Naxi Nationality

Naxi nationality is one of 56 ethnic groups in China and one of the unique ethnic groups in Yunnan. Most of them live in Lijiang City in Northwest Yunnan, the rest are distributed in other counties and cities in Yunnan and Yanyuan, Yanbian, Muli and other counties in Sichuan, and a few are distributed in Mangkang County in Tibet.

Naxi has its own language. Naxi belongs to the Yi branch of Tibetan Burmese language family of Sino Tibetan language family. Naxi nationality is unique in art, and its poetry, painting, sculpture, music and dance art are famous at home and abroad.

The Naxi nationality is a nation with a high degree of settlement. The kinship organization of the Nari people (Mosuo people) in Lugu Lake area maintains a relatively ancient feature, and the Naxi culture is deeply influenced by the Han culture.

origin

Scholars believe that the ethnic origin of the Naxi nationality originated from the ancient Qiang people living in the Huanghe (Huanghe) zone of the Northwest River (Yellow River) in ancient China. They migrated south to the upper reaches of the Minjiang River, southwest to the Yalong River Basin, and then west to the East-West zone of the upper reaches of the Jinsha River.

According to the biography of the Western Qiang people in the book of the later Han Dynasty, the ancient Qiang people "have their own descendants, each of whom is a species, and they can follow it, or they are cattle consuming species. It is also the Qiang people who cross the fence". He also said, "the species and nicknames of cattle consuming Qiang are unknown in Shuhan".

With the continuous discovery of archaeological objects in the distribution areas of Naxi nationality, some scholars put forward the view that Naxi nationality was formed by the integration of ancient Qiang people who moved to the South and indigenous people living in the current place. Archaeologists first found paleontological fossils, human femur fossils, skull fossils and Paleolithic tools in mujiaqiao, Southeast of Lijiang dam. After identification, the paleohuman fossils found in mujiaqiao are about 100000 years ago, which is called "Lijiang people" in archaeology. Then, Neolithic sites and fine rope pottery, iron and copper were found in Yongning and Lugu Lake areas of Yanyuan.

Sarcophagus burial culture has been found in Kangding, Yajiang, Xinlong and Batang counties of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province, Muli Tibetan Autonomous County of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yanbian County of Panzhihua City, Gongjue and Mangkang counties of Tibet Autonomous Region, Deqin, Lijiang and Yongsheng counties of Yunnan Province. These areas basically belong to the activity scope of Naxi nationality in history.

Qin, Han, Tang and Song Dynasties

During the Qin Dynasty, Naxi ancestors were distributed in the southwest of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Panzhihua Yanbian County, Ya'an Prefecture, the south of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, and the northwest of Yunnan Province.

During the Han Dynasty, the "Mosha Yi" area around Dingzuo was rich in salt, iron and paint, which led to the war of the Eastern Han Dynasty to send officers and soldiers to compete for the benefits of Dingzuo salt and iron. The official Manual of the Mu family has a brief record of the activities of Mosha Yi in Yanyuan during the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Shu Han Dynasty.

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Naxi ancestors established a direct political relationship with the Eastern Han Dynasty.

In 74 (the 17th year of Yongping), the White Wolf Yi in Southwest Sichuan presented tribute and poetry to the Eastern Han Dynasty, which is called the song of the white wolf king. Some of the words are the same or similar to the modern Naxi language. It is clear that the wolf Yi may have been the Naxi ancestor. In the Chinese historical books and folklores at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, it is said that the ancient white wolf state is now Batang, Sichuan.

According to the records of the unified records of the Yuan Dynasty, at the beginning of the 3rd century A.D., the chief of "Mo some barbarians" used vinegar to invade the Jujin prefecture (now Judian, Yulong County, Lijiang City) where "Pu Lu Er barbarians" lived and "inherited it".

In the late 5th century (during the Qi and Liang dynasties of the Southern Dynasty), some chieftains, Ni YUEWU, led the crowd to drive away the Tubo forces who originally settled in Yongning, Ninglang, and multiplied here for generations.

In the Tang Dynasty, according to the book of barbarians, Naxi people are distributed in Xichuan area of Sichuan Province from the east to the present, Binchuan of Dali Prefecture in the south, Weixi area by the Lancang River in the west, and Deqin and Zhongdian areas up and down the iron bridge in the north.

In the Liang and Chen dynasties in the 6th century, a group of Naxi ancestors moved south to the Sanba zone in the southeast of today's Shangri La County in the upper reaches of the Jinsha River through the Muli Wuliang River Basin.

