Mongolian Nationality

At first, Mongolia was only the name used by one of the Mongolian tribes with Donghu as its ethnic origin. Later, it gradually absorbed and integrated the forest hunting and grassland nomadic tribes living in Mobei area, and developed into the common name of these tribes.

The word "Mongolia" is the sound change of "busy huole", which was first seen in the Tang Dynasty, that is, the "MengWu room Wei" in the new and old Tang books. "MengWu" was the earliest Chinese translation of the word "Mongolia", and later there were many homonymous translations of "Menggu", "Menggu", "mengguzi", "blind GuZi", "Menggu" and so on. The Chinese translation of "Mongolia" began to appear in the documents of the Yuan Dynasty.

"Mongolia" means "eternal fire". In Ancient Mongolian, the word "Mongolia" means "plain". Others believe that the original meaning of "Mongolia" is "Tian nationality". "MengWu" is the earliest Chinese translation of the word "Mongolia", which began in the Tang Dynasty.

Primitive society period

The book "historical collection" written in Persian in the 14th century records an ancient Mongolian legend: the Mongols were defeated by other tribes and brutally slaughtered. Only two men and two women survived. They fled to a place surrounded by mountains and forests with good grassland in the middle. This place is called "erguinekun" - a "steep hillside". They live and multiply here and pass on from generation to generation. The legendary "Erguna" is the Erguna river flowing through Hulunbuir grassland, which is the birthplace of the Mongolian nation.

According to the records of the historical records, the Mongol tribes initially included only two clans, the Negus and the Qiyan. After they were defeated by other Turkic tribes, only two men and two women were left. They fled to erguinekun (mountains along the Erguna River) and lived there. In the 8th century, due to the continuous growth of population, they had to migrate outward. At this time, 70 branches have been divided, These 70 branches are called "dierleqin Mongolia". The secret history of Mongolia and the old book of Tang recorded that the wolf and the white deer were the ancestors of Genghis Khan. They were born into the world by the order of heaven. Then they crossed tengjisi together and began to multiply in front of buerhan mountain, the source of the Tunan River, giving birth to batachhan. Batachhan here is the ancestor of Genghis Khan. In fact, the wolf and the white deer are read in Mongolian as: Boer tighna and Huo AI malanle, but they are translated into Chinese as wolf and white deer.

On the issue of the true ethnic origin of the Mongolian nation, most modern and contemporary scholars believe that the Mongolian nationality comes from Donghu. Donghu is the general name of large and small tribes with the same ethnic origin, different dialects and different names. According to the historical records, "in the east of Xiongnu, it is called Donghu." from the 5th to the 3rd century BC, the Donghu tribes were still in the stage of primitive clan social development, and the tribes lived a life of "following the water and grass and living in impermanent places".

In the middle of the 4th century, a branch of Xianbei people living in the Huangshui and Laoha river basins was named "Qidan". A branch of Xianbei people living in the west of Xing'an Mountains (today's Hulunbuir area) is called "Shiwei". Roomy Wei, first seen in the book of Wei, was called lost Wei. Shiwei and Khitan come from the same source, bounded by Xing'an ridge, "the south is Khitan, and the north is Shiwei" (Biography of Shiwei, Vol. 94 of northern History). After the 6th century, Shiwei people were divided into five parts: nanshiwei, beishiwei, boshiwei, Shenmo hengshiwei and Dashiwei, and each part was divided into several branches.

Later, dathang became the general name of Mongolian ministries. Because "they were the conquerors and rulers of most tribes and regions in ancient times, great, powerful and fully respected", "due to their extremely great and respected status, other Turkic tribes, despite their different types and names, gradually became famous by their names, all of which were called Tatars" (Volume 1 of raszt's historical works) 。 Due to the strength of the Mongolian Ministry, the name of "da ta" was gradually replaced by "Mongolia" and became the general name of the various ministries of the roomwei. The title of Mongolia in written records was first seen in the old Tang Dynasty, called "MengWu Shiwei". It is a member of dashuwei and lives in the south of Erguna river.

In the 12th century, these sons and grandchildren multiplied and the clan expenditure gradually distributed in the upper reaches of the three rivers of Nen River, krulun River and Tula River and the east of Kent mountain, forming a tribal group. Among them, the more famous are Qiyan, zadalan, taichiwu, Hongjila, wulianghe and other nationalities and tribes. At that time, with them on the Mongolian Plateau, there were nomadic Tatar department around today's Baikal Lake, mierqi Department living in the Selenge River Basin on the East Bank of Baikal Lake, and the good offices department in the west of Baikal Lake and the upper source of Yenisei River. All three books use Mongolian language. In addition, there are three mongolized Turkic tribes ruled by Turkic aristocrats who believe in Nestorianism, namely, the Keli tribe around the hometown of Uighur khanate, the Naiman tribe in the West and the Wanggu tribe near Yinshan Mountain.

According to their lifestyle and development level, these tribes are roughly divided into "grassland nomads" and "forest hunters". The first category includes the Turkic tribes who lived in the original place for a long time and the Mongolian tribes who later moved to accept the influence of Turks and complete the transition to nomadic life; The second category is the remaining forest areas, mainly engaged in hunting, such as Ewenki.

National unity and foreign expedition

In 1206, timuzhen was elected as the Mongolian Khan, Genghis Khan, at the huriletai (grand gathering) held on the Bank of the good offices River, and established the great Mongolia. The establishment of Mongolian Khanate is of great significance to the formation of Mongolian nationality. Since then, for the first time in northern China, there has been a strong, stable and developing nation - Mongolia, which is formed by unifying all tribes. All the Monan and Mobei areas under the jurisdiction of this country are collectively referred to as Mongolian areas, and the residents of various tribes in this area are collectively referred to as Mongols. At this time, the Mongols became the ruling nation from the ruling nation in the Liao and Jin Dynasties (916 ~ 1234).

Under the leadership of Genghis Khan, from 1219 to 1260, the Mongols made three Western expeditions and successively established four major khanates across Europe and Asia: wokuotai khanate, Chagatai Khanate, qincha Khanate and Yier Khanate. At the same time of the western expedition, he moved south. From Genghis Khan to Kublai Khan, after more than 70 years of war, China was unified and the Yuan Dynasty was established. Its territory extends from Siberia in Russia in the north to the South China Sea in China, from the northeast to the lower reaches of Heilongjiang, across the outer Xing'an Mountains, to the east of the Wusuli River, to the sea of Okhotsk and the sea of Japan, and to the southwest, including Yunnan, northern, Central and eastern Myanmar; Northern Thailand, Laos and northwestern Vietnam were all incorporated into the provincial construction of the Yuan Dynasty.

Due to the South or west expedition, the Mongolian people were recruited everywhere. Therefore, the Mongolian people were scattered all over the country.

In 1368, the Yuan Dynasty perished and the residual forces retreated to the Mongolian grassland.

Mongolian tribes after the fall of the Yuan Dynasty

After the fall of the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty successively set up more than 20 Mongolian guard stations in the East and west of Liaoning, the south of the desert, the north of Gansu and Hami, and the officers of each guard station were all held by the Mongolian feudal lords. At the beginning of the 15th century, the warra Department of Moxi Mongolia and the Tatar Department of eastern Mongolia successively paid tribute to the Ming Dynasty and established the relationship between officials and subordinates.

Mongolia is divided into two parts: eastern Mongolia is nomadic in Mobei and Monan, and its leader is the descendant of Yuanshi, which is regarded as the orthodox of Mongolia; The Wara tribe (i.e. the original good offices and Yila tribe) nomadic in the west of the desert is known as the West Mongolia and has an affinity with the East Mongolia.

In the 15th century, the north and south of Mongolia were reunified by Dayan Khan, and the eastern Mongolia was divided into six parts: karkha, wuliangha, Ordos, Tumet, Chahar and Kalaqin (yongxibu). Late Ming and early Qing. Mongolia is in a state of separatism. Bounded by the desert, it is divided into three parts: Monan Mongolia, Mobei (kalka) Mongolia and Moxi (irut) Mongolia. An Dahan in the west of Monan Mongolia paid attention to repairing and developing trade relations with the Ming Dynasty. Kukuhetun (today's Hohhot), the residence of Andahan, built a city wall and gathered together business and tourism, becoming the political, economic and cultural center of southern Mongolia.

