Daur nationality
Daur nationality is one of 56 nationalities in China, mainly distributed in Molidawa Daur Autonomous Banner of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, meiris Daur autonomous region of Qiqihar City, Heilongjiang Province and Ewenki Autonomous Banner; A few live in Tacheng, Xinjiang and Liaoning Province.
The Daur nationality's residence was first recorded as tuowuer River (today's Taoer River), which moved to the north of Heilongjiang in the early Ming Dynasty; In the mid-17th century, due to the border war between China and Russia, in order to consolidate the rear, the Qing government initially moved the Daur nationality to the Nenjiang River Basin, and a small part of them still remained in today's outer Baikal. Later, the Qing government recruited young adults to garrison the border towns in Northeast China and Xinjiang, which gradually formed the current distribution situation.
The Daur nationality has its own language. The original text has been lost. Now it uses the text based on the Latin alphabet. Now the Daur nationality basically knows Chinese and can write Chinese. Most of the Daur nationality living together with the Mongolian nationality know Mongolian. The Daur nationality is good at fighting. In order to enter the customs and consolidate the rear, the later Jin Dynasty levied Sauron three times. Therefore, there is a saying "Sauron rides and shoots the best in the world". Daur generals participated in the internal and external wars of the Qing Dynasty. During the Anti Japanese War, he made outstanding contributions to the Anti Japanese war in Northeast China. Daur people are good at singing and dancing. Folk music has many forms, such as folk songs, counterpart singing and dancing words.
Daur nationality Wiki:
| Chinese name | Daur nationality |
| Foreign name | Daur |
| Main distribution area | Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Heilongjiang |
| population size | 131992 (Sixth National Census) |
| languages | Daur language |
| faith | Mainly Shamanism |
Chinese PinYin : Da Wo Er Zu
In 1616, Nurhachi was called Khan, and the following year he conquered the Sakhalin department in the middle reaches of Heilongjiang. At that time, Daur was either called Sakhalin (the name of Heilongjiang in Manchu), sakharcha (the Manchu transliteration means sable) department according to the characteristics of tribute, or Sorun department together with Ewenki. In the early years of Kangxi, the translated name of "beating the tiger" appeared, and later it was often translated into "dahur", "dahuli", "dahur" and so on. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, it was uniformly named Daur according to the wishes of its own nation.
origin
The Khitan language used by the Daur nationality before the Qing Dynasty has been lost, and it is difficult to study the history before the Qing Dynasty. However, according to the legends of Daur and the comparative study of production, life, customs, religion and language between Daur and Qidan, most historians believe that Daur belongs to the descendants of Qidan in Liao Dynasty, while some scholars believe that Daur is developed from local indigenous ancestors. Relevant experiments using DNA technology show that Qidan has a recent genetic relationship with Daur nationality.
After the fall of the Liao Dynasty, the ancestors of the Daur nationality migrated to the north of Heilongjiang.
Qing Dynasty
In August 1640, the Qing government included 5673 young men, women and children captured in the war of conquering Soren into the eight banners and compiled them into Niulu. Since then, the Qing Dynasty successively compiled the Daur people who were attached to the internal migration into Niulu. The Daur people of butha are divided into three zalans (military units of the eight banners of the Qing Dynasty, meaning of companies or teams) of duboqian, moriden and nemore, and the Ewenki people are divided into five ABA (hunting areas), which are under the jurisdiction of the chief executive yamen of Qiqihar.
In the mid-17th century, the ancestors of Daur nationality were distributed in the jingqili River Valley South of waixing'an mountains and the river valley on the North Bank of Heilongjiang, starting from niuman River in the East and shileka River in the West. Due to the invasion of the Russian colonists and the strengthening of the rule of the Qing government, they moved south to the Nenjiang River Basin, and the Daxinganling and Nenjiang River Basin became the hometown of the Daur people. Later, due to the Qing government's enlistment of the young and middle-aged Daur people to garrison the northeast and northwest border towns, some Daur people moved to Hulunbuir, Fuhui and Tacheng, Xinjiang.
In 1643, shahvasili boyakov and other Cossacks invaded China's Heilongjiang Basin for the first time. He was the first to break into the Daur residential area of jingqili River in China, and was resolutely attacked by Daur residents, forcing the Cossack bandits to flee in confusion.
In 1651, Khabarov led the Russian army to invade Heilongjiang again. When they arrived at Guigu Daur joint defense City, they threatened the residents to pay "fur tribute" to the czar. Guigu Dayi, the leader of Daur nationality, replied: "we pay tribute to the emperor Shunzhi of China. Where do you have any tribute? We have to pay tribute unless we fight to the last person." Daur nationality resisted the attack of tsarist Russian army and 661 people died bravely.
In 1684, the Daur took part in the battle of Yaksa against the aggression of tsarist Russia.
In 1732, the Qing government formally established the butha eight banners on the basis of three zalan of Daur nationality and five ABA of Ewenki nationality. Among them, the Daur inhabited Dubo shallow zalan is woven into the inlaid yellow flag, morden zalan is woven into the regular yellow flag, and nemorzalan is woven into the regular white flag. There are a certain number of Daur people among the officers and soldiers stationed in the Eight Banners in Fuhui, mergen, Qiqihar, Hulunbuir, Hulan and other cities. Among the officers and soldiers in the three important military towns of Qiqihar, mergen and Fuhui, "dahuli accounts for half".
Modern times
From 1914 to 1916, the Daur people in Qiqihar opposed the reactionary warlords' forcible release of wasteland, reclamation and occupation of land. Under the leadership of shaolang and Daifu, they fought against tyranny and power, resisted the official Army and waged an anti oppression struggle.
In 1931, after the invasion of Northeast China by Japanese imperialism, Daur people actively supported and participated in the Anti Japanese coalition army. Bahab, a Daur boatman, helped the Anti Japanese Federation team to cross the Nenjiang River and made heroic sacrifices many times.
In 1944, the Daur nationality in Tacheng region of Xinjiang participated in the three District revolution against the rule of the Kuomintang and made its own contribution to the peaceful liberation of Xinjiang.
In January 1946, Molidawa was liberated, the party and the people's government established the people's regime of Buxi banner, and the Daur people and other nationalities realized their right to be masters of their own country. In March of the same year, Buxi banner was renamed Molidawa banner.
In 1947, the agricultural area carried out land reform, and the pastoral area also implemented public ownership of pasture and free grazing.
In July 1952, the CPC Heilongjiang Provincial Committee and the provincial people's government decided to establish a Daur autonomous region in woniutu, which is inhabited by Daur nationality in Longjiang County.
In September 1956, Qiqihar Municipal government decided to merge the original four rural areas of huerhula District, dahudian District, woniutu Daur autonomous region and yushutun of Longjiang County to establish a county-level meiris Daur district. Melis Daur ethnic area is one of the five existing urban ethnic areas in China, and it is also the only Daur ethnic area in China.
total population
From 1914 to 1916, the Daur people in Qiqihar opposed the reactionary warlords' forcible release of wasteland, reclamation and occupation of land. Under the leadership of shaolang and Daifu, they fought against tyranny and power, resisted the official Army and waged an anti oppression struggle.
In 1931, after the invasion of Northeast China by Japanese imperialism, Daur people actively supported and participated in the Anti Japanese coalition army. Bahab, a Daur boatman, helped the Anti Japanese Federation team to cross the Nenjiang River and made heroic sacrifices many times.
In 1944, the Daur nationality in Tacheng region of Xinjiang participated in the three District revolution against the rule of the Kuomintang and made its own contribution to the peaceful liberation of Xinjiang.
In January 1946, Molidawa was liberated, the party and the people's government established the people's regime of Buxi banner, and the Daur people and other nationalities realized their right to be masters of their own country. In March of the same year, Buxi banner was renamed Molidawa banner.
In 1947, the agricultural area carried out land reform, and the pastoral area also implemented public ownership of pasture and free grazing.
In July 1952, the CPC Heilongjiang Provincial Committee and the provincial people's government decided to establish a Daur autonomous region in woniutu, which is inhabited by Daur nationality in Longjiang County.
In September 1956, Qiqihar Municipal government decided to merge the original four rural areas of huerhula District, dahudian District, woniutu Daur autonomous region and yushutun of Longjiang County to establish a county-level meiris Daur district. Melis Daur ethnic area is one of the five existing urban ethnic areas in China, and it is also the only Daur ethnic area in China.
distribution
According to the sixth census in 2010, the Daur population was mainly distributed in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Heilongjiang and the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The total population of the Daur nationality was 122068. The three provinces (districts) accounted for 92.48% of the Daur population in 2010, and the Daur population in 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in Chinese mainland. There are 41229 Daur people in Molidawa Daur Autonomous Banner and Melis Daur autonomous region. The Daur people live in Hulunbuir City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. In 2010, the Daur people accounted for 90.45% of the Daur population in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The Daur people live in Qiqihar City, Heilongjiang Province, In 1982, the Daur population in the city accounted for 70.43% of the Daur population in the whole province. The Daur population of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is concentrated in Tacheng area. In 2010, the Daur population accounted for 77.55% of the Daur population in the whole region.