During the period of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty in the mid-7th century, ye gunian, leader of the Naxi tribal group, seized the "Sanyun" (or "sample canal head", now Lijiang dam) where "Pu Yuman" lived.

From the end of the 7th century to the beginning of the 8th century (around the first year of Linde to the year of Kaiyuan), the Naxi nationality crossed the Jinsha River in Yanyuan area to the east of Erhai Lake to form a large tribe. The "yuexie Zhao" (also known as moye Zhao) was established in Binchuan County, Yunnan Province, which is one of the "six Zhao". Its territory was annexed by the Nanzhao supported by the Tang Dynasty. It was about 70 years before and after the rise and fall of "Yue Xie Zhao".

From 734 (the 22nd year of Kaiyuan) to 737 (the 25th year of Kaiyuan), the Tang Dynasty mobilized the strength of the governor's office of Yaozhou (now Yao'an) and sent imperial Shi Yan Zhenghai and Wang Chengxun to help the piroge of Nanzhao King unify Erhai area by "combining six imperial edicts into one". The Yue analysis imperial edict established by Moxi people was broken.

In 794 (the 10th year of Zhenyuan), Nanzhao conquered the land of Tubo Shenchuan governor's Office (today's Lijiang area) and Kunming City (today's Yanyuan), and the distribution area of Moxi nationality changed from Tibetan to Nanzhao. Nanzhao set up Tieqiao festival in Tieqiao (now Lijiang Tacheng) and Xiangcheng County in Kunming to rule the tribes of Moxi nationality. During the period of Dali state, Lijiang area was under the jurisdiction of Shanju county (now Lijiang Yongsheng).

Song Dynasty

In the Song Dynasty, the Naxi region was under the jurisdiction of Dali state, and the Naxi chieftains each occupied one side of the development force. Dali state could not effectively control the Naxi region, while Tubo in the north had long-term and frequent civil strife and was unable to go south. Naxi area is in a relatively stable situation, and its population, economy and culture have developed. According to historical records, the Naxi chieftain Mu Bao acong (maizong) created "local characters" (some scholars believe that it may be hieroglyphics or syllabic characters "Copa").

Yuan Dynasty

In 1253 (the first year of Baoyou), under the leadership of Kublai Khan, the Mongolian army marched south to Dali through Muli to riyuehe in Yongning. After Kublai Khan entered the Naxi area, he successively granted the local tribal leaders with the official positions of "chahanzhang governing the people" and "chahanzhang propaganda and consolation Department", which is the embryonic form of the chieftain and local official system.

In 1274 (the 11th year of the Yuan Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty), the yuan regime set up the "military and civil administration office on Lijiang road", and the name of "Lijiang" began from then on.

In 1285 (the 22nd year of the Zhiyuan Dynasty), the "Lijiang military and civilian Xuanfu Department" was changed. The Xuanfu department was inherited by Mai Liang's descendants, unified the tribes in Naxi area of "chieftain Village Star column" and officially incorporated into the administrative region of Yunnan Province.

During the 470 years from the destruction of Dali by Kublai Khan in 1253 to the implementation of "land reform and flow return" in the first year of Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty (1723), the yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties directly implemented the hereditary chieftain system under the jurisdiction of the central dynasty in Naxi areas.

Ming Dynasty

During the Hongwu Period of emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty, after the Ming army marched into Yunnan, nade, the leader of Naxi, led the people to join him first. In the 16th year of Hongwu (A.D. 1383), the central government of the Ming Dynasty granted some aristocratic representatives Mu de as the local magistrate of Lijiang Prefecture, hereditary.

Lijiang Mu's Chieftain adopted a more enlightened policy, actively introduced production technology, culture and education in the Han area of the Central Plains, attracted talents, and introduced some doctors, teachers, painters, Buddhists, Taoists and technical talents in mining, smelting, construction, copper and banking into the Naxi area.

Mu's Chieftain had strong military strength and served for the Ming Dynasty. He was awarded the titles of "Ji Ning border", "sincere service to the country" and "Northwest fence" by the emperor.

In the sixth year of Tianshun (1462), the Mu family expanded northward and began to use troops in Tibet. By the end of the Ming Dynasty, its sphere of influence was damuli, Batang, Litang, Kangding and the south of Changdu, Tibet. The Mu family also moved a large number of Naxi people to the above-mentioned areas for military defense. Since then, most of these Naxi people have been integrated into Tibetans.