In the late Ming Dynasty, Nuzhen established the post Jin regime. After 1636, the Jin Dynasty was changed to the Qing Dynasty, and the feudal lords of Monan Mongolia were conquered by the Qing Dynasty. After the fall of the Ming Dynasty in 1644, the Qing army entered the customs to unify China until the Junggar tribe was pacified in 1757. So far, the Mongols were completely under the rule of the Qing Dynasty. In order to strengthen the rule over the Mongols, the Qing Dynasty established the league flag system in the Mongolian areas on the basis of readjusting the original feudal lords of Mongolia and referring to the Manchu eight flag system. A series of edicts with the league flag system as the core were issued, which strengthened and developed the feudal system of Mongolia. However, the Qing Dynasty promoted Lamaism in Mongolia and implemented "Mongolian prohibition".

The independence of Mongolia and the establishment of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

Tsarist Russia had territorial ambitions for Mongolia in the 18th century. Its official publications have publicly claimed that Russia has a special mission in Outer Mongolia, and the Gobi desert is the natural border between the Far East and southeast of the Empire. However, at that time, the focus of tsarist Russia's aggression was to swallow the whole Manchuria (Northeast China), and the invasion of Outer Mongolia was still secondary. After the Opium War in 1840, especially after the Qing government was defeated by the British and French coalition forces in 1860, tsarist Russia forced the Qing government to conclude many unequal treaties, cut and occupied a large area of territory from China, and seized many privileges in Mongolia.

From 1904 to 1905, the Russo Japanese war broke out in Liaodong Peninsula. As a result, tsarist Russia failed in the war with Japan for Northeast China, so it signed a secret treaty with Japan to divide the sphere of influence of North and South Manchuria, ceding South Manchuria to Japan in exchange for Japan's recognition of its "special interests" in Outer Mongolia.

At the beginning of 1919, the history of Outer Mongolia took a major turn. Influenced by the Russian October Revolution, the leaders of the Mongolian People's revolution, sukhbater and horlo chobashan, successively established two revolutionary groups in Kulun. Soon the two revolutionary groups merged into a unified revolutionary organization, the Mongolian People's revolutionary party.

In the summer of 1920, the direct warlords manipulated by Britain and the United States defeated the ruling Pro Japanese Anfu warlords in China, which made Japan lose the conditions for conspiracy expansion in Mongolia. Therefore, Japan decided to take advantage of the remaining troops who fled to Northeast China after being defeated by the Soviet Red Army to seize territory for itself in Mongolia. In October of the same year, Baron Wen Ganlun entered Mongolia with a cavalry division composed of 800 soldiers. Taking advantage of the dissatisfaction of the Mongolian people with Xu Shuzheng's military dictatorship, Baron Wen Ganlun received the support of the feudal princes of Mongolia and some people who did not know the truth. On February 3, 1921, Wen Ganlun's bandit army defeated the Chinese garrison and occupied Kulun. On February 15, Wen Ganlun helped the eighth Zhebuzundanba to become the emperor of Mongolia again and established an autonomous government. The members of the government were appointed by Wen Ganlun.

On March 1, 1921, with the help of the Russian Communist Party, the Mongolian People's revolutionary party held its first Congress in chaktu, Russia, which discussed and adopted the first struggle program of "carrying out the anti imperialist and anti feudal people's revolution, liberating the nation, transferring power to the people, and then transforming social life".

The then government of the Republic of China did not recognize Mongolia's independence. In 1924, the government of the Republic of China and the government of the Soviet Union signed the outline agreement on the settlement of outstanding cases, which still stipulates that Outer Mongolia is a part of Chinese territory and China enjoys territorial sovereignty. However, due to the outbreak of the northern expedition in China, the Northern Warlords were busy fighting, and the negotiations to solve the outstanding cases failed.

In May 1924, the eighth Zhebuzundanba died. A month later, Mongolia abolished the constitutional monarchy, established a republic and established the people's Republic of Mongolia. Since 1924, the government of Outer Mongolia has declared its closure to the outside world and cut off all exchanges with China.

Mongolia's international status was established after the end of the Second World War. In February 1945, the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union reached the Yalta agreement on the Soviet Union's participation in the war against Japan. In order to urge the Soviet Union to send troops as soon as possible and force Japan to surrender, the United States and Britain agreed that the Soviet Union proposed to write "the status quo of Outer Mongolia must be maintained" in Article 1 of the agreement. The United States promised to persuade the Chinese government to recognize the independence of Outer Mongolia in order to realize this provision.

In October 1945, the Kuomintang government sent Lei Fazhang, Vice Minister of the interior, to Outer Mongolia to "observe" the referendum on independence of the whole Mongolian people.

The voting began on October 10, 1945 and ended on October 20, 1945. There were 494074 citizens voting, 489291 in favor of independence, and the rest abstained. That means that 99% of voters are in favor of independence. The Chinese Kuomintang government issued an official announcement on January 5, 1946, announcing the independence of Outer Mongolia.

On May 1, 1947, Chinese Mongols established the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region under the leadership of Ulan Fu, becoming the earliest autonomous region established in China. Since then, nine autonomous prefectures and counties have been established. Ulanf was elected chairman.

The people's Republic of China was established in 1949. After the Soviet Union recognized the Central People's Government of the people's Republic of China and took the lead in establishing diplomatic relations with new China, the people's Republic of Mongolia established diplomatic relations with the people's Republic of China on October 16, 1949.

Around the 1990s, affected by the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the drastic changes in Eastern Europe, the people's Republic of Mongolia abolished Marxism Leninism and changed its name to Mongolia. The multi-party system was implemented politically, the market economy was implemented economically, and people began to get rid of the control of the Soviet Union for 70 years. People set off a wave of restoring national culture ideologically.

Genghis Khan period

During Genghis Khan's period, the total population of Mongolian grassland was about 1.7 million. When the Mongolian Khanate was officially established in 1206, minus the death toll of more than 20 years of war, the total population of the Mongolian Khanate should not be less than 1.5 million. The total strength of the Mongolian army in the last years of Genghis Khan was verified by the Russian V.V. bartol'd as 129000.

China

According to the data of the sixth national census in 2010, China's Mongolian population is about 6.5 million. China's Mongolian population is mainly distributed in Inner Mongolia and Northeast China, Xinjiang, Hebei and Qinghai, and the rest are scattered in Henan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Beijing and Yunnan.

Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region: before 1949, the population of Inner Mongolia was in the stage of high birth, high death and low natural growth. After the establishment of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government, the population of pastoral areas in Inner Mongolia began to recover. In 1961, the Statistics Bureau of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region announced that the Mongolian population had grown to 1213000, an increase of 45.79% over the growth of the autonomous region in 1947. Since then, due to food production, a large number of people have entered the pastoral areas. From 1987 to 2000, the population of pastoral areas in Inner Mongolia maintained a relatively gentle growth rate without major fluctuations. According to the 2010 census, the Mongolian population in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is 4226093.

Mongolia

According to the data released by the National Statistical Commission of Mongolia on July 15, 2013, the Mongolian population is about 2.28 million.

Russia

Russia has about 900000 Mongols (2009 data). There are Buryat Mongols in Siberia (about 400000 people), weilat people (including kalmec and durbert people), etc.