According to the 2000 census data, Daur nationality is distributed in 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, mainly concentrated in Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang, with a total of 120800 people, accounting for 91.24% of the total population of Daur nationality. In addition, Liaoning and Xinjiang have a Daur population of more than 1000.
Gender composition
According to the data of 2000 census, the total population of Daur nationality is 65700 males and 66700 females; The sex ratio was 98.51.
Age composition
According to the data of the 2000 census, in terms of the population proportion of all age groups, the proportion of children (0-14 years old) is 27.44%, the proportion of working age population (15-64 years old) is 69.30%, and the proportion of elderly population (65 years old and above) is 3.25%. Compared with 1990, the proportion of children has decreased by 8.49 percentage points, The proportion of working age population and the proportion of elderly population increased by 7.92 and 0.58 percentage points respectively.
Education
According to the 2000 census data, there are 96100 people aged 15 and over. Among the population aged 15 and over, there are 3300 illiterate people, and the illiterate population ratio is 3.46%, of which the adult illiteracy rate of men is 2.50% and that of women is 4.39%. Compared with 1990, the illiterate population decreased by 4500 and the illiteracy rate decreased by 6.58%. There are 122200 people aged 6 and above, of which 96.33% have received primary school education or above, 65.36% have received junior middle school education or above, 25.57% have received high school and technical secondary school education, and 7.61% have received college and university education. The average number of years of education was 8.81, an increase of 1.22 years over 10 years ago.
Agriculture
Molidawa banner is known as the "hometown of soybean". In 1978, the total grain output of the whole banner exceeded 100 million jin. In 1983, it was identified as a commodity grain production base county by the Ministry of Commerce. In 1989, it became one of the top 100 grain producing counties in China. In 2002, the total grain output of Molidawa banner reached 1.242 billion kg, 9.07 times that of 137 million kg in 1978, 14.46 times that of 85.9 million kg in 1958 and 21.6 times that of 57.5 million kg in 1949. In 2005, Molidawa banner produced 1.63 billion kg of grain.
In 2005, the total sown area of 36 Daur villages in Heilongjiang Province reached 36107 hectares, including 26881 hectares of grain crops and 113729 tons of grain; 6831 hectares of green characteristic cash crops are planted, with an output of 8729 tons; The agricultural income reached 170.62 million yuan, accounting for 39.16% of the total income of the whole year.
Animal Husbandry
In 2005, the Daur village in Heilongjiang province raised 34142 cows, 9351 beef cattle, 41100 pigs, 40343 mutton sheep, 74546 tons of commercial fresh milk and 3119 tons of meat. The animal husbandry output value was 190.21 million yuan, accounting for 43.66% of the total annual income. In the economic structure of rural Daur nationality in Heilongjiang Province, the income of animal husbandry has far exceeded that of agriculture, ranking first. In 2004, Molidawa banner had 1.145 million livestock and 1.2 million geese. In 2005, the annual livestock stock of animal husbandry in the whole banner reached 2.03 million. [1]
Industry
Daur's industrial economy grew from scratch, from small to large. Molidawa Banner's industry developed more than 10 workshop type industrial enterprises such as native sugar, printing and carpentry by 1958. After the reform and opening up, the local industrial production field of Molidawa banner expanded to many industries such as food processing, chemical industry, building materials, printing, brewing, metallurgy, power supply, water supply and heating. The number of industrial enterprises increased to more than 40, leading enterprises such as bathan, Doudu, Mengxing and Menge emerged, and bathan beer and other products were cultivated. The total industrial assets increased to more than 400 million yuan. Bathan Industrial Park and Hongyan Industrial Park were established. In 2005, the output value of industries above Designated Size in the whole banner was 623 million yuan.
tourism
After the reform and opening up, the tertiary industry focusing on commerce, catering, entertainment and tourism services has developed. The two banks of Nenjiang River, inhabited by Daur nationality, have beautiful mountains and rivers and pleasant scenery, and have the advantages of location and characteristic resources for the development of tourism. There are tourist attractions such as China Daur National Park, the ruins of the golden Great Wall, ancient tombs of the Qing Dynasty, Molidawa mountain and laha new village, of which the golden Great Wall is listed as a key cultural relics protection unit of the state.
social structure
"Hala" is a clan organization of Daur nationality and a social group formed with paternal blood relationship as the link. Each "Hara" has its own settlement. For example, "guobolhara" lives in Budan River Basin, a tributary of the lower reaches of jingqili River, and "olahara" lives in tiraden River Basin, a tributary of the middle reaches of jingqili river. People belonging to the same "Hara" are all related by blood, so intermarriage is strictly prohibited. Each "Hara" has a democratically elected "Harada" (clan leader) to manage the internal affairs of the clan. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Daur people carried out collective hunting activities with "Hara" as the unit, which is the remnant of the custom of joint production and equal distribution of clan organizations. [1]
With the development of production and the increase of population, the scale of "Hara" is becoming larger and larger. Therefore, a "Hara" is divided into several "Mokun". "Mokun" is the paternal family organization of Daur nationality. Each "Mo Kun" has its own name, such as "Ulis Mo Kun", "Guo Bole Mo Kun", "Bi RIYANG Mo Kun", etc. People of the same "Mokun" live in the same village or adjacent places, and have the obligation to help each other in production and life, as well as the obligation to adopt orphans and support orphaned and widowed elderly people. All adult men in "Mo Kun" have the right to participate in the "Mo Kun" meeting. It is the highest authority of the family, responsible for electing or replacing "Mo Kunda" (family head), discussing major events in production and life within the family, punishing family members who violate customary laws, etc. [1]
Both "halada" and "mokunda" are doing their duty for the people, without any reward or separation from labor. During the yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Central Plains Dynasty successively established its own ruling institutions in the areas inhabited by the Daur nationality. "Halada" and "mokunda" were appointed as the administrative leaders of the grass-roots political power. "Hala" and "mokunda" not only continued to perform the functions of their blood organizations, but also assumed the functions of grass-roots administrative organizations. [1]
In August 1640, the Qing government incorporated the young men, women and children captured in the war of conquering Soren into the eight banners and compiled them into Niulu. Since then, in order to strengthen the management of Daur and other ethnic groups, the Qing Dynasty successively compiled the Daur people who were attached to the internal migration into Niulu. The Daur people of butha are divided into three zalans (military units of the eight banners of the Qing Dynasty, meaning of companies or teams) of duboqian, moriden and nemore, and the Ewenki people are divided into five ABA (hunting areas), which are under the jurisdiction of the chief executive yamen of Qiqihar. Zalan is a ruling organization with the dual characteristics of local management and military functions based on the original Niulu. It not only imitates the Jiala and participation system of the Eight Banners in Manchuria, but also makes full use of the original Hara and Mokun systems of Daur society, laying a foundation for the establishment of the Eight Banners in butha in the future. [1]
In 1732, the Qing government formally established the butha eight banners on the basis of three zalan of Daur nationality and five ABA of Ewenki nationality. Among them, the Daur inhabited Dubo shallow zalan is woven into the inlaid yellow flag, morden zalan is woven into the regular yellow flag, and nemorzalan is woven into the regular white flag. [1]
religious belief
Like other Altaic nationalities, Daur mainly believes in Shamanism. In the long-term historical development, although the Daur people have been influenced by Lamaism, Taoism and Catholicism, and some people have worshipped the gods such as Guandi God and empress God in the Han region, foreign religions and gods are not enough to destroy the integrity and independence of Shamanism, and have not shaken the original position of traditional Shamanism in the spiritual culture of the Daur people. Until the founding of new China, Shamanism was still a common religion of Daur people living in different regions.
In Daur language, wizards who preside over religious activities are usually called "yadagan". Due to the different transliteration of Chinese, the word "yadagan" appears in various ways, such as "yadegan", "yiduhan", "yedegen" and so on. Religious people believe that yadegan is the spokesman of God and the protector of people. They have special character and magical skills. They can communicate with God and pray for God, exorcism, divination, sacrifice and disaster elimination for the people. Yadagan has no special status and is not divorced from production. It usually participates in production and labor. If something happens, it jumps to the gods to treat diseases and presides over religious rituals and sacrificial activities. Yadagan has no fixed places for religious activities such as temples, nor has it formed a unified religious organization. It has always maintained the primitive and simple characteristics of natural religion.
The Shamanism of Daur nationality still retains the distinct brand of primitive clan society. Among Daur people, each clan has its own clan shaman, called "Daur Dror yadagan". Such wizards have clan ancestors, gods, and religious utensils such as robes and divine drums. When diseases, restless homes, dystocia of pregnant women, and no last words left after death occur, the Shaman is responsible for "conveying" the help of the gods. "Wuzhuoer barken" is the ancestor god worshipped by Daur clan and other blood groups. It takes cloth cut human form as its idol and is provided under the west window. Usually, no offerings are displayed. On the eve of the twelfth lunar month, pork or roe deer meat, buckwheat rice porridge and wine are sacrificed.