Qing Dynasty

In 1723 (the first year of Yongzheng), Lijiang implemented the policy of "changing the land to the flow", the imperial court appointed the flow official as the magistrate, and demoted the Mu's local magistrate as the general judge. After "changing the land to the flow", various harsh factions of chieftains were exempted, more than 500 households and more than 2000 Zhuang slaves were abolished, and a feudal landlord economy was established. The Qing government measured the social life and customs of the Naxi nationality with the life style of the Manchu and Han Dynasties and the ethics and morality of Confucian culture at that time, and forcibly changed customs in the Naxi area, such as abolishing cremation, reforming clothing, strengthening feudal paternalism and arranged marriage, which led to major social contradictions and cultural changes in the Naxi area and exacerbated the decline of traditional culture.

In 1856 (the sixth year of Xianfeng), Du Wenxiu launched a Hui uprising in Menghua (now Weishan) and occupied Dali. At that time, He Jian (wujuren), a Baisha man from Lijiang who was stationed in the capital of Dali's Shoucheng camp, was killed. Zhang Zhengtai, the chief subordinate of Heli Town, took the opportunity to stir up the contradiction between Hui and Naxi, brutally slaughtered more than 700 innocent Hui people in Jinshan, Wenzhi and Lashi, and fought and killed in Heqing, Lijiang, Jianchuan, Zhongdian and Huaixi.

In 1859 (the ninth year of Xianfeng), Zhang Zhengtai died of infighting in Heqing.

In 1860 (the 10th year of Xianfeng), Du Wenxiu's army captured crane, sword, Li, Yong and other places. Heyaozeng (the son of Hejian), who was stationed in the frontier defense of Lancang River in Huaixi at that time, and Yang Yuke, the leader of Yezhi King's guard in Huaixi, the leader of Huaixi Association Town (Hui nationality), who killed hehe's boss, widely recruited Xiang Yong to join the Qing government in a seesaw war with the Hui uprising army. The ancient city of Lijiang changed its owner several times and became a piece of ruins. Nearby villages were covered with sores and barbarians.

In 1872 (the 11th year of Tongzhi), the Hui uprising failed. According to the records of Lijiang Prefecture records, "there are more than 600 people killed by the king, and 23 out of 10 people died." this is the "18 years of chaos" in Lijiang history.

the Republic of China era

On December 25, 1915 (the fourth year of the Republic of China), the "war against yuan to protect the country" began in Yunnan. The Naxi nationality in Lijiang actively participated in the national protection movement and sent 3420 young people to the national protection army. Many Naxi soldiers fought against the restoration of the monarchy.

In April 1936 (the 25th year of the Republic of China), a unit of the second front army of the Chinese workers' and peasants' Red Army led by Ren Bishi and he long went north to resist Japan and arrived in Lijiang, which was warmly welcomed by the Naxi people.

In July 1937 (the 26th year of the Republic of China), after the full outbreak of the war of resistance against Japan, Naxi athletes fought at the forefront of the war of resistance with the Yunnan army, and Naxi children went to the front line of resistance against Japan with the Yunnan army to participate in major campaigns such as Taierzhuang and Zhongtiao Mountain. In the battle of Taierzhuang, more than 280 Naxi officers and soldiers died bravely.

In 1941 (the 30th year of the Republic of China), in order to support the long war of resistance against Japan, the Naxi people in Lijiang built Baisha airport near Lijiang by manpower without any modern engineering machinery.

In 1943 (the 32nd year of the Republic of China), for the smooth passage of the "Hump route" between China and India, the US "Flying Tigers" set up an "aviation command post" in Lijiang. The Naxi people actively participated in the construction of radio stations, houses and other military projects, and supported the Allied Anti Japanese struggle.

In 1948 (the 37th year of the Republic of China), under the leadership of the Yunnan underground party organization of the Communist Party of China, the Naxi nationality established "farmers' anti enemy Association" and other organizations in rural areas.

In April 1949, the armed forces led by the Yunnan underground Party of the Communist Party of China liberated Jianchuan, a neighboring county of Lijiang, and established the first revolutionary base in Northwest Yunnan.

On July 1, 1949, Lijiang declared its peaceful liberation. After training, the people's self defense force was ordered to be adapted into the "third detachment of the Northwest Yunnan People's self defense army", and more than 90% of its commanders and fighters were Naxi. This detachment of the people's self defense army has made positive contributions to cooperating with the main force of the people's Liberation Army to liberate Yunnan.