Other regions

Korea: 34000

Us: 15000 – 18000

Czech Republic: 7515

Japan: 5401

Germany: 3852

UK: 3701

France: 2859

Turkey: 2645

Kazakhstan: 2523

In 1206, Tiemuzhen (later known as Genghis Khan), the leader of the Mongolian nationality, unified all Mongolian ministries and established the Mongolian regime. Genghis Khan and his descendants launched a large-scale war. With the establishment and expansion of great Mongolia, Mongolian forces gradually developed and expanded to Eurasia. But at the same time, the competition for Khan's position and power also made the internal crisis of Genghis Khan's "golden family" more and more serious and more open. When Genghis Khan was alive, this contradiction was also tending to be open. In order to balance the interests of future generations, Genghis Khan delimited the fief of four sons (namely wuruth). Its territory is basically in today's Xinjiang and Central Asia to the north and West. It is roughly as follows: the fief of the eldest son, shuchi, is in Russia to the west of the irtsis River and to the north of huarazimo. After shuchi's death, his son Badu established the qincha Khanate centered on the Volga River Basin in 1243; The fief of Chahatai, the second son, was on the grassland between the Amu River and the SYR river. Genghis Khan also firmly sealed Kuo lie, the fifth son born to his concubine, in the land of Mobei; Only the young son Tuolei did not have a fief and inherited his father's pasture, population and army. After Chagatai died, his grandson HeLa xulie succeeded him.

The Yuan Dynasty established by Kublai Khan unified China. The unification of Yuan promoted the development of multi-ethnic countries. The provincial system implemented in the Yuan Dynasty effectively governed China. The supreme ruler of the Yuan Dynasty was still the nominal Great Khan of all Mongolia, retaining the identity of patriarch. As far as the Yuan Dynasty is concerned, he was the emperor. As far as the Mongolian Khanate and Mongols outside the Yuan Dynasty are concerned, he was the sacred "Xue Chan Khan (Great Khan)" of Mongolia, and accepted the canonization of the Yuan Dynasty until the Yuan Dynasty retreated to Mobei after Xu Da's northern expedition at the end of the Yuan Dynasty.

During the Qing Dynasty, the government implemented special management over Inner Mongolia. On the one hand, they used marriage to win over the leaders of various ministries in Mongolia, and married the leaders of various ministries and their sons and nephews with patriarchal women. On the other hand, the "Zaza restraint" of division and rule is implemented politically, that is, the league flag system.

On July 11, 1921, Outer Mongolia established a pro Soviet constitutional monarchy.

On November 25, 1921, Outer Mongolia established the "people's revolutionary regime" and concluded the Treaty of Soviet Mongolian repair with the Soviet Union in 1922. The Beijing government issued a statement condemning Outer Mongolia's attempt to split the Republic of China and not recognizing Outer Mongolia's independence.

On April 17, 1924, the living Buddha zhebuzundenba, the monarch of Mongolia, died.

On November 26, 1924, with the support and action of the Soviet Union and the third international, the Mongolian People's Party announced the abolition of the constitutional monarchy, the establishment of the Mongolian People's Republic, the capital of Kulun, the city was renamed Ulaanbaatar, and the Soviet Union was allowed to garrison troops in 1911. However, the governments of China, Britain, the United States and other major countries at that time did not recognize it.

On October 25, 1961, the United Nations Security Council approved the accession of the people's Republic of Mongolia to the United Nations by 9 votes in favour, 0 against and 1 abstention (United States).

Around the 1990s, the people's Republic of Mongolia was renamed Mongolia and Marxism Leninism was abolished.

The early social economy of the Mongols was mainly hunting and nomadism. Until the 13th century, the Mongols still had "hunting" For quite a long time, the animal husbandry economy was the main socio-economic category of the Mongols. It was not until the 16th century that the Mongolian people developed a mixed farming economy of animal husbandry and agriculture in Pingchuan where there were conditions for farming on both sides of the river. By the beginning of the 20th century, the regional economy of the Mongols everywhere could be divided into livestock areas, agricultural areas and semi livestock and semi agricultural areas.

National totem

Mongolian totems include wolves, deer, bears, yaks, eagles, swans, trees and so on. The first sentence of the secret history of Mongolia reads as follows: the ancestors of chengjisihehan were born under heaven, bo'ertechina and his wife huo'emaranle, that is, the totem wolf and deer worshipped by the Mongols.

In addition, influenced by the Han culture in the Central Plains, the Mongols also worship dragons, and some tribes have tree totem worship, yak totem worship and so on. Various totem myths reflect the characteristics of the Mongolian nation and many similarities with the myths of the northern nationalities, especially the Altaic nationalities, and reflect the close relationship between them.

Wolf Totem

The Wolf Totem of the Mongolian nation was only the totem of the ancient baoerzhijin of the Qiyan tribe, which is recorded in the secret history of Mongolia and the origin of Mongolia. After hundreds of years of deduction, the wolf totem has been regarded as the totem of the whole Mongolian nation.

The secret history of Mongolia clearly reads at the beginning: "Genghis Hehan's ancestor was born under heaven. Bo'ertechina (gray wolf) and his wife Huo emaranle (white deer) crossed the tengjisi sea together to live in front of buerhan mountain at the source of the Tunan River, and gave birth to a son named batachhan." It reflects the important historical fact that two Mongolian tribes with wolves and deer as their totems moved westward from the Erguna River in the late Tang Dynasty. According to the national language · Zhou language, "Mu Tianzi hunted dog Rong in the west, won his five kings, and got four white wolves and four white deer to return". The historian Jian Bozan verified that "white wolves and white deer were the clan at that time".

According to the origin of Mongolia, Genghis Khan specially ordered to release two kinds of wild animals, namely "Guou malale" (grass yellow DOE) and "burteke qinchuo Nuo" (cangse Wolf), during hunting. It can be seen that he took good care of them as divine beasts. According to the history of Duosang Mongolia, wokuotai released a wolf in the hope of increasing his life, but he didn't want the wolf to be "bitten by hunting dogs" At that time, wokuotai thought it was an ominous omen. Sure enough, he died soon.

Deer Totem

Mongolian shamans believe that deer can show their spirits and drive away evil spirits. The hats worn by shamans in balhu, Chahar, Horqin and other areas of Inner Mongolia are decorated with antlers made of iron, and the bronze mirrors and Dharma drums used also depict the image of deer, indicating that Mongolian ancestors, especially forest hunters, used deer as totem gods.

Eagle Totem

Durbert urtuna Subei of Horqin Right Wing is the 27th grandson of hassar, Genghis Khan's younger brother. Their clan claims to be the eagle clan, and the eldest sons and grandsons of all generations are named after all kinds of eagles.

According to records in the secret history of Mongolia, the youngest son of Genghis Khan's 10th ancestor, Bo duancha'er Meng Hehei, was abandoned by his four brothers. When he was desperate, he lived on an eagle. His descendants, Bo erzhijin, regarded the eagle as a life-saving benefactor and worshipped it as a protective god. Before he was called Khan, tie Muzhen was once his "anda" (brotherly close friend) Zamuhe framed him, and a falcon saved him.

According to the Mongolian shaman tradition, haidongqing is the divine bird messenger of heaven. It was ordered to descend to the world to marry the tribal leader, give birth to a beautiful girl, and cultivate her into the world's earliest "wodugan" (female wizard). In Buryat's shaman mythology and legend, the earliest incarnation of a male Shaman is also related to an eagle.

Bear Totem

Buryat and darkhart people often call bears ancestors and sacred, and call bears "tuoge" , which means the elderly and the elderly. They think that people have changed from bears and call bears grandfather, father and ancestor. This is exactly why people regard bears as a manifestation of their blood relationship, so they use the corresponding kinship titles to call them and treat them like relatives. When hunting bears, the darharts follow a set of very special customs and etiquette, such as male bears can be used in all seasons When hunting, the female bear is not. She has to wait until she has a baby bear and goes out of the cave in spring.