There are many kinds and quantities of gods worshipped by Daur people, including "gajiri barken" (land God) and "banajiyin" (land God) associated with agriculture, "jiyaqi barken" (rich animal God) closely related to animal husbandry, as well as "birigeibarken" (river god), "bainacha" (Mountain God) and other gods closely related to fishing and hunting economy The existence of these gods shows that the shaman teaching aids have the characteristics of polytheism, and reflects the traditional beliefs of Daur people, such as nature worship, ancestor worship, totem worship and idol worship.
Clothes & Accessories
In the Qing Dynasty and before the Qing Dynasty, Daur nationality maintained the traditional clothing culture dominated by leather clothes. Men's clothing has a strong seasonality. People change different kinds of clothes according to the changes of season and climate. In winter, the leather robes worn by men are mostly made of animal skin or livestock skin from the beginning of winter to the Spring Festival. In spring and autumn, men wear a knee long leather robe called "harimi". This kind of leather robe is made of roe deer skin in spring, summer or early autumn. Due to the lack of cloth, men wear leather pants all year round. Men wear many kinds of hats, including leather hats in winter, felt hats in spring and autumn, straw hats in summer, top hats when meeting guests, official hats on solemn occasions, roe deer hats when hunting, etc. Wear "qikami" (boots made of Robe skin and deer skin), "uoluoqi" (toilet boots with cloth bottom or leather bottom) or μ.
Women wear robes, no belts, no short clothes, and the color is mainly blue. Wear "chicami" in winter; Wear white socks and fancy shoes in summer. On New Year's day or festive occasions, wear silk and satin clothes with various colors of embroidery. The slanted placket over the outside is called "aoleqing", which is basically the same as the Manchu style in the Qing Dynasty. It is hung inside the leather and covered with satin.
After the late Qing Dynasty, the traditional hunting economy of Daur nationality was shrinking day by day, the local land transportation and commodity economy were developing day by day, cloth, silk and satin were transported in large quantities, and the dominant position of leather products in the traditional dress customs of Daur nationality no longer existed. Cloth, silk and satin, cotton and wool products have gradually replaced leather clothing. At the same time, the style of clothing also changes with the development of the times. After the founding of new China, the daily clothes, shoes and hats of Daur nationality were roughly the same as those of other local nationalities.
Daur costumes have been deeply influenced by the surrounding nationalities in history, and the shape of robes is similar to that of Manchu cheongsam. Before the end of the Qing Dynasty, they all wore animal skin clothes. After the Republic of China, cotton, cloth and silk robes became the main costumes of the Daur nationality. They stood with a collar, right lapel and big lapel, wore leather pants or cloth pants, and the elderly liked to wear a coat and a waistcoat. The collar and cuffs of men's robes have wide piping, with patterns embroidered on the edge, and the right oblique placket below the collar also has wide placket edge, which is composed of multiple light colored strips of cloth. A wide waistband, made of leather or cloth, on which smoking utensils are hung. Women's robes are sometimes covered with coats or camisoles. Beautiful patterns are embroidered on the lapels, cuffs, necklines and hem. The lapels and sleeves are inlaid with two wide and narrow side decorations and embroidered with patterns. Old people's robes are wide, while young people are narrow and thin.
Daur roe deer leg leather boots [introduction]: Daur traditional leather boots "qikami". It is made of oyster skin and roe deer skin caught in winter. Roe deer skin should be dried indoors in the shade and kneaded repeatedly. After the front leg fur with beautiful fur color is facing outward, match it according to the hair pattern and color, then sew and splice it with animal tendon thread to form the upper boot, and then make the sole with cooked soft boot skin. Sew two belts on the boots to fasten them so as to keep warm and snow is not easy to enter. This boot is light, warm and non slip. It can't make a sound when walking on the snow. It's suitable for cold winter and hunting.
Daur roe deer leather overalls [introduction]: Daur traditional leather overalls. Cortex, with a band at the upper end, tied at the waist. In winter, the fur is outward and thick, and in summer and autumn, the fur and thin leather pants are worn. Daur nationality used to be engaged in hunting and animal husbandry for a long time, so they used to wear leather clothes.
Daur group flower green satin women's jacket [introduction]: Daur traditional women's clothing. Green dark group damask robe, small stand collar, big placket and right lapel. Bree. It is usually worn in late spring, summer and early autumn. Women generally do not wear belts. They like to wear Satin Embroidered Purse and handkerchief and embroidered shoes. Daur nationality has long been engaged in hunting and animal husbandry. Before the Qing Dynasty, leather robes were mainly used. After the middle of the Qing Dynasty, more and more textiles such as cotton, silk and satin were imported.
surname
The traditional surnames of Daur people are "Hale" and "Mokun".
"Hale" originates from the clan society and is mostly named after the mountains and rivers where the ancestors first lived in the Heilongjiang River Basin. For example, enon Hale originates from the Nen River Basin and jingqili Hale originates from the jingqili river.
"Mo Kun" originates from the family, and is mostly named after the names of ancestors or residential places. For example, Se Buqi Mo Kun originates from the se Buqi peak in Jiangxi Province. In addition, Mo Kun is divided by the village where he lives.
According to the literature records of the Qing Dynasty, there were more than 30 "haras" and more than 60 "mokhun" of the Daur nationality. The latter part of "haras" was incorporated into the larger "haras", and some were incorporated into "mokhun". In addition, due to the wrong writing of Chinese characters and historical reasons, most of them disappeared. As of July 2015, there were more than 20 "haras" and more than 30 "mokhun".
Because the Daur nationality in Xinjiang has not been simplified and accurate statistics are not available, the simplified surname is unknown.
Languages
language
The Daur nationality has its own language. The original text has been lost. Now it uses the text based on the Latin alphabet. Now the Daur nationality basically knows Chinese and can write Chinese. Most of the Daur nationality living together with the Mongolian nationality know Mongolian.
written words
After Daur used Khitan in Liao Dynasty, it was lost due to war and national oppression. The literati class began to learn to use Manchu since the early years of Kangxi. In the Qing Dynasty, dahur language based on Manchu letters was formed, leaving documents of great historical significance for the determination of China's northeast border, such as patrol notes, which are now preserved in Harbin. In the late Qing Dynasty, Daur people began to learn and use Chinese. After liberation, with the popularization of Chinese education, most of the Daur people knew and could use Chinese. Daur is used to spelling Daur, "Manchu letter phonology".
Some scholars have pointed out that the Daur nationality once used an auxiliary character in the Qing Dynasty, that is, the Daur language with Manchu letters. It is a kind of Daur language written with Manchu letters, which was produced in the 1930s.
In the 20th century, Daur created by Guo Daofu, Qin Tongpu and de Gulai on the basis of Latin and Russian letters respectively appeared, but it was not widely popularized due to China's war environment and other factors.
After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the Daur language based on Russian letters was created under the auspices of the state, and many teaching materials and translation works were compiled and published. However, due to the influence of extreme factors such as the cultural revolution, it was stopped and failed to be popularized.
After the reform and opening up, the note recording scheme of en and Batu and the phonetic symbol (omitting unclear vowels) spelling scheme of uzur appeared, but they were not recognized as standard characters by the state.
Now, the use of Latin Daur characters (taking the punctuation as the main body, absorbing the advantages of note recording and integrating the pronunciation methods of main dialect areas) is becoming more and more popular.
For example: "Daur" spelling, Daghur [Latin Daur], (daor [note], dagur [mark])
literature
Daur nationality has extremely rich folk literature, including myths, legends, folk stories, proverbs, riddles, praise words, folk songs and folk dance lyrics. It not only has a wide range of themes, but also has rich content, which comprehensively reflects the material production, social life, history and culture of Daur people, It is the artistic representation of its economic and social activities.
Folk story is the most abundant genre in Daur folk literature. There are character stories, such as apokatimorigen and the legend of debuku; There are animal stories, such as taogaqin escape; There are life stories, such as "alatani mozigen", and Shaman stories, such as "the legend of Nissan shaman", "de mozigen and zinihua Harto"; There are "manggai" stories, such as "to kill manggai" and "God conquers manggai". "Manggai" often appears as a typical negative face in the folk literature works of all ethnic groups in northern China. It is a harmful Troll with half man and half beast, huge limbs and strange image. It is also the representative of natural forces and social evil forces. The story of fighting against "manggai" reposes the Daur people's desire to conquer nature and defeat evil forces.
Myth is one of the earliest folk literature genres in Daur folk literature. Some myths reflect the Daur people's exploration of nature and their understanding of celestial bodies. The ancient Daur people believed that the celestial body was round and supported by the crane on the earth with one foot. When the crane changes its feet every three years, an earthquake will occur on the earth. In why it rains and snows, it is said that the oil and flour consumed by human beings are given by the God tenge day. Because people do not cherish food, the God no longer provides human oil and flour, but only rain and snow, reflecting the concept of celestial worship and Shamanism of the ancient Daur people. Some myths tell about the origin of human beings, such as the process of gods coming to earth and kneading earth to create human beings. Their plot is quite similar to the myth of Nuwa kneading earth to create human beings of the Han nationality; Some myths tell the magnificent fantasy that fairies marry hunters and reproduce, which has a strong romantic color; Some myths tell the magical story of people and animals combining and having children, which is full of totemism.
