various iron tools were widely used, the land began to concentrate gradually, and the class differentiation was obvious. At this time, there were many poor and dimensionless "Da Huo" (equivalent to farm workers), only a small amount of land "exposed to fire" (equivalent to poor peasants), self-sufficient "Ma Wu" (equivalent to middle peasants), and "Fen Nai" (equivalent to landlords and rich peasants) occupying a large amount of land. Fennai ruthlessly exploited "Da Huo" and "suffer from fire" through land rent, usury and hiring workers. The annual interest rate of usury is as high as 100%. When farmers rent the land of landlords and rich peasants, they should produce their own seeds and fertilizers. Generally, they should be responsible for paying 10 ~ 20% of taxes first, and the remaining tenants should be divided equally. The actual income of farmers is only 30 ~ 40%. In addition, there are a small number of slaves who were bought by the landlords or lost their debts and served for the landlords for life. At that time, the arable land and large mountains and forests in the "Tiandong" were all privately owned. Only a few stone mountains and pastures far away from the village were shared by the villages, but they were soon invaded by "fennai".

Until the founding of new China, Maonan areas had inconvenient transportation, insufficient food, and it was difficult for people and animals to drink water and travel. The agricultural production conditions were still very poor, and the iron tools used at that time were still relatively simple. Hoes and foot plows were mainly used for farmland ploughing, and crop shears were generally used for rice harvesting, which was inefficient and the yield was not high. The yield per mu of rice is 200 ~ 300 kg, that of a few muddy fields (commonly known as cold water fields) is only about 100 kg, that of sweet potato is 200 ~ 300 kg, and that of corn is only 100 ~ 200 kg. In addition, they were brutally exploited by landlords and rich peasants, and the people's life was very difficult.

After the founding of new China, the Communist Party of China and the people's government actively led the Maonan people to build reservoirs, mountain ponds and drinking water reservoirs, and vigorously engaged in the construction of farmland and water conservancy. Five reservoirs with a water storage capacity of more than 60000 cubic meters have been built in the Maonan mountain area around the river, especially Nanchuan reservoir with a water capacity of 1.3 million cubic meters, which ensures the irrigation of farmland in Maonan mountain township. More than 100 Shantang water tanks have been built, so that there are pools at the end of Wutou village, and tap water has been used in some places. There are 453 pools and water kilns built in Kapu Maonan Township, Pingtang, Guizhou, which can store 16282 cubic meters of water, 12.95 kilometers of human drinking pipelines are also laid, and tap water is used in some villages. The effective solution to the problem of people storing drinking water has fundamentally improved the production and living conditions in Maonan areas.

diet

The food of Maonan Nationality is mainly rice and corn, supplemented by sorghum, millet, sweet potato and pumpkin. One of the biggest characteristics of their eating customs is "using acid for all tastes". He likes pickled meat, sour snails and pickled vegetables, which are traditional dishes for guests. There are a lot of acid foods, especially the "Maonan three acids", that is, Maonan people call themselves "belly awakening", "suofe" and "pot stewing". "Belly awakening" is to slice the pig and beef, marinate them thoroughly with raw salt, place them for two or three days, steam an appropriate amount of fragrant glutinous rice into rice, then put them in a dustpan to cool, knead them evenly with the cut meat slices, and put them in an altar to press and seal them. The longer you marinate in the jar, the more delicious it tastes. "Wake up with belly" is a sign of Maonan people's deep enthusiasm. Suofe is a kind of snail soup with special sour taste. The preparation method is to dry fry the washed snails with lard, after they are thoroughly cooked and fragrant, pour them into the jar while hot, seal them for three months, and then remove the cover for eating. "Weng simmer" is a kind of salted pickled vegetable jar. It is used to pickle all kinds of vegetables, such as radish, beans, cucumber, ginger, pepper, etc. this pickle jar can prevent melons, fruits and vegetables from deteriorating for a long time.