After catching the bear, eating bear head meat seems to be a legacy of the ancient primitive people's custom of "totem Eucharist". In the view of the primitive people, using the blood and meat of the totem as the Eucharist can better consolidate their close relationship with the totem and regain the spiritual power of the totem.

religious belief

Shamanism is an ancient primitive religion of Mongols. Shamanism worships a variety of natural gods and ancestral gods. Genghis Khan believed in Shamanism and worshipped Tengger Khan's "Immortal Emperor". Until the Yuan Dynasty, Shamanism dominated Mongolian society and still had an important influence on Mongolian royalty, princes and nobility and folk. When the royal family offered sacrifices to their ancestors, to the imperial temple, and when the emperor was lucky to go to the capital, the shaman presided over the sacrifice. Genghis Khan and his successors adopted an inclusive policy towards all religions. Popular religions include Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Christianity, Shamanism, etc. During the mengge Khan period, in addition to Shamanism, mengge Khan and the royal family also supported Islamists, Christians, Taoist disciples and Buddhist monks, and personally participated in various religious ceremonies. The same policy was adopted in the Yuan Dynasty. During the Yuan Dynasty, Islamists built temples all over the world, and Christianity was also valued and protected. The National Teacher Ba Siba once gave the crown to Kublai Khan, his queen and Prince. Buddhism replaced Shamanism in the court. However, the influence of Buddhism is limited to the upper ruling class of Mongolia, and most of the Mongols still believe in Shamanism.

In the second half of the 16th century, atakhan Alatan Khan of tumed Department of Mongolia welcomed the Gelug Sect of Tibetan Buddhism in zongkaba. In 1578, an Da Khan and Dalai Lama III sonangatso met at Yanghua temple in Qinghai and held a Dharma meeting. At the Dharma meeting, sonangatso was named "vazir Dalai Lama, Dalai Lama" by an Da Khan, and the title of Dalai Lama came into being. Since then, with the support and advocacy of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Tibetan Buddhism flourished in Mongolia. However, shamanism has been preserved to varying degrees in the form of sacrifice, divination and medical treatment in the eastern region.

Under the advocacy of the Qing government, large-scale monasteries, Buddha statues, murals, gods and various metal processes were developed in the whole Mongolian region. Lamaism has become a tool to paralyze the Mongolian people in Mongolia.

Languages

Mongols have their own language. Mongolian belongs to the Mongolian language family of Altai language family, with four Dialects: Inner Mongolia, weilat, balhu buliyat and Horqin.

The traditional Mongolian language can be traced back to 1204 ad. after Tata tong'a, the Uighur printing official, was captured by the Mongols, Genghis Khan praised him for his loyalty to the country and his equal rank. Therefore, the Mongolian language was born in the Uighur language. First horizontal, then vertical. The Mongolian explanation for this is that when it is necessary to write on the horse's neck, the vertical line is more convenient.

At the end of the century, Kublai Khan, the emperor Taizu of the Yuan Dynasty, made another "eight Siba" and made it popular. This is an intricate way of writing, which was created by Kublai Khan's national teacher, lozhejenzan BASBA, a monk from Tibet. He hoped to bring a unified way of writing and communication for Chinese, Tibetan and Mongolian in the Yuan Dynasty. But this kind of writing only passes between the upper layers.

At the beginning of the 14th century, the original characters were reformed by Mongolian scholar khaj guser, which has become a universal Mongolian language. The Mongols in Yunnan speak Yi and Chinese, and their Mongolian can be roughly interlinked with the Mongolian in the north. In 1368, after the fall of the Yuan Dynasty, the eight Siba characters also withdrew from the common system.

In the 1940s, under the influence of the Soviet Union, Mongolia established a "character reform committee" with the participation of writers such as damuddin sulun. Soon after, it officially abandoned Uighur Mongolian and began to use Cyrillic Mongolian based on Slavic letters. After the 1980s, some junior middle schools and senior high schools in Mongolia offered Uighur Mongolian courses, but the promotion effect was not ideal. Only some schools in Mongolia still offer Uighur Mongolian courses, but neither parents nor students pay attention to the study of this course.

In 1979, China officially determined the basic dialect and standard pronunciation of Mongolian. In 1980, the people's Government of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region approved and forwarded the request report on the establishment of Mongolian basic dialect, standard pronunciation and trial implementation of Mongolian phonetic symbols of the "Mongolian language work cooperation group of eight provinces and regions", and decided to take Chahar native language as the standard pronunciation. In 1977, the second Mongolian language professional conference of eight provinces and regions adopted the "provisions on punctuation marks of Mongolian language". In 1991, the people's Language Commission of the autonomous region issued a "notice on the trial implementation of abbreviations and abbreviations in Mongolian". In 1996, "Mongolian alphabet" was standardized. In 1997, the "Mongolian Wenzheng character Law Committee of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region" was established and held its first meeting, which standardized more than 3000 non-standard basic terms into more than 1500, and unified the writing form of its derivatives.

In 2010, President Elbegdorj of Mongolia issued an order on restoring and expanding the use of Uighur Mongolian. The order stipulates that when the president of Mongolia, the president of the state great Hural (parliament), the prime minister and government officials communicate with foreign officials at the same level, their official documents and letters must be in Uighur Mongolian; Mongolian citizens' birth and marriage certificates, relevant certificates issued by educational institutions at all levels and graduation certificates must use both Uighur Mongolian and Cyrillic Mongolian.

Astronomical calendar

Mongolian astronomer and mathematician Ming Antu worked for several decades in the imperial heaven supervisor of the Qing Dynasty before and after that, and participated in the compilation of three astronomical and calendar books: the origin of the law calendar, the compilation after the examination of calendar images, and the examination of instrument images.

Mongolian Medicine

Mongolian medicine is a traditional medicine gradually formed and developed by Mongolian nationality in long-term medical practice. It has a long history and rich content. It is not only the experience summary and wisdom crystallization of the Mongolian people in fighting against diseases, but also a medical science with distinctive national and regional characteristics. It has the characteristics of less dosage, good curative effect, economy and simplicity in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

Mongolian medicine explains the physiological and pathological phenomena of human body with the relationship of "Heyi", "Sheila" and "badagan". The so-called "Heyi" refers to the power of various physiological functions. All thinking, language, action and the functional activities of various organs are controlled by it. If the "Heyi" function is abnormal, it will lead to the weakening of visceral function, such as abnormal consciousness, insomnia, forgetfulness and so on. "Sheila" means hot. "Sheila" plays a role in body temperature, heat energy of various tissues and organs and spiritual excitement. When "Sheila" is too high, various febrile diseases will occur, such as bitter mouth, acid vomiting, manic expression and so on. "Badakan" refers to a mucilaginous substance in the body, which has the characteristics of cold. In addition to the general cold signs, the dysfunction of "badagan" is easy to lead to the stagnation of water and fluid and the increase of various secretions.

Medical works such as "four sweet dew", "coral prescription", "Golden Chamber of Mongolian medicine", "Mongolian medicine preparation and pulse diagnosis", "Mongolian medicine canon" have a great influence on medical theory, prescriptions, diagnosis and drugs. In addition, many medical works have been translated and annotated, such as Mongolian Tibetan wall medicine, pulse decision, four basic theories of medicine, five classics of medicine, etc. In the field of veterinary medicine, the Mongolian nationality also has an important contribution.

mathematics

Mongolians have done a lot of research on mathematics. Mengo was the first to study Euclid's original geometry. According to records, "Genghis Khan is a group of kings, and Emperor mengge is more knowledgeable. He knows how to explain several schemes of Euclid's family."