Folklore is one of the more abundant types of Daur literary works. There are many folklores about the origin of nationality, tribe and clan, historical figures and events, local customs and the origin of cultural relics. The legend of Saji Khalidi Khan is a historical legend, which tells the historical process of the Northern Migration led by Saji Khalidi Khan, the Minister of Daur ancestors, after the defeat, which is consistent with the historical facts of the Northern Migration of some Khitans after the collapse of the Liao Dynasty. Such historical legends provide the key for future generations to understand the material production and social life of the early Daur people. The legend of eating deer fetus and the legend of badger seed oil tell the story of Daur hunters discovering the medicinal value of deer fetus and badger seed oil in their long-term production and life practice.
Most of the Daur traditional folk songs are short and concise. Although the words of some folk songs are multi paragraph, its musical structure is composed of one sentence, two sentences or four sentences. For example, "frog boast" is a folk song composed of one sentence. It completes the music thought by repeating the music festival many times.
The content of Daur folk songs is very rich, involving almost all aspects of Daur people's life. Social life, production and labor, spiritual culture and customs are reflected in folk songs. In terms of genre, Daur folk songs can be roughly divided into "zandal" (folk song), "hakenmai" (dance song), "wuqin" (narrative song), "Yada ganyiruo" (shaman song), game song, ritual song, etc. Its performance content, mode structure and melody have their own characteristics.
dance with accompaniment
"Wuqin" is a kind of chanting rhyme poetry spread among the Daur people. It mostly takes four line poetry as a paragraph, pays attention to the rhyme of the head and foot and the symmetry of sentence patterns, has a rigorous structure, concise and concise words, has a harmonious rhythm and a sense of musical rhythm. The content of "wuqin" is rich and colorful, including "wuqin" reflecting productive labor, such as shaolang and Daifu, in barracks, etc; There are "wuqin" reflecting social life, such as wine song, going to ganjul temple fair, regret song, etc; There are also "wuqin" reflecting religious beliefs, such as "sacrificial song". "Wuqin" comprehensively expresses the thoughts and feelings of the Daur people and objectively and truly reproduces the production and living conditions of the Daur people.
The folk music of Daur nationality has beautiful tunes, moving heart strings, unique and distinctive national style and artistic expression. Due to the influence of production mode, geographical environment, history, culture and language characteristics, the mode and melody of Daur music have unique styles and characteristics. Among the Daur folk arts, folk songs account for a considerable proportion. The style and characteristics of Daur music are mainly reflected in folk songs. Its folk songs have the distinctive characteristics of strict beat, square structure and clear sentence. Its mode is based on the pentatonic scale, of which the number of palace mode folk songs is the largest. Secondly, the number of Zheng mode folk songs and feather mode folk songs is roughly the same. They are not as many as palace mode folk songs, but they have the basic characteristics of beautiful, unique, vigorous and bright Daur music. Among the Daur folk songs, only the folk dance song "hakenmai" has the commercial mode, so its number is very small. Commercial mode folk songs have simple and euphemistic tones, soft and gentle rhythm, and most of them have the color of minor. Corner mode folk songs have a bright rhythm and clear sentences. In the past, they were mostly used to sing and sacrifice gods. Therefore, corner mode folk songs are only found in Shaman songs, and the number is the least.
Daur people have a traditional habit of dancing around bonfires. This kind of folk dance, Daur called it "Lu RI Geile" (Lu Ri Ge LE). The performance form of "Lu RI Geile" mostly starts with a relatively slow dance between two people, interspersed with performance or narration in the middle, and ends with a lively and cheerful competition dance with repeated climaxes. The traditional "Lu RI Geile" has no instrumental accompaniment, and is accompanied by performers with loud and loud, one after another call signs or folk songs with clear and strict beat. There are dozens of common vocative linings, such as "ahanbay, ahanbay", "zhe heizhe, zhe heizhe", "dehudhuda", "Hamo, Hamo", etc. Some of the call signs used for singing and dancing are obviously closely related to production labor, such as "Hamo" (the roar of bears), "geku" (the cry of cuckoos), "Zhu hello" (the sound of calling Eagles), etc.
There are many kinds of Daur dance words, such as fish, deer, Zini flower, meilule, crossing the river and picking wild vegetables, which reflect the unique aesthetic concept and sincere thoughts and feelings of Daur nationality. The traditional dance words of Daur nationality are mostly two or four beats, and there are also three or six beats or even five beats. However, most of them require symmetry and unity in rhythm to facilitate dance. Among Daur people, Shaman Dance was also widely spread. Shaman dances can be seen when inviting gods to cure diseases, wish a good harvest, or hold clan and religious gatherings. Shaman Dance is accompanied by one-sided drum and waist bell.
Among Daur women, a popular folk musical instrument, "mukulian", has a simple structure but is very delicate. They never lend it to others. Later, female players of "mukulian" gradually appeared among men. Most Daur young men and women fell in love through "mukulian".
Folk house
The traditional houses of Daur nationality mostly use pine or birch beams as the frame, adobe or earth ridge as the wall, with several layers of yellow mud inside and outside, covered with house grass on the top, ranging from two to three or five. The two rooms take Westinghouse as the bedroom and the east room as the kitchen; For three or five rooms, the middle one is the kitchen and the two sides are the living rooms. Houses generally face south, pay attention to daylighting, and many windows are a major feature of Daur houses. The south, North and west sides of the room or the south, East and north sides are built with connected three shop kang, commonly known as "Manzi Kang". Manzi Kang has good heat preservation performance and is an indispensable heating facility for Daur people in winter.
The living room of Daur people is expensive in Westinghouse. Westinghouse also takes the South Kang as the top, which is mostly inhabited by elders. Sons, daughter-in-law and their children mostly live in the North Kang or the east house, while the West Kang is dedicated to the living of guests. The kang surface is mostly covered with reed mat or felt. Nowadays, with the development of economy and the improvement of living conditions, there are more and more brick houses. However, the daily customs such as using hot Kang are still deeply loved by Daur people.
traditional festival
Anie Festival is the biggest traditional festival of Daur nationality, which is equivalent to the Spring Festival of Han nationality. Since the beginning of the twelfth lunar month, people have been busy preparing all kinds of food for the new year.
Kumul Festival, Kumul is willow Artemisia buds, and wild vegetables are edible. Every May, groups of Daur men and women, old and young, deeply grateful, happily go to collect willow Artemisia buds, sing and dance. It's fun to hold traditional sports competitions.
Smear day (kudege UDU day), the 16th day of the first month, is one of the Daur traditional festivals. The "kudege UDU day" of the Daur nationality comes from the Daur Spring Festival. The Daur nationality regards it as the Spring Festival from New Year's Eve to the 15th day of the first month.
marriage custom
Daur people attach great importance to men's marriage and women's marriage, forming a traditional marriage custom with rich content and unique characteristics. Monogamous marriage emerged very early in Daur nationality and has been passed down to today. Historically, the Daur nationality practiced not strict intra clan marriage, and the scope of intermarriage was mainly within the nationality, that is, members with different surnames were the object of intermarriage. Later, intermarriage with other ethnic groups was also allowed due to their long-term neighbors with Ewenki, Mongolian, Manchu, Oroqen and Han nationalities. Clan extramarital system is another basic system of Daur marriage customs. Men and women of the same Hara (clan) and Mokun (family) are strictly prohibited from intermarriage because they are related by blood and are descendants of the same paternal ancestors. In order to maintain a stable ethical relationship between relatives, although Daur people allow some people with relatives to intermarry, they require that the generations of both sides must be the same and strictly implement peer marriage. At the same time, redundant marriage is more common. After a man becomes a redundant wife, his children still belong to his father's "Hara", and his son-in-law only works in his father-in-law's house and has no right to inherit his wife's property.
Before the founding of new China, the feudal ethics and moral concepts of the Daur nationality were deeply rooted. Arranged marriage by parents was regarded as a matter of course. Young people did not have the right to choose their own spouse and could not engage in free premarital social activities. Its traditional marriage customs usually include mate selection, engagement, ceremony, marriage and other procedures. People choose their spouses with the same age and matching families. In terms of age, both men and women are required to be roughly similar. The man is the same age as the woman or one to three years older than the woman. After the founding of new China, with the promulgation and implementation of the marriage law, the feudal arranged and bought and sold marriages in the traditional marriage customs were completely abolished. Young men and women can choose a satisfactory spouse for themselves through free love. Daur people attach great importance to men's marriage and women's marriage, forming a traditional marriage custom with rich content and unique characteristics. Monogamous marriage emerged very early in Daur nationality and has been passed down to today. Historically, the Daur nationality practiced not strict intra clan marriage, and the scope of intermarriage was mainly within the nationality, that is, members with different surnames were the object of intermarriage. Later, intermarriage with other ethnic groups was also allowed due to their long-term neighbors with Ewenki, Mongolian, Manchu, Oroqen and Han nationalities. Clan extramarital system is another basic system of Daur marriage customs. Men and women of the same Hara (clan) and Mokun (family) are strictly prohibited from intermarriage because they are related by blood and are descendants of the same paternal ancestors. In order to maintain a stable ethical relationship between relatives, although Daur people allow some people with relatives to intermarry, they require that the generations of both sides must be the same and strictly implement peer marriage. At the same time, redundant marriage is more common. After a man becomes a redundant wife, his children still belong to his father's "Hara", and his son-in-law only works in his father-in-law's house and has no right to inherit his wife's property.