In addition to cooking rice and porridge with rice, Maonan people also like to make all kinds of food with staple grains or miscellaneous grains, such as "Maonan rice", "glutinous rice Ciba", "sweet potato" and so on. Drinking is a great hobby of Maonan people. Everyone who holds weddings, funerals and guests come home should drink. Almost every family uses their own rice, corn, sweet potato, pumpkin and other brewed liquor, the degree of alcohol is not high, generally about 20 degrees. Most adult men of Maonan Nationality smoke, but they all smoke local dry tobacco leaves and rarely use foreign cigarettes.

Architecture

The rooms of Maonan people are in the style of dry bars. The gables inside and outside the dry fence are all made of wood and stone, with a three Bay wide surface, a hall in the middle and wing rooms on both sides. The dry fence is generally divided into two layers, the upper layer is occupied by people, the lower layer is used to keep livestock and stack farm tools, firewood and other sundries, and there is a sun terrace outside the door. Such a building structure has sufficient daylighting, moisture-proof and solid.

Maonan people live in Dashi mountain area. There are stones everywhere. Therefore, the house foundation or gable are mostly made of refined stone, and the stone steps to the door are made of long stones. Maonan dialect is called "Tu Jie" (meaning stone ladder).

The building columns of the dry fence are also stone columns. Even the threshold, sun terrace, cowpen, table, stool, water tank and water basin are built or carved with stone. Many families have carved patterns of flowers, birds, fish and insects on these stone products, which are both durable and beautiful. After the 1980s, the dry fence buildings were phased out, and the hard mountain purlin buildings and square box buildings with brick concrete structure were rebuilt. Generally, they are also two floors, and some buildings with better economy are built with a height of 3 ~ 5 floors.

Clothes & Accessories

Maonan costumes are similar to the nearby Zhuang and Mulao ethnic groups according to gender, age, season, purpose and society

The different status of the society has formed various types and styles.

Both men and women like to wear blue and cyan blouses, and avoid wearing white clothes. They only wear them at funerals. Men's clothes are called five button clothes without lace. It is characterized by five bright copper buttons, so Maonan is called "bone Erni", which means five button clothes. One collar button, three right lapels, vertically opposite to the collar button, and one at the navel, with a placket below. The garment pocket is sewn in the right skirt without exposure. When dressed, the head is wrapped with a black scarf, about eight feet long. It is wrapped around the head regularly from left to right. There is a cloth beard at one end of the headscarf, exposing the top of the head. When walking, the cloth beard shakes and looks like a small sheep's horn. Therefore, it is called a sheep's horn towel. In Maonan dialect, it is called "hanging claw". Dress up with an eight foot long black belt around the waist. The two ends of the belt are inlaid with red, green, yellow, blue and white wool into serrated cloth whiskers. The colored cloth at both ends of the waist must be exposed, wear wide trousers below, and wear cloth shoes with white background and black face.

Maonan women often wear blue or blue right placket tops. The biggest feature of women's clothing is the left placket tops and trousers inlaid with three layers of black lace. Most of the clothes are blue or blue cloth, with silver jewelry and top card flowers. They are dignified, beautiful and simple. The girls also tied a small rectangular waistband with beautiful patterns embroidered on it. With silver bracelets, blue and white.

Maonan women love to wear embroidered shoes, including "double bridge", "cat nose" and "cloud head". "Double bridge"

The shoes are in red and green colors, and are inlaid with two lace on the vamp, which is like two stone arch bridges crossing the river and a pair of rainbows absorbing water, so it is named. "Cat nose" shoes use five-color flower bands. The upper forming a hook on the upper is embroidered with cloud lotus root pattern, which is exquisite and elegant. These embroidered shoes are usually kept in boxes and are only taken out for wedding banquets and visiting relatives. Usually wear black cloth shoes at home.

In addition to the commonly used silver bracelets, earrings and silver collars, the silver ornaments of Maonan Nationality also include silver kirins, silver rings, silver hairpins, hat ornaments, silver trembling flowers, silver hairpins, silver combs, etc.