In the early 18th century, Ming Antu, a Mongolian scientist who served as the imperial celestial supervisor in the Qing Dynasty, made great contributions to mathematics. At that time, three analytical formulas about trigonometric functions were introduced from Europe, but they were not proved. Mingantu "regretted that there was only its method, but did not know its meaning", so it took 30 years to carry out research, which not only created the "cut circle and connected proportion method" to prove three formulas, but also independently obtained six analytical formulas. The mathematical research manuscripts left by mingantu were later compiled into a book by his son Mingxin, students Chen Jixin and Zhang Liangting, and the questions were written into four volumes of Mathematical Monographs "Cut circle density shortcut method". Cut circle "refers to dividing the circumference into several equal parts, or dividing a section of arc length in the circumference into several equal parts, and then using the cut circle method to calculate the circumference or a section of arc length in the circumference. This value is very close to the actual value, which can also be said to be a similar value to obtain the circumference." shortcut method " In this book, he not only strictly proved the correctness of the three infinite series transmitted from the west, but also deduced "circle diameter for circumference", "arc back for sine" and "arc back for vector" Three formulas, and also found and demonstrated six infinite series, and created six formulas that exceeded the world scientific level at that time, namely, arc back to find the through chord, arc back to find the vector, through chord to find the arc back, sine to find the arc back, sine to find the arc back, and vector to find the arc back. When proving these nine formulas, he also created cosine arc to find the sine sine sine vector, cosine of cosine vector to find the principal arc, sine cosine by arc back, and sine by sine Four formulas such as cosine and arc back. This "cut circle and connect proportion method" created by him , including the advanced ideas of the combination of shape and number and the mutual transformation of straight line and circular arc. This idea of using straight line to find circle line and circular line to find straight line has the same significance as Western calculus, and it was a relatively advanced idea in the field of mathematics in the world at that time. Therefore, Ming Antu was recognized as the pioneer of calculus and the founder of Higher Mathematics in China, which contributed to the development of mathematics in China Made a significant contribution.

Ming Antu is not the only Mongolian who studies mathematics and has written works that will be handed down to future generations. In addition, Dulun in the late Qing Dynasty can also be mentioned. Dulun wrote a volume of "yixiaodafang Caocao", also known as "shaoguangzhang Preliminary Edition", which belongs to primary mathematics.

Philosophy

In early Mongolia, due to low productivity, they did not understand natural phenomena, were dominated by nature and did not understand. Therefore, they worship natural objects and worship mountains and rivers such as Hangai mountain, Altai mountain, Ili River and Erqisi river. And give people the same life, have the will, personalize it, surpass nature and become God. From the beginning of all kinds of worship, no clear concept has been formed. With the development of society, the expansion of the field of activities, the formation of the concept of animism, and the association from specific knowledge, not only perceptual knowledge, but also rational knowledge and the development of thinking ability, the early Mongolian social thought has been formed.

After Genghis Khan established the Mongolian khanate, he strengthened the Khanate power with the power of Khanate granted by heaven, and made use of the thought of immortality to realize its unity and comply with the trend of social development. Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty and further consolidated and improved the feudal monarchy. In terms of hierarchy and Buddhist thought, it fully explained people's ability to understand the world at that time, and reflected the consciousness of the times in the secret history of Mongolia. They Integrated Mongolian Khan and the son of heaven, and believed that heaven was the Buddha, and the Buddha ruled and obeyed heaven. Mongolian Khan was not the son of heaven, but the embodiment of Buddha, and became the unity of Buddha and Khan. Buddha was eternal and supreme, Buddhist thought gradually integrated the original Mongolian Social Thought and disintegrated the Mongolian traditional thought of worshiping heaven. This is also a major change in Mongolian political philosophy, marking the development of philosophy.

There are many scientists in astronomy, medicine and science and technology in Mongolian history. Their works contain many philosophical thoughts, which can reflect the Mongolian philosophical thoughts. For example, the Mongolian scientist Ming Antu is engaged in scientific research and believes that the object of his research is objective existence and the objective law of nature. In his book "the quick method of cutting a circle", he does not regard seeking a circle as the product of thought, but as the change of nature, which is deeply hidden in the external world. Although the book is a mathematical principle, the explanation of reflecting the specific quantity of things through specific mathematical practice is extracted through scientific demonstration, which is a materialist point of view. It also reflects Ming Antu's simple dialectical thought.

Architecture

Mongolian is a nation that loves music and is good at singing and dancing. It is known as "music nation" and "poetry nation". The Mongols have lived a nomadic life in pursuit of water and grass since ancient times. In the long historical process, the Mongols have created rich and valuable music wealth with their wisdom and artistic genius. Mongolian folk songs have the unique style of national vocal music. Mongolian music not only has the common style of the whole nation, but also has the unique style of each region.

Mongolian dance has a lively rhythm and vigorous and powerful movements. It is characterized by shaking shoulders, rubbing arms and horse steps. Classical Mongolian traditional dances generally include "saber dance", "chopsticks dance", "Andai dance", "cup and Bowl Dance", etc. Traditional musical instruments mainly include Matouqin, "yatoga" ("Mongolian Zheng"), Mongolian pipa, Mongolian four string Qin and Mongolian war drum.

Architecture

Yurt is a kind of dome house with a circular spire on the grassland. It is composed of wooden grid brace, door, top ring, lining felt, covering felt, leather rope, mane rope and other components.

Yurt is called "yurt" or "Qionglu" in Chinese classics such as historical records and Hanshu. In Mongolian classics, it is called "wuluge taige'er", which means a windowless house. In modern Mongolian, it is called "benbuge day" or "Mongolian lege day", which means a round or Mongolian house. The word "Bao" comes from Manchu. Manchu calls this kind of house where the Mongols live "Mongolian Bo", which means "home", and "Bo" is close to "bag". Therefore, the yurt has been handed down as a transliteration.

music

Long tune folk song

Mongolian herdsmen created the form of long tune folk songs in their long-term nomadic labor to express their emotions and express their nomadic life. In the long-term spread process, long tune folk songs have formed a complete system, including grassland pastoral songs, hymns, homesickness songs, wedding songs, love songs and other different kinds of songs.

The long tune folk songs have a wide range, beautiful and smooth tunes, and the melody lines are mostly carried out in waves, ups and downs, showing the natural environment of the vast grassland. The rhythm is long, with more tunes and fewer words. The narrative language rhythm, lyrical long rhythm and decorative "nogura" rhythm are cleverly combined to form the rhythm of long tune folk songs.

Haolaibao

Haolaibao, also known as "Haolibao". It is a form of folk art in which one or more people accompany themselves with musical instruments such as Sihu and sit and perform "rap" in Mongolian language. It was formed around the 12th century A.D.

The Mongolian language of "haolaibao" means "sing together" or "string together". The lyrics are in four sentences and rhyme. Or four sentences rhyme, or two sentences rhyme, there are also dozens of lyrics rhyme in the end. The length of the performance can be long or short. Artists often improvise and sing on the spot. The content of the program can be both narrative and lyrical, with praise and irony. Rhetorical devices, including metaphor, exaggeration, parallelism and repetition, are widely used. So that its performance has the characteristics of humor, lively rhythm and hearty.

Since the early 20th century, hallebo's performance methods have diversified, and the simple form of oral performance is called "yabugan"; The forms of performance accompanied by musical instruments can be divided into "Huren haolaibao" accompanied by Hu Qin and "nairile haolaibao" accompanied by various musical instruments. The form of "yabugan" also has two forms: one person's single performance and two people's counterpart performance due to the different number of performers. In the content of the program, there are three types: narration, ridicule and praise. In addition to the programs that show the life of the nation, such as Princess Yandan, the rich Chagan Lake, or being an artist, etc., the historical stories of the Han nationality, such as the story of Wang Zhaojun, the water margin and the romance of the Three Kingdoms, are also edited and performed by haolaibao artists.