After the founding of new China

From 1950 to 1951, the 42nd division of the Chinese people's Liberation Army entered Tibet from Lijiang. Lijiang County set up a Tibet Assistance Committee and transferred 4889 militia and 500 mules and horses to form a grain transportation corps to carry 180710 bags of rice from Lijiang to Deqin. In the battles of the Chinese people's Liberation Army to liberate Yunnan Yongsheng, Huaping and Sichuan Xichang, many Naxi children joined the army and participated in the war, making contributions to the liberation of new China.

In 1961, Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County was established in Yunnan Province.

In 1996, a magnitude 7 earthquake occurred in Lijiang, killing and injuring more than 3200 people and causing economic losses of 4.5 billion yuan.

In December 1997, the ancient city of Lijiang was rated as "world cultural heritage" by UNESCO.

In June 2003, the three parallel rivers were rated as "World Natural Heritage". In September, Dongba ancient books of Naxi nationality were selected into the "World Memory Heritage List".

On July 6, 2011, Lijiang ancient city scenic spot was rated as a national 5A scenic spot by the National Tourism Administration.

total population

According to the data of the 2000 census, during the period from November 1, 1999 to October 31, 2000, the birth population of Naxi nationality in China was 4470 (calculated according to the long table), the total fertility rate was 1.50 and the sex ratio at birth was 104.11. The death population of Naxi nationality in China is 2376, including 1353 males and 1023 females. The crude mortality rate is 7.72 ‰, including 8.76 ‰ for men and 6.67 ‰ for women, the infant mortality rate is 54.90 ‰, and the life expectancy is 67.60 years. Compared with the 1990 census, the Naxi population increased by 31100, with a growth rate of 11.19% and an average annual growth rate of 1.03%. The urban population is 68400, accounting for 22.15% of the total population; The rural population is 240400, accounting for 77.85% of the total population. Compared with the 1990 census, the urban population ratio of Naxi nationality increased by 7.85 percentage points.

distribution

The current population of Naxi is 30883900 (2000). Yunnan Province is the main settlement of Naxi, accounting for 95.5% of the Naxi population. Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County (now including Gucheng District of Lijiang City and Yulong County) has 201066, accounting for 58% of the total population of the county and 68.5% of the total population of Naxi in China. Except Yunnan, there are Naxi inhabited areas in Sichuan and Tibet. There are 8725 Naxi people in Sichuan, accounting for 2.8%, and 1223 Naxi people in Tibet, accounting for 0.4%; The remaining 28 provinces are distributed, with a total of 4065 people, accounting for 1.3%. The Naxi nationality is concentrated in Yulong Naxi Autonomous County, Yunnan Province.

Gender composition

According to the data of 2000 census, among the total population of Naxi Nationality: 155000 men and 153800 women; The sex ratio was 100.87.

Age composition

According to the 2000 census data, among the population proportions of Naxi people of all ages, the proportion of children (0-14 years old) is 24.77%, the proportion of working age population (15-64 years old) is 68.71%, and the proportion of elderly population (65 years old and above) is 6.52%. Compared with 1990, the proportion of children has decreased by 3.70 percentage points, The proportion of working age population and the proportion of elderly population increased by 2.70 and 1.00 percentage points respectively.

Education

According to the 2000 census data, among the educated population of Naxi nationality, there are 232300 people aged 15 and above. Among the population aged 15 and above, there are 35300 illiterate people, and the illiterate population ratio is 15.21%, of which the adult illiteracy rate of men is 7.97% and that of women is 22.48%. Compared with 1990, the illiterate population decreased by 21100 and the illiteracy rate decreased by 13.21%. There are 281200 people aged 6 and above, of which 85.90% have received primary school education or above, 41.89% have received junior middle school education or above, 14.60% have received high school and technical secondary school education, and 3.61% have received college and university education. The average number of years of education was 6.99, an increase of 1.34 years over 10 years ago.

Inhabited area

Autonomous Areas

Yulong Naxi Autonomous County, Lijiang City, Yunnan Province

Naxi Township

Sanba Naxi Township, Shangri La County, Diqing Prefecture, Yunnan Province

Da'an Yi and Naxi Township, Yongsheng County, Lijiang City, Yunnan Province

Anyanasi Township, Muli Tibetan Autonomous County, Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan Province

Xiayanjing Naxi Township, Mangkang County, Qamdo Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region

During the Han and Jin Dynasties, the "Mosha Yi" area along Dingzuo in the Jinsha and Yalong river basins was rich in salt, iron and paint.