With the progress and development of society, the costumes of Maonan people are also being updated and changed. The blue and blue earth cloth dyed with blue indigo in the past is being replaced by Western clothes and leisure clothes in various colors of red, blue, black and purple. Some national costumes with mountain characteristics can only be seen on festive festivals.

language

Maonan costumes are similar to the nearby Zhuang and Mulao ethnic groups according to gender, age, season, purpose and society

The different status of the society has formed various types and styles.

Both men and women like to wear blue and cyan blouses, and avoid wearing white clothes. They only wear them at funerals. Men's clothes are called five button clothes without lace. It is characterized by five bright copper buttons, so Maonan is called "bone Erni", which means five button clothes. One collar button, three right lapels, vertically opposite to the collar button, and one at the navel, with a placket below. The garment pocket is sewn in the right skirt without exposure. When dressed, the head is wrapped with a black scarf, about eight feet long. It is wrapped around the head regularly from left to right. There is a cloth beard at one end of the headscarf, exposing the top of the head. When walking, the cloth beard shakes and looks like a small sheep's horn. Therefore, it is called a sheep's horn towel. In Maonan dialect, it is called "hanging claw". Dress up with an eight foot long black belt around the waist. The two ends of the belt are inlaid with red, green, yellow, blue and white wool into serrated cloth whiskers. The colored cloth at both ends of the waist must be exposed, wear wide trousers below, and wear cloth shoes with white background and black face.

Maonan women often wear blue or blue right placket tops. The biggest feature of women's clothing is the left placket tops and trousers inlaid with three layers of black lace. Most of the clothes are blue or blue cloth, with silver jewelry and top card flowers. They are dignified, beautiful and simple. The girls also tied a small rectangular waistband with beautiful patterns embroidered on it. With silver bracelets, blue and white.

Maonan women love to wear embroidered shoes, including "double bridge", "cat nose" and "cloud head". "Double bridge"

The shoes are in red and green colors, and are inlaid with two lace on the vamp, which is like two stone arch bridges crossing the river and a pair of rainbows absorbing water, so it is named. "Cat nose" shoes use five-color flower bands. The upper forming a hook on the upper is embroidered with cloud lotus root pattern, which is exquisite and elegant. These embroidered shoes are usually kept in boxes and are only taken out for wedding banquets and visiting relatives. Usually wear black cloth shoes at home.

In addition to the commonly used silver bracelets, earrings and silver collars, the silver ornaments of Maonan Nationality also include silver kirins, silver rings, silver hairpins, hat ornaments, silver trembling flowers, silver hairpins, silver combs, etc.

With the progress and development of society, the costumes of Maonan people are also being updated and changed. The blue and blue earth cloth dyed with blue indigo in the past is being replaced by Western clothes and leisure clothes in various colors of red, blue, black and purple. Some national costumes with mountain characteristics can only be seen on festive festivals.

etiquette

The traditional life etiquette of Maonan people is also very characteristic. When a woman is pregnant, her family will invite Shigong to sacrifice ghosts and gods to get rid of the disaster, which is called "sacrifice solution", so that the pregnant woman can spend the pregnancy safely and the fetus can be born smoothly. "Sacrificial solution" has seven ways: blood plate solution, blood Luo solution, falling well solution, half way solution, seven well closure, flat head killing solution and seven order closure. After the child is born, a series of ceremonies will be held, such as "three morning meeting", "selling cat month", "fat and solid table", etc. "Cat selling month" is called "farewell cat" in Maonan dialect. It is held on the 33rd day after the child is born. It is the first time that the mother visits the house after childbirth. Which one do you want to visit? Give a notice to the other party first, so that the other party can be prepared, so as to give back some gifts. The old man said: give back gifts, and then the children won't bite the corners of their clothes and fingers. "Feiguji" is a large-scale wedding banquet second only to the wedding banquet. Most of them are held when the children are five or six months old, some are held when the children are one year old, and rarely more than two years old. At that time, the relatives and friends of the master's family will send gift bags to congratulate, and the relatives and family members of grandma's family will give braces, sheets and other things.