Uliger

Wuliger, which means "storytelling" in Chinese, is also called Mongolian storytelling because it uses Mongolian rap. It is a form of Mongolian folk art. Mongolian folk people call Wuliger who only tells stories without musical instrument accompaniment "yabagan Wuliger", also known as "hurui Wuliger"; Wuliger accompanied by Chaoer is called "Chaoren Wuliger"; Wuliger, who sings with the accompaniment of four Hu, is called "Hu Ren Wuliger". Chaoren uliger is widely spread in China's Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu and other Mongolian settlements and Mongolia; Huren uliger is widely spread among the masses in rural and pastoral areas in Mengzhen, Liaoning Province, golros, Jilin Province and Horqin, Inner Mongolia.

morin khuur

Among many musical instruments, Matouqin is most respected by Mongols. Matouqin is a traditional musical instrument unique to Mongols, with a very unique style. The traditional horse head Qin is about four feet long, with wood as the rod. A horse head is carved at the top and a shovel shaped leather drum at the bottom. It is tied into two strings with horse tail, and then made into a bow string with horse tail. When playing, it can produce a melodious and deep tone. The performance of Matouqin is different from other stringed instruments. Its bowstring is not sandwiched between the strings, but played outside the strings.

a four-stringed instrument played with a bow

Mongolian Sihu is one of the musical instruments with the most Mongolian characteristics, which can be divided into treble Sihu, alto Sihu and bass Sihu. The treble Sihu has a bright and crisp tone, which is mostly used for Solo, ensemble and ensemble; The medium and bass four Hu sound is thick and mellow. He is good at playing lyric music and is mainly accompanied by Wuliger and haolaibao, Horqin national rap art. They play a very important role in the cultural life of the Mongolian people. The representative repertoires of Mongolian Sihu include "on the way", "Bayin", "ASR" (the above is the big Sihu), "modliema", "winding grapevine", "lotus flower" (the above is the small Sihu), etc. Mongolian Sihu culture has rich accumulation, rich expressiveness, self-contained skills, melodious and simple melody. It is an outstanding music creation of Mongolian people engaged in semi agricultural and semi pastoral production mode, and has high academic research value in Mongolian history, culture, folklore, cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries.

After the Yuan Dynasty, the art of Sihu was widely spread. It was once popular in Han inhabited areas such as Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and North China, and had a far-reaching impact on Han folk rap. Tongliao City, located in the hinterland of Horqin grassland, is the most prosperous area of Sihu art at present.

painting

The earliest ancient Mongolian painting art is the rock painting of nomads, which is mostly done by folk painters. It reflects the image of people's production and labor at that time. A group of well-known painters appeared in the Mongols in the Yuan Dynasty. For example, Li huosun, a court painter, once painted portraits of Genghis Khan, wokuotai and other ancestors. Jade sweating is good at ink bamboo painting, and the picture of wind, smoke and emerald is a masterpiece. Prince Xiaogong, the third son of emperor TAIDING, is good at calligraphy and painting. He has created works such as painting deer and nymphalus butterfly. First, there was the landscape mural; During the reign of Emperor Huizong of the Yuan Dynasty, the Jinshi Boyan kept benevolence, was good at poetry and painting, and painted bamboo and stone pictures. Hao zhongnu has the painting of no escape, etc. Zhang Yanfu, a Mongolian painter in the late Yuan Dynasty, has the painting of Autumn Thoughts in the south of the Yangtze River, the painting of cloud forest, the painting of cloud mountain, the painting of sparse bamboo and quiet birds, etc.

Chen Xi was a painter in the Ming Dynasty. Wangqin Bala, a painter in the Qing Dynasty, has famous paintings such as green mountains and white clouds. The famous landscape painter Buyan Tu painted the picture of Xiaoxiang and wrote the answer to the mind method of painting, which incisively discussed some important problems related to painting.

Mongolian painting art is also reflected in murals. The tombs of the Yuan Dynasty are covered with painted murals. The wall is painted with the host and the hostess sitting opposite each other, with a man and a maid behind them. The figure's shape and dress obviously have the characteristics of Mongolian nationality; Both sides of the tomb wall are painted with the life map of the tomb owner, and the natural scenery of northern Serbia is shown in the background. There are also many murals in Mongolian Buddhist temples. For example, there are large murals in meidaizhao, Dazhao, Wudang Zhao, Wusutu Zhao, etc.

The modern Mongolian painter song Nian (1837-1906) once worshipped the famous painter Rushan as a teacher in the eighth year of Tongzhi of the Qing Dynasty (1869), and was highly accomplished under the guidance of a famous teacher. He wrote the book on painting in the summer palace in the 23rd year of Guangxu (1897). 

literature

Mongolian literature has a long history. Myths, legends, heroic epics and songs like Zhu Zan truly and vividly reflect the clan society and the fishing, hunting and animal husbandry production of tribal people in the early stage of slavery, the fierce and frequent wars between primitive tribes, and the ideals and aspirations of ancient workers to conquer natural forces and social evil forces. Ancient heroic epics such as the warrior gunagan and jianger reflect the face of a historical era with great artistic generalization, and have had a far-reaching impact on the development of Mongolian literature in future generations.

From Genghis Khan's unification of Mongolian tribes to the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, the political economy of the Mongolian nationality has developed unprecedentedly, and has strengthened economic and cultural ties with the Han nationality in the Central Plains, domestic minorities and even Eurasian countries. Therefore, the cultural tradition with national characteristics has been greatly carried forward, forming a heyday in the history of national literature and art. The emergence of the famous historical and biographical literature works "secret history of Mongolia" (old translation "secret history of the Yuan Dynasty"), excellent folk narrative poems "two horses of Genghis Khan", "orphans", lyric Ballads "mother and son song" (i.e. the book of Huapi in the golden palace ") and" song of aleqinbai "marks the rise of writer literature and the continuous prosperity of all kinds of folk literature.

From the end of the Yuan Dynasty to the whole Ming Dynasty, the feudal masters of Mongolia successively returned to the north and south of the desert from Eurasia and the vast area of the Central Plains. The economic and cultural ties among ethnic groups have been greatly weakened. Since then, Mongolian literature has entered a so-called "wind and snow period". Although the whole development process of literature has not been interrupted, the development of literature is unbalanced in various ministries and inhabited areas of Mongolia. The protracted feudal separatism has aroused widespread dissatisfaction and resistance in all aspects of society. The biographical heroic epic Geser biography is a written work formed through long-term oral circulation. This excellent work was born out of the Tibetan epic King Gesar biography, but it has been handed down from generation to generation in Mongolia. It has been fully mongolized and has become an independent work with Mongolian national characteristics. When the Qing Dynasty unified China, the situation of Mongolian melee and separatist regime gradually ended, and the society tended to be stable. With the restoration of economic and cultural ties among ethnic groups, Han classical literature (mainly poetry and novels of the Ming and Qing Dynasties) and Tibetan Folk Literature (such as folk stories, proverbs and proverbs) have a deeper impact on Mongolian literature. Many Chinese and Tibetan literary works, such as the water margin, the romance of the Three Kingdoms, Shuo Tang and the biography of King Gesar, have been adapted or re created, and have been widely spread in the form of Mongolian storytelling and stories, almost reaching the level of household knowledge.

Mongolian modern literature is produced and expanded in the fire of national struggle and class struggle. It is directly related to the survival of the nation and the destiny of the people, and is rich in a strong spirit of the times. Gadamelin, a folk narrative poem praising the heroes of the uprising, and the national army song, a popular Anti Japanese and anti Manchu folk song in the enemy occupied areas of eastern Inner Mongolia.

After the founding of the people's Republic of China, poets Na Saiyin chaoketu and BA brinbeh, novelists Malaqin Fu, A. oder, an Keqin Fu (Monan) and zaragahu, playwrights Chao ketunaren and Yun Zhaoguang have written many influential works. After them, a group of new literary talents emerged in the new era, who have made innovations in themes, styles and literary concepts, and have shown remarkable and gratifying achievements in various fields of literature. In addition, great achievements have been made in the collection, collation and research of Mongolian folk literature and classical literature. Many new versions or chapters have been found in the epic Geser and jianger, and the long poem hero Geser Khan sung by the famous folk artist Pajie has been recorded. Classics such as the secret history of Mongolia, the romance of the history of the Qing Dynasty, the first floor and the weeping Red Pavilion have been revised and published successively. After these works were translated into Chinese, they had a good influence among all ethnic groups in China.

dance

Folk dance in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China and Mongolian inhabited areas in Jilin, Heilongjiang and other provinces. Mongolian dance culture is closely related to their hunting and nomadic life. The primitive dance form of Mongolian ancestors has a vivid and real expression in the Yinshan cliff paintings and Wulanchabu cliff paintings carved in the Neolithic age and bronze age. In ancient times, Mongolian people also had many dances imitating fierce animals, such as "white sea green" (White Eagle) dance, bear dance, lion dance, deer dance, etc. As an independent form, most of these dances have been lost, but they are still reflected in Shaman Dance.