In the Tang Dynasty, the animal husbandry of the Naxi nationality was developed, and a large number of cattle and sheep trade was carried out in the Tieqiao area. The agricultural economy has also developed. The smelting technology has reached a high level. The weapon "Duo pin" made by Naxi people is famous in six imperial edicts, and it is called "treasure" in Dehua monument of Nanzhao.

The enlightened policy of Mu's chieftain in the Ming Dynasty promoted the development and prosperity of all aspects in Lijiang Naxi area and prospered the mining industry. Mu's large-scale silver mines, copper mines, gold mines, iron mines and salt wells in Lijiang, Muli, Zhongdian, Lanping, Weixi and other places. Therefore, Mu's family has become the richest big chieftain in Yunnan Province. In the biography of the chieftain in the history of the Ming Dynasty, it is said that "mining is prosperous and rich in the counties".

During the Qing Dynasty, Lijiang implemented "changing the land to flow" and established the feudal landlord economy. Agriculture, handicraft industry and Commerce have developed rapidly.

From the late Qing Dynasty to the early years of the Republic of China, with the development of landlord economy, capitalist industry and commerce emerged in Lijiang Naxi area.

During the Anti Japanese War, the foreign trade along the southeast coast was interrupted, the traffic between China and Myanmar was blocked by Japan, and the trade between China and India was active. Lijiang became a trade hub between India, Tibet and the mainland. Naxi commercial capitalists with millions of Yuan appeared in Lijiang City. The handicraft industry in the landlord economic zone where the Naxi people live is relatively developed in Dayan town (now an ancient city), including more than ten industries such as copper, iron, carpenter, cobbler, textile, dyeing, clay tile and so on.

Before 1949, more than 80% of the population in the ancient city of Lijiang mainly depended on handicrafts and commerce. In the 1940s, there were more than 2500 independent handicraftsmen.

The dam area and valley area in Naxi area are the main grain producing areas, mainly producing wheat, rice, corn, rape and barley. Beans include broad beans, soybeans, peas, chicken beans, white kidney beans, etc; Alpine crops include buckwheat, oats, highland barley, potatoes, marijuana, etc; There are peanuts, sugarcane, cotton, etc. in the valley area; Economic crops include catalpa, lacquer tree, walnut, chestnut, mulberry, pepper and bamboo, and flue-cured tobacco planting has developed greatly; Fruit varieties include peach, plum, pear, persimmon, walnut, apple, plum, apricot, pomegranate, orange, citron, etc.

Animal husbandry is an important pillar of the rural economy in Naxi areas. Farmers generally raise cattle, horses, mules, pigs and sheep. Farmers in mountainous areas have a large proportion of animal husbandry, and each household has sheep. Mules and horses are mainly sold as commodities at the "July mule and Horse Fair". Lijiang horse is famous at home for its "small and healthy quality, high mountains, dangerous paths, and no turbulent sweat for decades". It is known as one of the three treasures in Yunnan. Many men are engaged in the caravan industry, which is the main means of transportation for commodity exchange among all ethnic groups.

social structure

Naxi nationality organizations are common in Naxi nationality. The family is composed of blood relatives who respect one ancestor from several families to several families. In Lijiang, Weixi, Zhongdian and other Naxi areas where monogamy is practiced, families are formed according to paternal lineage. The family relationship of the Naxi nationality in Lijiang is called "Dingji", "Dingzhi", "Dinghua" and "chongwo". Naxi people regard paternal relatives as "bone" and maternal relatives as "meat". The "nest" of "chongwo" comes from the "nest" of the "wokuo" of the paternal family, that is, the root bone of the paternal family, and "chongwo" is a family organization with blood relationship composed of the descendants of a male distant ancestor.

The Naxi nationality in Lijiang once had four clans of "Mei", "he", "Si" and "you". Most of the Naxi nationality in the eastern dialect area of "Mei" and "he" belong to the descendants of "Mei" and "he" of the naxigu nationality, and most of the Naxi nationality in the Western dialect area belong to the descendants of "Shu" and "you" of the naxigu nationality. After the founding of new China, among the Naxi in Lijiang and Weixi, the clan organization above the family has long disappeared.