Before the founding of new China, the feudal ethics and moral concepts of the Daur nationality were deeply rooted. Arranged marriage by parents was regarded as a matter of course. Young people did not have the right to choose their own spouse and could not engage in free premarital social activities. Its traditional marriage customs usually include mate selection, engagement, ceremony, marriage and other procedures. People choose their spouses with the same age and matching families. In terms of age, both men and women are required to be roughly similar. The man is the same age as the woman or one to three years older than the woman. After the founding of new China, with the promulgation and implementation of the marriage law, the feudal arranged and bought and sold marriages in the traditional marriage customs were completely abolished. Young men and women can choose a satisfactory spouse for themselves through free love.
Housing form
The main form of Daur traditional house building is called "yazenggri", which is a ridge type grass main house with civil structure. The majority of Daur's grass main houses are two, followed by three, and fewer live in five. Daur people pay attention to the separation and layout of houses and kitchens.
If it is two rooms, take Westinghouse as the living room and the east room as the kitchen; If it is three rooms, it usually takes the middle room as the kitchen and two rooms for people. In the living room, there are connected hot Kang on the three sides of the South and northwest, commonly known as "curved Kang".
Daur families generally do not set up stoves. They rely on hot Kang to prevent cold and keep warm in autumn and winter. At the north wall of the kitchen, the Daur people have a pool type Kang called "erug", which is used to dry food. The grass main house of Daur nationality is comfortable and exquisite, spacious and bright, firm and durable, warm in winter and cool in summer. It is famous for its many windows. There are three windows on the south wall of Westinghouse, two windows on the west wall, and one window on both sides of the east door, a total of seven windows.
If it is a three room grass main house, there are usually eleven windows. Many windows not only expand the daylighting area, but also conducive to the circulation of air and keep the indoor air fresh. The ceiling and four walls are decorated with chicken, Phoenix, quail, hunting and other patterns and paper cuts. Some directly stick pheasant feathers and filigree fur on the wall as ornaments.
Daily etiquette
To respect the elderly, mutual assistance and hospitality as a good wind. For the elderly, whether walking on the road or going in and out of the house, young people should make way; When children come back from going out, they should greet the old man; Where there is delicious food or food that the elderly like to eat, we should first respect the elderly or leave a part for the elderly. When guests visit, the host should hand over cigarettes, toast and bring out dairy products. If distinguished guests come to the door, they should also add "wachi" (pig elbow) and "hand grilled meat" and other delicacies for hospitality.
No matter who slaughters the animals, they should choose good meat and give it to neighbors, relatives and friends. When they return from hunting or fishing, even passers-by can get a share. When guests come to the family, they are willing to try to entertain them even if they live in poverty.
Sports activities
The long fishing and hunting life has created the unique folk sports of Daur nationality, and the sports activities closely related to people's production and life have strengthened the fierce character of Daur people. Among the Daur folk sports activities, archery emerged to meet the needs of hunting and production and armed struggle against foreign enemies; There are extremely popular sports activities such as wrestling, rod pulling and neck strength competition.
Hunting was once one of the oldest and most important production activities of Daur nationality. In the long-term production practice, Daur people have accumulated a lot of knowledge and experience in hunting, such as setting traps, setting ground arrows, "encirclement", Eagle hunting and so on.
At the beginning of the 20th century, before modern weapons such as lead single shot gun and steel rifle were introduced into the Daur region, bows, arrows and spears were the main hunting tools for hunters. These tools are primitive and crude, and the hit rate is not high. In order to ensure personal safety and improve the efficiency of hunting and production, the Daur people gradually explored and formed a collective hunting, that is, the hunting and production mode of "encirclement". In this way, Hara (clan) is taken as the unit, and it is under the unified command of an experienced "awida" (hunting leader). The specific method is that the people participating in the hunting are distributed in a circle, surround the predetermined hunting ground, slowly search forward, gradually narrow the encirclement circle, and finally shoot the trapped mink, roe deer, deer, wild boar and other animals.
Hawk hunting
Hawking is another very effective way of hunting, mostly in the early morning after the snow. At that time, the hunter will cross the horse with his feet and lift the Falcon with his left arm to swim in the snow wild mountain forest. After discovering small birds and animals such as pheasants and rabbits, falcons can attack quickly, accurately and effectively. Although the harvest of Falcon hunting is small, it is not only a kind of productive labor, but also an interesting sports and entertainment activity, so it is deeply loved by Daur people. Having a smart, agile and powerful Falcon has also become the pride and pride of hunters.
Wrestling
Asir Daur national autonomous township is known as the "hometown of wrestling", from which many wrestling stars in Xinjiang rise. In addition to wrestling, which is loved by the masses, Jinli is also a game activity loved by the Daur people in Xinjiang. Because it is not limited by venues and appliances, it is often one of the entertainment items for people after dinner or on holidays.
Neck strength competition
Neck strength competition is one of the most common folk sports and entertainment in Daur. Neck strength competition is similar to tug of war, which is basically the same as the "bet SIP" competition held by Tibetan people. Due to the simple use of equipment, random venue, strong entertainment, it can be carried out at any time, so it has a wide range of mass.
Hockey
In Daur language, hockey is called "polette" and hockey stick is called "wave Yikuo". It is generally used to "Bo Yikuo", which represents hockey. It is one of the most representative traditional sports and favorite traditional sports of Daur nationality.
Hockey has a long history among Daur people, and began to spread among Daur people hundreds of years ago. According to textual research: as early as the Qidan people in the Liao Dynasty, a sports activity very similar to modern hockey - bole, and "Bole" is the modern hockey of Daur nationality.
After the founding of new China, traditional hockey has been widely carried out in the urban and rural areas where Daur people live, and has been listed as an official national sports event. In 1975, Molidawa banner established an amateur hockey team dominated by Daur athletes, which is the earliest county-level local team in China and the first professional hockey team in China. The hockey team has won many championships in national competitions. In 1982, the Chinese hockey team with Daur players as the main players won the third place in the first Asian Cup hockey competition held in Pakistan, raised the five-star red flag for the first time in the International Hockey World, and won honor for China. In 1989, the State Sports Commission named the molidawaddaur Autonomous Banner "the hometown of hockey".
diet
eating habits
The early agriculture of Daur nationality mainly planted early maturing crops such as millet, buckwheat, oats and barley, so its staple food was rice and pasta. There are two kinds of rice. One is to steam the millet in a pot and grind it into rice after the Kang is dry, which is called "aosumo". It is cooked millet. The rice grains are large without adhesion and have paste flavor. It is the main food of Daur people. The other is directly milled into rice, called "xikimo". It is raw millet. The particles are small and slightly sticky. In addition to dry rice, it can be used as sticky porridge and pressed into noodles for cakes.
Pasta is mainly buckwheat flour. After buckwheat is ground into flour, the traditional way to eat is to press buckwheat noodles (together) (each) and pour game broth. It is the best diet. You can also bake buckwheat cakes filled with Su Zi. Buckwheat is ground into flour, and the particles left in the basket are called "Nicky", which can be used as sticky porridge. Buckwheat is steamed, Kang dried and milled into rice, which is called "alemo" and can be used as food.
Since the Republic of China, Daur people have learned to grow millet, corn, wheat, soybeans and other crops from Han farmers. Early maturing and low yield crops are gradually decreasing, and new grain varieties are increasing. Fundamental changes have taken place in the staple food varieties of Daur people. Millet, corn, rice and white flour have become staple foods, and there are more pasta such as oil cakes, noodles, steamed bread and dumplings. The traditional millet, buckwheat flour, oats and Suzi have become rare foods.
Daur people's non-staple food includes meat, milk food, vegetables and collected food.
Characteristic diet
Cabbage foam (spicy vegetable foam, Da language: yinnesenuka) is rolled into foam with fresh cabbage leaves and ingredients such as salt, green pepper, celery, garlic and coriander. It tastes slightly spicy and fragrant. It can be eaten as pickle or stew. Noodles can be used as brine. It can be used to stew meat, stew tofu and stew potatoes.
Stewed tofu with cabbage foam is a traditional dish of Daur nationality. When making, the leaves and stems of cabbage are separated. The leaves are made of cabbage foam and stems, and then mixed with hot pepper to submerge pickles. It is also a traditional pickle of Daur nationality. It is called "Keri chemolenuwa" in Da language, that is, pickles can be stewed and fried.
Leek flower, called "Solis" in the language, is not only a delicious pickle, but also a delicious seasoning. It is an indispensable condiment for eating hot pot and meat.
Artemisia annua bud, called "kummule" in Da language, is one of the traditional dishes loved by Daur people. "Kummule" has the functions of brightening eyes, clearing stomach heat, purging liver fire and benefiting kidney water. It tastes slightly bitter. When it is young, it is fresh, tender and fragrant. It is a traditional delicacy. It is wild, natural and pure green.