Maonan people are over sixty years old. If they are weak and sick, they are called "falling horse" by the people. To "dump a horse", we need to find a fortune teller to choose "help a horse" on an auspicious day, commonly known as "adding food to supplement longevity". In the past, Maonan people believed that people were old, weak and sick. Eating "baijiami" would restore health and prolong life as soon as possible. There are two forms of "grain supplement for longevity": one is that the family has a relatively affluent economy. The children prepare several tables of wine and vegetables, invite relatives and friends to come home to "send grain supplement for longevity" to the elderly, and invite a Shigong to hold the "grain supplement for longevity" ceremony. This kind of activity is usually held on the Double Ninth Festival. The other is that the family economy is more difficult. If they can't afford to hold the ceremony of "adding grain and supplementing longevity", the elderly will rush to the polder to "ask for grain and supplementing longevity". On the day of catching up with the fair, the old man first prepared some pocket money and went to the rice grain store to beg for rice. When the old man came to the rice stall, he first asked the seller, "can I ask you for some rice?" the seller saw that the old man came to ask for rice. He knew it was used to "add food and prolong life", and was willing to offer "food". The old man grabbed a handful of rice by himself, and then dropped some pocket money into the rice basket to express his reward. After asking for dozens of stalls, you can get about three or four kilograms of rice. After returning home, the rice is specially for the old man to eat until it is finished. In this way, we can only rush to a fair to ask for rice. If we haven't recovered our health after eating, we still have to hold a banquet, hold a "food supplement for longevity" ceremony, and invite relatives and friends to "send food supplement for longevity". This custom reflects the fine tradition of respecting the old and loving the young of Maonan Nationality, which is still popular until now.

education

Maonan Nationality has a fine tradition of respecting teachers and culture. As early as the seventh year of Qingli in the Song Dynasty (1047), there began to be Confucian precepts (government offices) in si'en county. The school palace was founded in the 36th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1608). After the 18th century, private schools were widely established in maonanshan township. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, there were 8 private schools in Shangnan township.

Before and after the revolution of 1911, with the wide spread of democratic thought and cultural and scientific knowledge, schools and private schools were changed into rural primary schools to meet the desire of more children to go to school. In the early 1930s, many Maonan families sent their children to Sien County, Qingyuan (now Yishan), Liuzhou, Guilin and other places to study in middle schools or normal schools.

However, the overall education in Maonan areas is still very backward. Until 1950, there were only 24 primary schools in Xianan District, including two central schools with 1229 students.

literature

The oral myths, legends, folk stories, folk songs, riddles and jokes of Maonan Nationality are quite rich, which truly reflects the morality, values and artistic cultivation of Maonan people.

More than 30 kinds of Maonan folk songs, more than 200 prose works and more than 30000 lines of rhyme lyrics have been collected. Such as the legend of Pangu, the legend of Sanjiu, the buffalo's upper teeth fall with laughter, six officials of the grand master, dingka flower, seven female peaks, Pangu song, December song, April to eat tender bamboo shoots, love stone and so on have been handed down by the Maonan people from generation to generation.

Sports

Maonan people hold some sports according to the time and place between the agricultural slack festivals. The main sports include the same filling, the same top, playing top, playing cotton ball, ground Guniu, throwing sandbags, playing three chess, etc. Among them, "tongfill" and "Tongding" have also participated in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and the national minority traditional sports games and won awards.