The Mu chieftain of the Naxi nationality in the Ming Dynasty was a hereditary "local official magistrate" granted since the emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty, and implemented the system of direct eldest son inheritance. It has occupied the local land and people for generations, and there are many manors. People are divided into people and Zhuang slaves. The people have personal freedom and have to perform all kinds of labor and military service; Zhuang Nu worked directly in Mu's manor. The chieftain of the Mu family distinguished nobility and civilians by "official surname mu, people surname he". The chieftain's office has "a large number of affairs" (divided into civil and military affairs), general affairs and general affairs, and there are big and small leaders called "five tigers and fourteen Biao".

Before 1949, there were three levels in yongningna (Mosuo) society: "Si Pei" (called noble in Han Dynasty), "Shi Ka" (called common people in Han Dynasty), and "Russia" (called Bisi in Han Dynasty, i.e. slaves and maidservants).

The "Si Pei" rank is an aristocratic group separated from the chieftain family. The chieftain assigned one-third of all cultivated land to Spey, and allowed them to occupy water, grassland and mountain forests, as well as a large number of animals and herds. The Spey class has a solid right to occupy the land and pastures it occupies, which can be inherited, transferred and leased, or sold within the class. It is not allowed to sell. Except for the Spey class, the highest ownership still belongs to the chieftain. Spey can hold various official positions in the chieftain regime and enjoy many privileges. No matter how his political status and economic situation change, his aristocratic status remains unchanged from generation to generation. Spey, who is in power, has the privilege to hear cases, mediate disputes and carry out super economic exploitation. Ordinary Spey enjoys preferential treatment such as building tile roofed houses, wearing silk and satin and yellow, red and blue clothes, refusing to accept labor, not paying money and food, miscellaneous sects and so on.

The "responsibility card" rank is a feudal serf evolved from the members of the clan commune. They were bound to the feudal land, attached to the feudal lord in personality from generation to generation, and paid labor and physical tribute to the Lord. There are internal and external responsibility cards. Those directly controlled by the chieftain are called internal responsibility cards, and those managed by each supervisor are called external responsibility cards. The internal responsibility card is mainly for labor service, and the external responsibility card is mainly for paying tribute in kind. There are black, flower and white internal responsibility cards: those who serve on eight to twelve pieces of land in the chieftain's own land are called black responsibility cards; Those who serve on two to seven plots of land are called flower responsibility cards; Those who serve on a piece of land are called white responsibility cards. In addition to paying in kind, the external responsibility card generally performs labor for several days. The chieftain is not allowed to redeem the labor of the internal and external responsibility card with money, but can only hire someone to serve as a substitute.

The "Russian" hierarchy is composed of domestic slaves, criminals, foreign nationalities and responsibility cards for the decline of hierarchy. Most of them belong to the chieftain, manager, Khenpo and other powerful spei, and a few belong to the head of the responsibility card level and some wealthy Russians. The status of Russian hierarchy is hereditary. According to different service conditions, it is divided into white, flower and black. Those who hold the grass-roots official position of the chieftain are called Bai Bizi. Those who serve only men or women in a family are called Hua Bizi. Those who serve both men and women in the family are called black Bizi. Russia is hereditary by sex; That is, men are Russian families, and their descendants are all Russian men; Women are Russian families, and all future generations are Russian; If both men and women belong to Russian families, all future generations of men and women are Russian. However, the men or women who do not serve are actually the masters of Russia. When the masters need them, they can still be transferred to short-term service. Individual Russians, with the permission of their masters, can redeem their labor with money. However, they can neither extend to their children, nor change the hierarchical status of the whole family. Their children must inherit the service when they grow up, and they are still the masters of Russia.

Except for a few single Russians, the Russian hierarchy has its own family and a small amount of property, and has certain personal freedom and rights. They occupied about one arable land given by their master (it is the unit for calculating the land area of Naxi nationality in Ninglang and Yanyuan, and the actual area is equivalent to two to four mu). No more than three. In Naxi, it is called "thick broken Lubu", which means "a bowl of porridge land". Most of Russia acquired additional land by means of mortgage and tenancy, and occupied houses, livestock and farm tools in varying quantities. Russia can't seize their property unless they become heirs or commit a felony. The master has the right to transfer, dowry, exchange and sell Russia, and cannot kill arbitrarily. The Russian hierarchy has the nature of half slave and half serf.

There are strict boundaries between the three levels of Naxi nationality in Ninglang. Spey enjoys the privilege of maintaining his rank status forever. No matter how poor he is, he is Spey. Responsibility card and Russian level can only decline, not rise. No matter how rich shika is, he can't be promoted to Spey; Even if Russia made a fortune and became an official, it could not be promoted to the rank of the people.