Alabdan
Alabudan (1809 -?) was also called aolachangxing, named Changxing and named Zhitian. He was born in 1809 in a civil servant family in Nantun, Sauron left wing banner. A famous poet. At the age of 15, he went to Beijing with his father to see Emperor Daoguang, and was much cared by the imperial court. In 1851, as the assistant leader of Sauron Left Banner, alabudan was ordered by the imperial court to patrol the Erguna River and the border of Heilongjiang.
Merse
Guo Daofu (1894 -), whose real name is mersentai, is known as Merse, with the number of Jun Huang and the word Daofu. He was born in zhalamutai village, Sauron yellow banner, Hulun Buir in 1894. He belongs to the guobole family of Daur nationality. He is an outstanding politician, educator and national revolutionary. And Tongmeng, Manchu, Chinese and Russian. In 1918, he used his family property to establish Hailar private school and served as its president. A new women's school was founded in 1919. In 1929, he founded northeast Mongolian Banner normal school in Shenyang and served as the president.
Wanrong
Guo bro Wanrong, Queen Qiuhong. The word is Muhong and the number is Zhilian. He was born in the 32nd year of Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty (1906 on the Gregorian calendar). Originally from mannaitun, Longhe Township, Nehe City, Heilongjiang Province, Daur nationality. Gaozu guobro arjing was the Deputy capital of Xianfeng, and was granted general Wu Xian and general Jianwei.
Mandur diagram
Mandu ERTU (1934 -), formerly known as e Yueqing, is a native of moridawa Daur Autonomous Banner in Inner Mongolia. Graduated from the History Department of Inner Mongolia Normal University in 1954, he was a researcher of the Institute of nationalities of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and a professor of the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of social sciences.
Shi Qing Yang
Yang Shiqing (1935 -) is from Qiqihar. musician. He is now the director and associate researcher of the Music Research Office of Heilongjiang art research institute and vice president of China minority music society. He has written several research articles on Daur folk songs, such as a preliminary study of Daur folk songs and an analysis of the characteristics of Daur folk songs.
Ao Yonghu
(1936 -), female, from bayantohai Town, Ewenki banner, Hulunbuir League, Inner Mongolia. Famous broadcasting expert.
Saintana
(1940.2 -), female, born in February 1940 in Nehe City, Heilongjiang Province. Researcher, Institute of nationalities, Inner Mongolia Academy of social sciences. Executive director of China Folklore Society.
Yong Lin
Mainland Chinese actors have performed in series such as Tianlong Babu and Zhu Yuanzhang, and also starred in the 2002 film gadamerin. Winner of the best actor of the third national minority theme film "Horse Award".
Xiu Feng e
E Xiufeng (1918.3.13-2009.11.28), from Melis Daur District, Qiqihar City, Heilongjiang Province. One of the organizers and leaders of the "August 11" Anti Japanese armed uprising and the winner of the commemorative medal for the 60th anniversary of the victory of the Anti Japanese war. The founder of Qiqihar Mongolian cavalry brigade dominated by Daur children. One of the commanders of the liberation campaign in Qiqihar city. Revolutionary militarist.
Color heat
Se re, member of the sixth session of the Heilongjiang Provincial CPPCC, member of the third Standing Committee of the CPPCC of meiris Daur District, Qi City, member of the China Democratic League, and director of the Heilongjiang Daur society. Retired former deputy director of the Cultural Bureau of Melis Daur district and curator of the cultural museum.
Su ritai
E · Su ritai, born in 1940, is a member of the Hara family in enon. He is mainly engaged in national culture exhibition and research. Famous Chinese minority art history and folklore scholar. Former curator of Hulunbuir League exhibition hall. He is a national researcher in cultural relics, a member of the cultural relics appraisal expert committee of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, a member of China Artists Association and a director of China folk art society.
De Quanying
De Quanying, Professor, doctor of law, from Tacheng, Xinjiang, and the first doctor of law in Xinjiang. His main research direction is legal theory and he is a well-known legalist in China. He is currently the dean of the Law School of Xinjiang University of Finance and economics, the director of the jurisprudence research society of China law society, the legislative consultant of the people's Government of Xinjiang Autonomous Region, and the expert group member of the internal and judicial committee of Urumqi Municipal People's Congress.
Wu tuanliang
Wu tuanliang, also known as aixiejin tuanliang, is from Inner Mongolia and Hulunbuir. In 1976, he graduated from the dance beauty major of Heilongjiang art school and graduated from the Department of traditional Chinese painting of the Central Academy of fine arts and the advanced research class of Japanese painting of Jiashan Youzao. He is now the director of China Artists Association, the director of China Contemporary Meticulous Painting Society, the vice chairman of Heilongjiang Federation of literary and art circles, the chairman of Heilongjiang Artists Association, the librarian of Heilongjiang literature and History Museum, and the national first-class artist. He enjoys the special allowance of the State Council.
Wu tuanying
Wu tuanying, male, born in April 1957 in Longjiang, Heilongjiang Province, has a university degree and is a researcher. He is now the deputy director of the Standing Committee of the people's Congress of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the deputy director of the Publicity Department of the Party committee of the autonomous region, and the party Secretary of the Inner Mongolia Academy of social sciences. The first president of China Mongolian society.
Wading column
Wodingzhu, male, born in January 1937 in Longjiang County, Heilongjiang Province. He served as vice mayor of Nanjing Municipal People's Government in 1984, Professor of materials science and Engineering Department of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics in 1990, general manager of Nanjing light aircraft Co., Ltd. in 1994 and director of the Management Committee of Nanjing high tech Development Zone in 1994. It has won the first prize of new industrial products and the ministerial scientific research contribution award jointly issued by the State Planning Commission, the State Economic Commission and the State Science and Technology Commission.
Meng Hui
Meng Hui, female, born in Beijing in 1968, studied in the Department of art history of the Central Academy of Fine Arts in 1987; 1990-1993 studied at the University of Paris, France; 1994-1998 worked in the storage and display Department of Beijing Art Museum; He used to be the editor of reading magazine of Beijing Sanlian bookstore and is now a freelance writer.
Li Tuo
Li Tuo, male, born in 1939 in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is a Chinese film writer, famous writer and literary critic. Associate editor of Beijing literature, now a researcher at Columbia University. Film literary plays Li Siguang and Sha ou. Editor in chief of horizon (Series 1-13), 1970s, yesterday's story: about rewriting the history of literature, etc.
Wunen
Wu Nen, from Nehe County, Heilongjiang Province. Graduated from Jilin Normal University, participated in the war of liberation, dedicated most of his life to the peaceful reunification of his hometown, and once served as the political commissar of the cavalry division. He founded Hailar Agricultural Reclamation Bureau and served as deputy director at that time.Uni
Uni, born in Nehe County, Heilongjiang Province in 1933. He graduated from the Department of veterinary medicine of Mongolian National University in 1957 and was assigned to the former Inner Mongolia animal husbandry and Veterinary College in the same year. In 1982, he obtained his doctorate in medicine from Zagreb University, Yugoslavia. He is the first person in Inner Mongolia to obtain a doctorate abroad after China's reform and opening up. He served as the president of the former Inner Mongolia agriculture and Animal Husbandry College (Inner Mongolia Agricultural University) in 1984 and retired in 2005. He once served as vice chairman of the science and Technology Association of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.
Tonfou
Tongfu (1919-1989), born in bayancuogang, Ewenki banner, Inner Mongolia. A famous musician. He used to be the director and vice chairman of Inner Mongolia Branch of China Musicians Association and the conductor of Inner Mongolia song and dance troupe. Representative works include Hulunbuir hometown, Inner Mongolia Youth March, OBO meeting, grassland morning song, etc.
Yela
Yela, also known as Ike Elli, is from Qiqihar, Heilongjiang. Born in Qiqihar, Heilongjiang in 1925, he is good at Chinese painting, oil painting and Mongolian and Chinese calligraphy. He has successively held the posts of stage art design of Inner Mongolia song and dance troupe, deputy head of National Opera Troupe, member of China Artists Association, vice chairman of Inner Mongolia Artists Association, director of China Calligraphers Association, chairman of Inner Mongolia Calligraphers Association, etc.
Wang Haishan
Wang Haishan studied at the army sergeant school in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan in 1941. After returning to China, he served as the company commander of the puppet Manchukuo Ulanhot military academy. In 1945, he led a riot among the students of the military academy. He joined the Inner Mongolia People's self defense army in 1946. He joined the Communist Party of China in the same year. He later served as the commander of the first division of Inner Mongolia cavalry. Took part in the Liaoshen campaign. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, he served as commander of Inner Mongolia Military Region, deputy commander of Mengsui public security force, commander of Hulunbuir military region and vice chairman of Inner Mongolia CPPCC.
Ao Yingfang
Ao Yingfang, male, born in July 1956 in Hulunbuir League, Inner Mongolia, is an expert, professor and doctoral supervisor in sports trauma surgery. He is now Deputy Secretary of the Party committee of Peking University and Secretary of the Party committee of the Department of medicine.
EN and Batu
EN and Batu, Professor of Inner Mongolia University, have participated in relevant international academic conferences for many times and visited Turkey, Japan and other countries successively. He went to Hokkaido University in Japan twice to participate in the Sino Japanese joint research symposium. From 2001 to 2002, he was employed as a visiting professor of Tohoku University in Japan to teach Mongolian and other courses.