"Fill in together" means that two people fight. In this competition, draw a circle with a diameter of about 3 meters on the ground. The size of the circle can be arbitrarily determined according to the size of the site. Draw a straight center line in the middle of the circle. During the competition, the athletes bend their forearms in front of their chest, hold the elbow joints at the lower ends of the left and right upper arms with both hands, spread their feet about 50 cm, squat down, and the athletes arch each other with their whole body strength. Those who are arched out of the circle are losers. The competition rules of "same top" and "same filling" are similar. It uses a two meter long wooden bar with a straight diameter of about eight centimeters, and a red cloth (rope is also OK) is tied in the middle of the wooden bar. Each team has 3 or 4 players (also one-to-one). The athletes tie a belt around their waist. If there is no belt, several layers of cloth can be used to pad their abdomen. At the beginning of the competition, athletes a and B stand face-to-face for one meter at the center line, and the red cloth (or rope) tied in the middle of the wooden bar is aligned with the center line. The referee lifts the wooden bar, and the athletes hold one end of the wooden bar with both hands and place it on their own belt or cutting cloth, Open the left foot or front bow and rear arrow. As soon as the whistle rings, both sides make great efforts to top. Whoever is knocked down or out of the line will lose. If there are many people, the one above will step on the palm of the crossed palm of the person below, in a horse riding shape, with his hand and shoulder against the wooden pole. The whole team will work together to push the central suspension line of the wooden pole over the other party's specified line, which is the winner.

"Di Guniu" is a favorite sports activity of Maonan Nationality in Kapu Township, Pingtang County, Guizhou Province. It is similar to "same filling" but different. The competition is held on the flat ground. First draw the middle line and sideline, and then the two people put their heads on the middle line, or shoulder to shoulder, to form a "bullfight". "Guangxi Tongzhi" said: "hit like a sheep with the first touch" refers to this activity. The game is announced to begin. They push hard. Whoever is pushed outside the sideline will lose.

music

Maonan Nationality is a nation good at singing. Maonan folk songs are rich in content and unique in style. There are four kinds of folk songs commonly used: "Bi", "Huan", "Pai Jian" and "play".

It is called "Bi" with seven words and eight sentences. It is also called "Lo Hi" song because there is an ending "Lo Hi" after the two sentences.

A five word, four sentence or eight sentence congratulatory song sung in the festival is called "Huan".

The narrative song, which is sung by one person and narrates historical stories and ancestral sources, takes seven words as a sentence, four sentences as a song, a group of several songs, and then combined into a piece. One piece is less than ten sentences, and more than hundreds of sentences, which is called "paijian".

"Shua" is a lively nursery rhyme in a minor. Each sentence has five words and four sentences. It belongs to the category of nursery rhymes.

dance

"Maonan opera" originated from the folk and formed in Taoist God jumping programs. It is mostly some traditional plays reflecting the struggle life and joys and sorrows of the ancient working people, as well as folklore. Maonan opera integrates song and dance, drama, folk songs, ballads and the dance of "Shigong". During the performance, dialogue, song and dance are used together, accompanied by erhu, flute, suona, bronze drum and so on.

Maonan dance in Guizhou has various forms, such as monkey dance, torch dance, Gate dance and so on.

carving

Maonan carving is very famous.

Among the colorful stone carving art, the carving of stone tombs is the most distinctive. Today, the ancient tombs on fengteng mountain in the southeast of Tangba village, Xianan township are typical representatives of Maonan stone carvings. This is the "cemetery" of Maonan ancestors, with more than 700 large and small ancient tombs. Tan Sanxiao, the ancestor of Maonan, is buried here. These tombs are all made of large blocks of marble. Tombstones, arches and stone columns stand tall. On them are carved regular script couplets, epitaphs and exquisite, beautiful and colorful story patterns with round knives and pens. The stone tomb pillars hold the double eaves stone pavilions, engraved with the images of warriors leaping their horses, Jiang Taigong fishing by the river, Confucian scholars studying hard in the cold window, Lei Wang, water god and so on. Between the two tomb pillars, there is a huge tombstone. Large elegiac couplets are engraved on both sides of the tombstone. Lifelike patterns such as Phoenix, thrush, crane, bat, swimming fish, sika deer, peach, Cangsong, Narcissus and elephant are engraved on the side of the couplet to symbolize good luck, longevity, high salary, honesty and other wishes and praise. Ancient tombs are like an ancient city with alternating pavilions. They are one of the art treasures of Maonan mountain township.