Mongolian people are engaged in animal husbandry, hunting and production. Due to the long-term living in the geographical environment and climatic conditions of the grassland, herdsmen have worshipped heaven, earth, mountains and rivers and Eagle Totem since ancient times. Herdsmen have created a large number of music and dances in their life, such as "milking dance", "chopsticks dance" and "cup and bowl dance", of which the most famous is "Andai dance".

Traffic habits

Mongolian traditional means of transportation mainly include draught animals and vehicles. Draught animals are mainly horses and camels, and vehicles are rickshaws.

herd horses

Mongols have the name of horseback nation. In ancient times, both children and old people used horses instead of walking. Horse is not only a means of transportation for Mongols, but also an important part of Mongolian national culture. Mongols are familiar with horse nature and usually use extensive horse herding. Mongolian horses are divided into several series, including Wuzhumuqin horse, Shangdu hippo, Wushen horse, Sanhe horse, Horqin horse and so on.

Mongolia has a vast grassland and abundant pasture, which is very suitable for raising horses. Horses are good at exercise, so they eat a lot, have a small stomach, digest quickly, defecate while eating, and eat grass most of the day. It's hot in summer and there are many mosquitoes. Horses avoid mosquitoes and heat during the day, so they mainly eat grass and gain fat at night.

Mongols have grown up on horseback since childhood, and horses are the cradle of Mongols. Mongols believe that horses are the most perfect and considerate livestock in the world. Mongolian horses are fierce and fierce, but they are very loyal to their masters. The Mongols regarded horses as the friends of herdsmen, and the horse's head was valued. The Mongols strictly prohibited beating horses on the head, abusing horses, and two people riding a horse. During the fat growth period in autumn, they were not allowed to ride horses and make horses sweat. The horse shepherd and rider should carry a horse sweat scraping board and a horse brush to brush and wipe off the horse sweat at any time, so as to relax the muscles and blood, relax the muscles and eliminate fatigue. At the same time, this is also the way for the owner to get close to the horse and enhance his feelings.

Horse has been deeply integrated into the Mongolian spiritual world. There are countless Mongolian hymns, fables, aphorisms, folklores, folk songs, music, art, sculpture and so on. Mongols also have many horse related festivals, such as horse racing festival, foal Festival, horse milk Festival, God Horse Festival, etc. The Genghis Khan Mausoleum on the Ordos Plateau supports a Genghis Khan god horse wendugen Chagan and two Genghis Khan white horses.

In modern times, China's Mongolian horses have gradually lost their role in production, life and riding, both in cities and pastoral areas, and the number of Mongolian horses is also decreasing rapidly. The Mongols realized that there were fewer and fewer Mongolian horses, and people of insight in the society began to establish various organizations related to Mongolian horses. The work of studying and rescuing Mongolian horses is being carried out on the grassland of Inner Mongolia.

camel

Camels are docile, easy to tame, resistant to hunger and thirst, cold and heat, good at trekking and can bear weight. It not only produces milk, meat and wool, but also can be used for servitude. One body has four purposes, which is unmatched by other livestock. There are many camels in western Inner Mongolia, which is called "Temo" in Mongolian. It is an indispensable means of transportation for herdsmen. It can ride and carry goods. It is two or three meters tall and has long legs. It can travel one or two hundred miles a day. The long journey lasts for a long time, and the negative gravity is quite large. It can carry 200 kilograms of goods, which is equivalent to the weight of a horse and two cows. It has been known as the "boat of the desert" since ancient times and is the main freight in desert areas. In the desert of Western Inner Mongolia, teams of camels often travel here with heavy loads. The exploration team examines the desert, the desertification control team afforests the desert, and the tourism team roams the desert. Only camels are their loyal partners.

Rein in a car

Le Le Che, known as "windlass", "roller coaster" and "ox cart" in ancient times, is an ancient means of transportation on the northern grassland. The car body is small, but the two wheels are tall, and the diameter is generally about 1.56 meters. It can be completely made of birch or elm without iron parts. It has simple structure and is easy to manufacture and repair. The whole car is generally divided into two parts: lower foot and upper foot. The lower foot is composed of wheels, spokes and axles. The manufacturing of the wheel is generally to cut 12 pairs of rims with hardwood, connect and fix the 12 pairs of rims together to form a circular wheel, and there are generally about 36 spokes supporting the wheel. The upper foot is composed of two shafts and 10 car supports. The shaft is about 4 meters long and can be fixed with 10 car supports in the middle. A Le Le has a weight of about 100 kg and can carry goods from 500 to 600 kg to more than 1000 kg.

festival

Mongolian New Year (Spring Festival)

the 1st day of the first lunar month

Genghis Khan Memorial Day

the 17th day of the third lunar month

Nadam Congress

July to August of the lunar calendar

Obo Festival

the 13th day of the seventh lunar month

Sacrificial custom

Jiteng grihan

In Mongolian phonetic translation, Tengger Khan means "emperor of heaven".

One of the Mongolian Shamanism ideas. Refers to the upper world, that is, the sky; It also refers to the "first master" who dominates all natural phenomena; It also means "destiny".

Offering sacrifices to the Heavenly Emperor "Tengger Khan" is one of the important ceremonies of the Mongolian people. Offering sacrifices to heaven is divided into "white sacrifice" offered by traditional dairy products and "red sacrifice" offered by slaughtering sheep blood. In modern times, the folk worship activities in the Eastern League banner were mostly carried out on the seventh or eighth day of July.

Sacrifice fire

Mongolian herdsmen and hunters worshipped fire very much because their ancestors believed in Shamanism with natural attributes and the concept of animism. They believed that fire was produced when heaven and earth were separated, so they paid more respect to "wodgalaihan ehe" (mother of fire). Fire offerings are divided into annual offerings and monthly offerings. In the twelfth lunar month, a bumper grain harvest festival was held in the twenty-three lunar month. Under the auspices of the elderly, the offerings of butter, Baijiu, beef and mutton were put into the fire. Thanks to the God of fire, pray for the prosperity of the people and the good luck of the next year. Monthly sacrifice is often held on the first and second days of each month. In addition, there are many taboos about fire, which reflect the Mongolian reverence for fire, such as not throwing water into the fire, not pounding in the fire with a knife and stick, not spitting in the fire, etc.

Sacrifice Oboo

Obo sacrifice is a religious custom handed down by the Mongols from ancient times. It is held in the season of abundant water and grass every year.

Obo means stone pile. That is, in the mountains with open ground and beautiful scenery, build a round solid tower with stones, and the top is tied with a long rod with Scripture cloth strips or livestock hair horns.

At that time, the cooked beef and mutton will be sacrificed, and the host will deliver a prayer. Men, women and children will worship and pray for good weather and peace for people and animals. After the sacrificial ceremony, competitive activities such as horse racing, archery and wrestling are often held.

Obo sacrifice is formed by Mongols to commemorate the birthplace of Erguna mountain forest, indicating their attachment to their ancestral land and unlimited respect for their ancestors. This is the most important ritual of Shamanism, which has now evolved into an annual festival.

taboo

1. Taboos in daily life: Mongols should avoid heavy riding and fast walking when riding or driving close to the yurt, so as not to disturb the herd; If there is a fire or a red cloth hanging in front of the door, it means that there are patients or pregnant women in the house, and outsiders are forbidden to enter; Guests can't sit on the West Kang, because the west is the location for Buddha; Avoid eating meat from dead animals, donkey meat, dog meat and white horse meat; Avoid red and white for funerals and black and yellow for weddings; Avoid baking feet, shoes, socks and trousers on the brazier; It is forbidden to smoke, spit, touch magic instruments, classics, Buddha statues and make loud noise when visiting the Sutra hall and offering Hall of the temple, and it is also forbidden to hunt near the temple.

2. Fire taboo: Mongols worship fire, fire god and Kitchen God, and believe that fire, fire god or kitchen god are holy things to drive away demons and evil spirits. Therefore, it is forbidden to bake feet on the stove after entering the yurt, and it is not allowed to bake wet boots and shoes by the stove. Do not cross the stove, or pedal the stove, or knock cigarette bags, throw things or throw dirt on the stove. Do not use a knife to pick the fire, insert the knife into the fire, or take meat from the pot with a knife.