The chieftain of yongningna people is a hereditary system, which is inherited by the eldest son. The two posts of Khenpo and chief manager are held by the brother of the chieftain or the close relative of the chieftain, who exercise religious and daily administrative power respectively. The highest authority of the chieftain is the prefect of the land. Under the chieftain, there is a general manager to name several things.

The kinship organizations of Nari people in Lugu Lake area maintain relatively ancient characteristics, and the family has a common ancestor and family name; There are common ancestor worship activities and public cemeteries; There are a few common family commons; There is a figure similar to the head of the family - Sri OMI. The "Sri OMI" of individual families has become a hereditary person; The remains of blood related villages inhabited by the same family are preserved. NARI people have a matrilineal family organization "Si Ri". Later, the matrilineal family gradually split and evolved into a matrilineal family. Before the 1950s, there were few economic ties between various countries in Sri Lanka and Japan. NARI people called the matrilineal clan "Er". Until the 1960s, most families of Nari people in Yongning were able to say that they belonged to the four matrilineal clans of "Xi", "Ya", "Hu" and "Russia".

At present, due to the changes and development of the community and population migration, the social organization structure of "chongwo" has become loose and scattered. A "chongwo" is generally distributed in villages in different regions, and we can't see that all the descendants of a "chongwo" are concentrated in one village. Since the "chongwo" has been scattered after its reproduction and development, many of them have become distant relatives, the relationship between them is not so close, and there are few common activities of the whole "chongwo".

At present, the Naxi family organizations are closely related, and the "Dingzhi" has common activities and plays some roles, that is, a family group composed of several descendants of an ancestor derived from the "chongwo". The intimacy of each "branch" or the same family varies from three or four generations to more than 10 generations. The degree of intimacy is conditional on living in the same village or a nearby village, They all respect a close relative ancestor. In the past, they had common Commons and mountains, and there were forest rangers appointed by the "chongwo". "Dingzhi" also has a common cemetery; Some of them are divided into several families and groups according to their close and distant relationship. They also have their own cemeteries to sweep tombs and worship their ancestors on the same day.

family

In history, because the Naxi nationality has multiple marriage systems, there are also different family forms, that is, the Naxi nationality coexists three family forms: paternal, matrilineal and parallel paternal and matrilineal.

Lijiang Naxi patriarchal family. Father has great power in the society and family. He worships officials as a parent, welcomes guests, handles lawsuits, buys and sells land, borrows and releases debts, and attends family and village meetings; Internally, he is responsible for managing the production and life of the whole family, and has the right to make decisions on major events such as marriage, funeral and building houses. Only when the father is absent can the mother exercise part of the father's power. Most of the patriarchal families of the Naxi nationality in Lijiang are composed of three or four generations, and few of them live together for five generations. Children take their father's surname, and their property is passed from father to son, which implements the paternal inheritance system.

Matrilineal families mainly exist among Naxi people on the Bank of Lugu Lake. The characteristics of such families are; Family members generally live in marriage; The first grandmother is one, and matrilineal blood is the basis for maintaining the family; Property is inherited according to the matrilineal line, and passed from the mother to the children, and from the uncle to the niece and niece. A man's identity at home is uncle, uncle, brother, mother's son or uncle's nephew. Each matrilineal family has a parent, usually an older or capable woman. She is in charge of arranging life, managing the warehouse and receiving guests. Women are also the hosts of some sacrificial activities. The matriarchal family implements the principle of equal distribution of property, which has more primitive Communist color.

Matrilineal and paternal families are formed with the female Xia cohabiting in the male family and the formal marriage of men and women. The traditional custom is that the children born to a woman a Xia who cohabits with a man's family and formally marries a wife, as well as the children born to a woman a Xia who is adopted (adopted) by a man, are all family members of the man, and the blood lineage is calculated according to the paternity. These paternal members and the matrilineal members born of unmarried women live in the same family, which constitutes a family with two blood lineage members. The characteristics of this family are: the family lineage is calculated separately according to the matrilineal and paternal lineages; Members of both families have equal property ownership and inheritance rights. Matrilineal and paternal families are the transitional form of matrilineal families evolving into paternal families. However, in the process of evolution, some coexisting families will appear repeatedly. Once their descendants live a Xia marriage life in which men don't marry and women don't marry husband, it will regress into a matriarchal family.

religious belief

Naxi people believe in many religions. They believe not only in Dongba religion, their native religion, but also in Tibetan Buddhism, Han Buddhism and Taoism. Dongba religion is the most popular.