As a historical witness to the development of Maonan Nationality, Maonan ancient tombs have been approved as key cultural relics protection units at the autonomous region level.

weave

Maonan mountain township is rich in bamboo. Maonan people are generally good at weaving all kinds of bamboo hats and mats with bamboo.

The bamboo ware woven by Maonan people is exquisite and durable. The most famous is the flower bamboo hat made of local golden bamboo and black bamboo. Commonly known as "Maonan hat", also known as "top cover flower", which means "flower under the hat". This kind of hat is exquisite, beautiful and very practical. It is a unique handicraft of Maonan Nationality. The production method is: chop the bamboo into bamboo strips as thin as half a match stem, and weave them into fine and beautiful patterns.

Bamboo mats made by Maonan people are also famous. Maonan mat takes the local rich "bubble bamboo" as the main raw material. It is first cut into thin strips with a knife and woven by hand. It has strong toughness, smooth and cool.

festival

Maonan mountain township is rich in bamboo. Maonan people are generally good at weaving all kinds of bamboo hats and mats with bamboo.

The bamboo ware woven by Maonan people is exquisite and durable. The most famous is the flower bamboo hat made of local golden bamboo and black bamboo. Commonly known as "Maonan hat", also known as "top cover flower", which means "flower under the hat". This kind of hat is exquisite, beautiful and very practical. It is a unique handicraft of Maonan Nationality. The production method is: chop the bamboo into bamboo strips as thin as half a match stem, and weave them into fine and beautiful patterns.

Bamboo mats made by Maonan people are also famous. Maonan mat takes the local rich "bubble bamboo" as the main raw material. It is first cut into thin strips with a knife and woven by hand. It has strong toughness, smooth and cool.

marriage and love

Maonan families are generally monogamous.

Maonan young men and women have the freedom to sing and fall in love, but marriage is mainly decided by their parents. From blind date, engagement to wedding, they are carried out under the guidance of their parents. Maonan people's wedding is cumbersome, unique and interesting.

Maonan wedding is divided into "female wedding" and "male wedding". "Women's wedding" is a small-scale wedding with few bride price gifts and simple procedures. It is an ordinary peasant wedding. The "men's wedding" has a large scale, a wide range of gifts and a large welcoming team. In addition to including all the procedures of the "women's wedding", it also has many scenes of ostentation and wealth, which can only be done by wealthy families.

There is the marriage custom of "not leaving the husband's house". After the wedding, the newly married daughter-in-law will go back to her mother's house for a few days, and then be picked up by her husband's house. Only after giving birth to children can she live in her husband's house for a long time.

funeral

After Maonan people died, they were buried in earth, and asked Shigong to "chant scriptures for burial". In particular, the funeral of the elderly is generally very grand and solemn, and a series of ceremonies are held before burial.

Yuan FengChen (1931 ~ 1981): from Huanjiang County, Guangxi. poet. A member of the Communist Party of China. He started work in 1951 and successively served as deputy secretary and Secretary of the working committee of Chuanshan District of Huanjiang County of the Communist Youth League, assistant judge, judge and vice president of Huanjiang County People's court, person in charge of the county cultural center and deputy director of the County Cultural Bureau. He is a member of Guangxi Branch of China Writers Association, a member of Folk Literature Research Association of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, a member of Guangxi Literary Federation and a member of ethnic literature of Guangxi Branch of Writers Association. His works mainly include the long narrative poem "to the right" (in cooperation with Meng Guorong), the short poem "a better future, a wider future" and "now rice milling machine". He has sorted out more than 30 Maonan folk stories and more than 500 Maonan folk songs, and published a paper on the concept of Maonan folk literature.

Tan Kesheng (1933 ~): from Huanjiang, Guangxi. Professor of history. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1956. After graduating from the History Department of central China Normal University in 1957, he stayed as a teaching assistant, lecturer, associate professor, professor and Dean of the history department. He is the author of "a compendium of the history of the Soviet Area of Hubei, Henan and Anhui", "the history of the struggle in the revolutionary base areas of Hubei, Henan and Anhui", "a popular reader of modern Chinese history", etc.