3. Water taboo: Mongols believe that water is a pure God. It is forbidden to wash hands or bathe in the river, not to wash women's dirty clothes, or throw unclean things into the river. The grassland is dry and short of water. Grazing by water and grass, without water, it cannot survive. Therefore, herdsmen are used to saving water, pay attention to keeping water clean, and regard water as the source of life.

marriage custom

Marriage system: Mongolian people have two marriage systems: snatch marriage and hire marriage. Snatching marriage is a form of marriage in slavery society. Before the 13th century AD, most of the Mongolian society was forced marriage. For example, Genghis Khan's father should quickly marry a bald son with Mrs. khoelan, which is a form of marriage by snatching. Engagement marriage is a form of marriage in feudal society. After the 13th century, the Mongols entered the feudal society, that is, the employment marriage system was widely implemented. But there are still remnants of the marriage snatching system. In the war between tribes, it is still common to rob or plunder marriage.

Marriage proposal: before a young man or woman is engaged, the man should ask the woman for marriage. Before the founding of new China, the man's parents or entrusted matchmakers usually went to the woman's family to ask for marriage. If the woman's family agreed, they could be engaged. According to the Mongolian traditional marriage customs, the man must propose to the woman's family many times in order to get the promise of the woman's family. It is recorded in Volume 1 of the secret history of Mongolia: it is also time to bring a bald son and his son temuzhen (i.e. Genghis Khan) to Germany? Xue Chan's family asked for marriage. virtue? Xue Chan said, "if you ask more, you will be respected; if you ask less, you will be despised." later, a Mongolian proverb came into being: "if you ask more, you will be expensive, and if you ask less, you will be cheap." after the marriage proposal reached an agreement, the man took hada, milk wine, sheep five forks or whole sheep to the woman's house to "make a decision". The woman's family invited relatives and friends to drink with the guests, indicating a formal engagement.

Bride price: a gift given by the man's family to the woman's family after young men and women are engaged, also known as bride price. The amount of the bride price depends on the economic situation of the man's family. In rural areas, gold and silver jewelry, cabinets and clothes are mostly used as bridal gifts; Cattle, horses, sheep and other livestock are often used as dowry in pastoral areas. Herdsmen regard "Nine" as an auspicious number, and the bride price takes "Nine" as the starting point. From "Nineteen" to "Nine", the maximum shall not exceed 81 heads, taking "Nine" as the meaning of longevity. If the poor herdsmen do not have the bride price of nine livestock, they can also choose an odd number less than nine and take three, five or seven livestock as the bride price, but they must not choose an even number.

Dowry: a wedding gift given by a woman's family to her daughter. Mongolian people pay great attention to dowry. The woman will accompany the man with a corresponding amount of dowry. Usually, the woman's dowry is more than what the man gives to the woman's family. Therefore, there is a Mongolian saying: "you can afford a daughter-in-law, but you can't afford a girl."

Choosing an auspicious day: one of the marriage customs of the Mongolian nationality. Also known as the day of joy. Before liberation, after the two families were engaged, they first asked the Lama to divine, select the auspicious day and determine the date of marriage. After the auspicious day is set, the male family sends matchmakers and relatives and friends to go to the female family with gifts such as hada, wine and candy to discuss marriage with their parents. After negotiation, the two families began to prepare for marriage. Generally, it is to clean the wedding room, or build a new yurt, kill cattle and sheep, prepare bride price, dowry and other wedding supplies, and inform relatives and friends of both parties to come and congratulate them.

Marriage: one of the Mongolian marriage customs. In the past, the Mongolian marriage was very grand, and the traditional marriage custom of men staying in women's homes was preserved. Marriage is usually the day before the wedding day. In a happy atmosphere, the groom put on a gorgeous Mongolian robe, tied a colored belt around his waist, wore a dome red tassel hat, high leather boots and bows and arrows. The best man also put on holiday clothes. Ride a horse together, take a float and gifts, and go to the woman's house to get married. When the bride comes to the woman's house, she first goes around the yurt and presents a "touch door sheep" and other gifts to the woman's house. Then, the groom and the best man hold hada and wine in their hands, toast to the bride's parents and elders one by one, and kneel down. After the ceremony, the married man took his place. In the evening, a sheep five fork banquet was arranged. And held a traditional ceremony to ask Geng for his name. The next morning, when the wedding leaves, the bride is carried on the floats by her uncle or uncle. The groom will ride three times around the bride's float. Then the bride and the giver set off together.

Wedding: Mongolian people pay great attention to the wedding ceremony. Although there are different forms in different regions, they are very grand and lively. The general marriage custom in pastoral areas is that when they get married and return to the man's house, the bride and groom will first circle the yurt three times without getting off. Then, the bride and groom both passed through two heaps of fire and received the baptism of the God of fire. It means the purity of love and the prosperity of a new life. After the bride and groom enter the yurt, they first worship the Buddha and sacrifice the stove, and then meet their parents, relatives and friends. After the ceremony, Eji combed the bride's hair. After grooming and dressing, wait for the wedding banquet to begin. The wedding banquet is usually decorated with sheep back or whole sheep banquet, with all kinds of milk food and candy. At the wedding banquet, the groom carried a silver pot and the bride held a silver bowl to offer hada and wedding wine to her elders, relatives and friends one by one. The boys held the silver cup high and drank happily; The girls sang loudly with the Matouqin. The wedding banquet often lasts two or three days before relatives and friends leave one after another. The woman's giver still has to stay with the bride for one to three days. Sometimes, the bride's mother also sends off relatives and wants to stay for more than ten days. When parting, the mother and daughter hugged and cried bitterly, indicating that they were reluctant to part.

Fire worship: an important ceremony in Mongolian wedding. Although the forms of Mongolian fire worship are different. But they are indispensable at the wedding. After the bride marries the bridegroom's house, the first thing to do is to hold a fire worship ceremony. The bridegroom and bride both pass through between two heaps of fire and accept the baptism of fire, so as to make their love more pure, unswerving, live a happy life and grow old together. Durbert Mongolian's fire worship ceremony is unique. When the bride enters her mother-in-law's house, there is a big fire in the yard. The groom and the bride should sacrifice in the fire, sprinkle milk wine, kneel and kowtow. The master of ceremonies stood on the side and recited the praise of fire: the flint discovered by the Lord Genghis Khan and the fire saved by Mrs. khoelum were sacrificed with white hada and milk wine. The national fire has been from ancient times to the present. Please pray for the bride and groom! Divine fire is the witness of your marriage; Please kowtow to the bride and groom! Buddha's light will carry on your family line.

Name seeking and Geng: one of the procedures of Mongolian marriage. Ask for the bride's name. Also known as seeking seal. It's an interesting play. In the evening when the bride sleeps in the woman's house, a sheep five fork or whole sheep banquet, also known as the name seeking banquet, shall be arranged in the bride's boudoir. The bridegroom, the bride, her brother, sister-in-law and sisters are all of the same generation and attend this banquet. At the banquet, everyone teased the groom and forced him to kneel or half kneel to ask for the bride's milk name or milk name. The bride is shy or deliberately does not answer. The bride's sister-in-law and sisters did not answer, deliberately delaying time. At this time, the man's eulogy and the woman's sister-in-law replied to each other and sang a duet until the woman said her real baby name. Asking for the name of Geng is actually an intelligence contest to express the wisdom of Mongolian young men and women.

Diao hat: also known as grabbing a hat. In the past, when Mongolian people were getting married, the wedding and sending off people galloped and chased each other. They all wanted to get home first and become winners. To this end, both sides will have a hat competition on the way. Usually, the giver tries to grab the bride's hat, pick it on the whip, or throw it on the ground, forcing the groom to dismount and pick it, so as to affect his speed. The brides covered each other instead of letting the giver take the hat.