Ding Shiqing
Ding Shiqing (June 1956 -) male, from Tacheng, Xinjiang. He is now a professor and doctoral supervisor of the school of language and literature of the Central University for nationalities. He also serves as the director of China national language society, the executive director of China Bilingual Teaching Research Association, and the deputy director of China Altai studies research center.
Siqin
Siqin, from Nehe, Heilongjiang. He served as a photographer of Inner Mongolia Daily, deputy director of the press department, director of the photography department, director of the photography art department, member of the fourth session of China Federation of literary and art circles, director of the first and second sessions and executive director of the third session of China Photographers Association, and chairman of Inner Mongolia Photographers Association. His works include horse training, barking strength, new hunting village and so on.
Meng heboyan
Meng heboyan has been engaged in literary and artistic work since 1946. He has successively served as the director of the fourth session of China Writers' Association, the honorary member of the fifth and sixth sessions, the party secretary and Acting Deputy Secretary of Inner Mongolia literary and Art Federation, the vice chairman and Secretary General of Inner Mongolia writers' Association, the editor in chief of Inner Mongolia literature and art, the editor in chief of national literature and art theory, the honorary chairman of Inner Mongolia writers' Association, the consultant of Inner Mongolia literary and art critics' Association, etc.
Yisong
Yi song, born in September 1960, has a university degree from Heilongjiang University and is a researcher. He once served as the director of the Institute of nationalities of Inner Mongolia Academy of social sciences. On November 2, 2011, he served as a member of the Party committee and vice president of Inner Mongolia Academy of Social Sciences.
Guo bro runqi
Guo bro runqi was born in Rongfu, Maoer alley, Beijing in 1912. His sister, Guo bro Wanrong, married emperor Puyi, and Mr. runqi's wife was Puyi's sister, Yi Ying.
Bada rongga
Badaronga, (1917 -), linguist. He studied in Japan in the 1940s and was familiar with Daur, Ewenki, Manchu, Mongolia, Chinese, Japanese, Russian, English and other languages. He was a researcher at the Academy of Social Sciences of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and a member of the Sixth Committee of the CPPCC National Committee. He has successively applied for teaching Manchu for Liaoning University, Inner Mongolia University, Inner Mongolia Normal University and Inner Mongolia archives.
De Gulai
Dracula, also known as gilgarang. He was born in dedulhala, wenchartun, Nehe County, Heilongjiang Province. He was admitted to Beijing Normal University in 1924. Then he went to Japan to study. Shortly after the establishment of puppet Xing Anton Province, degu served as the chief of the general affairs section. Later, he went to Hohhot and became the Minister of Finance under King De. At the end of 1947, de Gulai was elected as a legislator in the name of butha representative in the Kuomintang Changchun constituency. He went to Taiwan in 1948.
Wo Lingsheng
Woling, male, born in July 1958 in Longjiang County, Heilongjiang Province. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1977 with a university degree. In February 2008, he served as director of Heilongjiang Provincial Ethnic Affairs Committee, director of religion department and Secretary of the Party group of the Committee (bureau). Deputy to the 10th National People's Congress and standing member of the 10th provincial CPPCC. In 2013, he served as director of Heilongjiang Provincial Department of justice.
E Yunlong
Male, now vice president of China Association for the promotion of ecological moral education, deputy director and professor of ecological civilization research center of Peking University.
Meng Zhidong
Meng Zhidong (1935.10 -), also known as Ulan Batu and Mo rigendi, is a native of the Daur nationality in Molidawa, Inner Mongolia. He was once the director and researcher of the Institute of nationalities of Inner Mongolia Academy of Social Sciences, vice president of Inner Mongolia Daur society and director of China Nationalities society.
Wang penglin
Wang penglin (1953 -), from meiris, Qiqihar, is a linguist. He received his doctorate in linguistics from the University of Hawaii in 1993. He has published articles in Chinese Social Sciences, American general linguistics, human quarterly, German Journal of Central Asia, Russian anthropology and culture forum and other academic journals.
Batubao sound
Batu Baoyin, born in Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province, is a member of the Communist Party of China and a researcher of the Central University for nationalities. He is a member of the Chinese Writers Association, the Chinese Folk Writers and Artists Association, and the executive director of the Chinese Minority Writers Association.
Erdentai
Erdenti studied in the Soviet Union in 1925 and studied at the Oriental Communist Labor University in Moscow. From 1926 to 1927, he studied in the Central Party School of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party of the people's Republic of Mongolia. In November 1961, he was transferred to Inner Mongolia History Research Institute as the director of the compilation office. He was a director of the Chinese Mongolian history society. His main works include selected words of the secret history of Mongolia and collated version of the secret history of Mongolia.
Ling Sheng
Ling Sheng (1886-april 1936), also known as Fuxian, with the word Yunzhi, is a native of solun right wing zhenghuang banner (Ewenki Autonomous Banner) in Hulunbuir League, Inner Mongolia, and is of the moriden family. Hulunbuir is the son of tongguifu, vice president of Hulunbuir. In the eighth year of Jiaqing (1803), his ancestor mingxin'a was ordered to be the head of irut banner from butha area to Hulunbuir; Ling Sheng successively served as deputy Du Tong of Hulunbuir Yamen and governor of Xing'an North Province.
Dorian
Duo Li'an, male, doctor of science, Professor, from Heilongjiang Province. Leader of ecology discipline of Tianjin Normal University. From 2002 to 2003, he was invited to be a senior visiting scholar at the Institute of natural resources, Macy University, New Zealand.
Xiao Mei e
E Xiaomei, female, doctor of law, Peking University, postdoctoral in law, UNU Institute of higher studies. He is now a professor and doctoral supervisor of Inner Mongolia University. In 2010, he was selected into the list of the top ten outstanding young jurists in China.
Uniri
Uniri, female, born in June 1956, Professor, doctor of law, master's supervisor, the first president of the school of politics of Guangxi University and President of the Institute of Marxism, the first famous teacher of Ideological and political theory course in Guangxi, director of China Women's Research Association and director of China Nationalities Society.
Meng Dinggong
Meng Dinggong, a native of sibutha banner, was born in the 19th year of Guangxu in the late Qing Dynasty (1893). He has successively served as a member of Heilongjiang Provincial Parliament, chief of flag Affairs Section of xibutha general office, director of Buxi Education Bureau, etc.
Jin Tiehong
Jin Tiehong, male, born in July 1957, Professor (Master's supervisor), vice president of Inner Mongolia Symphony Lovers Association, vice president of Beijing National Music Research Association, and vice president of the Conservatory of music of Inner Mongolia Normal University.
Changshun
Changshun, (1839-1904), the word heting, was a military figure of the Qing Dynasty. He was an important Minister of the three dynasties. In the 14th year of Guangxu, he became a general of Jilin. After his death in the 30th year of Guangxu, he gave the crown prince Shaobao a special gift, with the posthumous title of Zhongjing, and entered the Xianliang temple.
Golden Tiger
Major general, Professor of the Armed Police General Hospital, has been a doctor for more than 40 years. Now he is also the honorary consultant of the anorectal Branch of the all China Society of traditional Chinese medicine, the honorary president of the anorectal society of the whole army, and the deputy editor in chief of China Journal of anorectal diseases. He has been awarded the title of "expert with outstanding contributions" by the Ministry of personnel and enjoys special government subsidies.
Zhong Qi e
E Zhongqi, male, born in April 1963 in Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province, started work in September 1985, graduated from the Party School of the CPC Central Committee with a graduate degree in economics. Former mayor of Ning'an city; Secretary of Muling municipal Party committee; Secretary of Suifenhe municipal Party committee. He is currently the deputy director general of the Department of Commerce of Heilongjiang Province.
Wu Yangang
Wu Yangang, male, born in March 1967 in Fuyu County, Heilongjiang Province, is a graduate student. He started working in August 1990 and is now a member of the Standing Committee of the Hohhot municipal Party committee and Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission.
Sayer
He once served as secretary of the Party committee of Daxing'anling Forestry Administration Bureau, deputy secretary of the Party committee of Northeast Forestry College, secretary general and consultant (Deputy ministerial level) of the Ethnic Affairs Committee of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.
Ardazab
Aldazab, born in October 1936 in Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia. He graduated from the Department of Mongolian language and literature of Mongolian National University in 1960. Researcher of history discipline in the literature Office of the Institute of history, Inner Mongolia Academy of social sciences. Member of China Mongolian Language Research Association, member of international Mongolian scholars, member of Chinese Mongolian history, and executive director of Daur society of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.
Guo Wenlin
Guo Wenlin, born in the 32nd year of Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty (AD 1906), is now from bayantohai Town, Ewenki Autonomous Banner, Inner Mongolia. In October 1928, he entered the army sergeant school for undergraduate study until he graduated and went home in July 1931. Before and after the founding of the puppet Manchukuo in 1932, Guo Wenlin followed Ling Sheng to participate in the "Founding of the Manchukuo" activities. In March 1941, he was promoted to the commander of the puppet Manchukuo ninth military region (the headquarters is located in Tongliao). Led the "Tin River" uprising.
E Zhihuan
Born in Fularji District, Qiqihar, doctor of economics, researcher and famous domestic financial analysis expert. He once served as the director of the International Finance Research Office of the Bank of China Research Institute, worked in the New York branch of the Bank of China, and is now the deputy general manager of the Hong Kong Development Planning Department of the Bank of China.
SANA
SANA, female, from Molidawa banner in Inner Mongolia, vice chairman of Inner Mongolia Writers Association, has published many novels, essays and poems.
Du Weijun
Male, Molidawa banner, super pilot, Air Force Senior Colonel (deputy division level), vice president of Flight College.
Ying Bao Wu
Born in hanbodai village, Qiqihar in 1929, he has worked in the National Ethnic Affairs Commission for 35 years. He once served as deputy director of the personnel department and Deputy Secretary of the Party committee of Northeast Institute for Nationalities (Dalian Institute for Nationalities).
Brin
Born in meiris District, Qiqihar in 1923, he once served as the president of Qiqihar ethnic middle school, vice chairman of Qiqihar CPPCC, chairman of Heilongjiang Daur society, deputy to the Sixth National People's Congress, etc.
Wuruxiyeletu
Born in 1922 in Molidawa banner, he has successively served as secretary of Molidawa banner Committee, deputy league leader of Hulunbuir League, director of United Front Work Department, vice chairman of the CPPCC of Hulunbuir League, etc.
Tenormin
NOMIN, national first-class Ci and Qu, vice chairman of Inner Mongolia Musician Association, director of Hulunbuir Cultural Bureau and President of national song and dance theater.
Paule day
He is a postdoctoral doctor in medicine and now a professor of Harvard Medical School. He has published more than 20 papers in scientific journals such as nature.
Meng Xin
Meng Xin, male, was born in Xinjiang in 1965. Researcher and doctoral supervisor of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He is currently Deputy Director and Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission of the space science application research center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Se Wen Su Rong
Professor of Peking University, researcher of Japan Research Center of Peking University and visiting professor of Osaka University, Japan.
Man surong
Man surong, a national first-class actor and Professor, was the dean of the dance school of the Central University for Nationalities and the discipline leader.
Qiao Liang
National first-class actor, once served as vice chairman of Heilongjiang Dancer Association and member of the seventh and eighth CPPCC of Heilongjiang Province. In 2006, he won the first lifetime achievement award of art in Heilongjiang Province.
Dorona
Dolong'a, from Qiqihar, is a famous general of the Qing Dynasty. He has successively served as general of Jingzhou and Xi'an. Subsequently, he was specially authorized as an imperial envoy to supervise the military affairs of Shaanxi and Gansu.
Duxing'a
Guo Beier duxing'a, grandson of anabao, Minister of the Qing Dynasty. Father boduohuan is the Mongolian capital of zhenghuang banner. Duxing Ali served as general Jiangning and general Shengjing, and was an important military figure in the late Qing Dynasty. In the first year of Guangxu, he died in an official position and gave the crown prince Taibao the posthumous title of Qing court. There is "Duxing a play manuscript".
Mutenga
Mu Tenga, born in 1824, died in 1884. Butha is full of NATUN people with white flags. Growing up in an official family, he is proficient in Manchu and Chinese, governs both civil and military affairs, and is knowledgeable. He once served as general Jiangning and Mongolian capital of Xianghuang Banner.
Meng Xishun
Meng Xishun, the word Xiaowen. Daur, mordin (mengerden), Hara. Molidawa people in Inner Mongolia. Mo Qi was the first flag commander. Famous scholar, educator and calligrapher. Proficient in Manchu and Chinese. He has been engaged in education for many years and has written the first draft of Daur ethnography.
Baldazi
Baldaqi, Daur nationality, the jingqili family of sakhar Chabu, lived in duoketun on the Bank of jingqili river. He was the leader of Daur tribe. He was attached to the Qing court in the Nurhachi era. He was awarded the first-class ashanihapan (Baron) and served in Beijing.
Historians can only speculate that the fate of millions of Khitans can be roughly divided into three types:
First, the Khitans living in the Khitan ancestral land gradually forget their ethnic origin and integrate with other nationalities.
Second, after the collapse of the Western Liao Dynasty, most of the Khitans in Mobei moved westward to the Kerman region of Iran and were completely Islamized.
Third, after the outbreak of the Jin Mongolia war, some Khitans who "vowed not to eat Golden Millet" took refuge in Mongolia and spread to all parts of the country with the Mongolian army.
Daur means "original place", that is, hometown. For hundreds of years, Daur people have been nomadic here, but where is their hometown? Daur people don't know, because they don't have words and can only pass on history orally. No one knows anything before the Qing Dynasty.
A local legend has aroused the interest of national historians: hundreds of years ago, a Khitan army came here to build a border Fort (border fort is a unique term of Daur, which refers to a building similar to the Great Wall), and has settled here ever since. The leader of this army is called sagir dihan, which is the ancestor of Daur.
Experts first took the wrist bone of the Qidan female corpse in Leshan, Sichuan; The teeth and skulls of Qidan people with epitaphs as evidence were taken from Chifeng, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region; Blood samples of "I" were collected in Baoshan, Shidian and other places in Yunnan; Blood samples of Daur, Ewenki, Mongolian and Han people were extracted from Molidawa banner and several other banners and counties in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. After comparing the variable regions of mitochondrial DNA extracted by silicon method in dental pulp and bone marrow of ancient specimens, they finally came to an accurate conclusion: Qidan has a recent genetic relationship with Daur nationality and is a descendant of Qidan people; Yunnan "I" has a similar paternal origin with Daur nationality, and is likely to be the descendant of Qidan officers and soldiers in the Mongolian army.
According to the results of this survey and in combination with historical data, historians finally found the whereabouts of the Qidan nationality: when the Mongols of the Yuan Dynasty established the Mongolian empire across Eurasia, they fought for years and frequently. The Qidan people who were good at fighting were recruited and scattered everywhere. Some maintained large ethnic groups, such as the Daur nationality, remained as a nation, Some were assimilated by the local people and scattered everywhere as "descendants in the molecular sense".
Daur nationality
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Mongolian Nationality
At first, Mongolia was only the name used by one of the Mongolian tribes with Donghu as its ethnic origin. Later, it gradually absorbed and integrated the forest hunting and grassland nomadic tribes living in Mobei area, and developed into the common name. Meng Gu Zu
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Hui nationality
Hui is a minority with a large population in China, with a total population of 10586087 (2010, excluding Taiwan Province), which is distributed in 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government. Ningxia Hui Auton. Hui Zu
Views: 26 Time 2021-03-07 -
Tibet Nationality
Tibetans are one of China's 56 ethnic groups and the indigenous people of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. It is mainly distributed in Tibet Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province, Western Sichuan Province, Diqing in Yunnan, Gannan in Gansu and other regions in Ch. Cang Zu
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Yi Nationality
Yi is the sixth largest ethnic minority in China. Its national language is Yi. It belongs to the Yi branch of the Tibetan Burmese language family of the Sino Tibetan language family. There are 6 dialects in the north, East, South, Southeast, West and cent. Yi Zu
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Dai Nationality
Dai nationality (Roman letter: Dai), also known as Thai nationality (Thai: Pang Pang, Roman letter: Thai), Shan nationality (Roman letter: Shan), etc. the national language is Dai (Thai), belonging to the Zhuang Dai branch of Zhuang Dong nationality of Si. Dai Zu
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She Nationality
She nationality is one of the ethnic minorities with a small population in China, with a total population of 708651 (2010). It is distributed in some mountainous areas in more than 80 counties (cities) in Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guizhou, Anh. She Zu
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Dongxiang Nationality
Dongxiang nationality is a minority nationality in Gansu Province, China. The national language belongs to the Altaic Mongolian language family. There is no national language. Most Dongxiang Nationalities also speak Chinese. Chinese is the common language. Dong Xiang Zu
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Naxi Nationality
Naxi nationality is one of 56 ethnic groups in China and one of the unique ethnic groups in Yunnan. Most of them live in Lijiang City in Northwest Yunnan, the rest are distributed in other counties and cities in Yunnan and Yanyuan, Yanbian, Muli and other. Na Xi Zu
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Bulang Nationality
Bulang Nationality is a minority nationality with a long history. The national language is Bulang language. It belongs to the Bulang branch of the mon Khmer language family of the South Asian language family. It can be divided into Bulang and AVA dialects. Bu Lang Zu
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Ewenki Nationality
Ewenki (Russian: Эвенки， Tungus (formerly known as Tungus or Soren) is a nationality in Northeast Asia. It mainly lives in Siberia, Russia and Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang provinces of China. Mongolia also has a small amount of distribution. In Russia . E Wen Ke Zu
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Dulong Nationality
Dulong nationality is one of the ethnic minorities with a small population in China and the least populous nationality in Yunnan Province. It uses Dulong language and has no national characters.. Du Long Zu
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Jinuo Nationality
Jino nationality is one of the seven unique nationalities with a small population in Yunnan Province. The national language is Jino language. It belongs to the Yi language branch of the Tibetan Burmese language family of the Sino Tibetan language family. . Ji Nuo Zu
Views: 104 Time 2021-03-07