Dongba religion has a great impact on the social life, national spirit and cultural customs of Naxi. It is the backbone of Naxi's multi religious beliefs. It was developed on the basis of Naxi's primitive beliefs in the period of clan and tribal alliance. Later, it gradually absorbed some contents of Tibetan religion and Tibetan Buddhism in different historical periods, It has formed a unique national and religious form. It has its own ritual system, a huge ghost system and a classic matching with various rituals. Animism, nature worship, ancestor worship, divination, and the basic idea that "nature and man are brothers" are the main characteristics of Dongba religion.

Tibetan Buddhism was introduced into the Naxi region from Tibet through western Sichuan at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. After the early Qing Dynasty, Tibetan Buddhism developed rapidly in Lijiang and Weixi Naxi areas. After the early Qing Dynasty. In the more than 180 years from Kangxi to Daoguang, the thirteen largest temples of karma Kagyu sect (Bai Religion) with considerable religious power and economic strength have been built successively.

In the Qing Dynasty, Han Buddhism was further developed in Lijiang, with more than 60 large and small temples built in urban and rural areas.

Taoism spread to Lijiang in the Ming Dynasty. Mu's Chieftain invited Taoists from the mainland to Lijiang to spread Taoism. After Lijiang "changed the soil to flow" in the year of yongzhengyuan of the Qing Dynasty (1723), Taoism was further developed in Lijiang.

Clothes & Accessories

The costumes of Naxi men in Lijiang area are the same as those of the local Han nationality. They wear sheepskin shawls in cold winter, and those in Zhongdian area wear large blouses, knee fat leg pants, sheepskin pockets and leggings. Men in Ninglang, Yongning, Yanyuan and Muli areas wear short shirts and trousers. Men in Ninglang also like to wear bracelets. The elderly wear linen collarless sweaters, green cloth waistcoats and belts. In recent decades, more and more people wear Tibetan clothes.

The costumes of Naxi Women vary from region to region. Lijiang Naxi Women Wear knee length, wide waist and large sleeve coats, plus a shawl, a pleated waist, trousers and sheepskin shawl. Naxi Women in Ninglang wear short shirts, pleated skirts that can reach the ground, sheepskin, blue cloth headscarf, earrings and bracelets made of gold, silver, jade and stone, and like to tie "sheep belt" or "girdle belt". Sheepskin belts are made of cotton cloth. Each is about four and a half feet long and two inches wide. They must be used in pairs. The waistband is very exquisite and can only be worn on festivals. It is a pair of cotton belts about three feet long and two inches wide, embroidered with potted chrysanthemums, two dragons playing with beads and other patterns. Naxi Women in Yongning weave the hair on the yak tail into a thick wig braid, then wrap a large circle of blue and black silk thread around the wig, and hang the silk thread back to the waist.

Every festival, Naxi women wear traditional national clothes and their favorite dress - Seven Star shawl. This shawl is colorful and very beautiful. It is made of a whole piece of black sheepskin, with a 6cm black woolen edge sewn on the upper part. There are sun and moon patterns embroidered with silk thread and "seven stars" arranged in turn on both shoulders. People call this shawl "wearing stars and moon". It symbolizes the hard work of Naxi Women. The shawl is not only decorative, but also very practical. Naxi Women are not used to carrying on their shoulders when they work. They mostly like to carry on their backs. Therefore, the shawl can be used as a shoulder pad. Dual purpose.

Languages

language

Naxi language belongs to the Yi branch of Tibetan Burmese language family of Sino Tibetan language family. Some scholars believe that Naxi language is at the boundary between Qiang language branch and Yi language branch, which has two-way similarity with these two languages. Naxi is divided into the Western dialect represented by Lijiang dam district and the eastern dialect represented by Ninglang Yongning. Western dialects are mainly used in Lijiang, Shangri La, Weixi, Yongsheng and other cities and counties. In addition, Western dialects are also used in Heqing, Jianchuan, Lanping, Deqin, yongningba cobbler village in Ninglang, Russia and Asia in Muli County, Sichuan Province, Dazui and lengjiuzhu in Yanyuan County, and Yanjing in Mangkang County, Tibet. The eastern dialect is mainly used in Ninglang, Yanyuan, Muli, Yanbian and other counties.

Although the pronunciation and grammar of the two dialects are basically the same, and the vocabulary similarity rate is about 70%, it is difficult to communicate with each other. Naxi people in Eryuan still use Naxi language in their families. Because they have lived together with the local Bai and Han people for a long time, they usually use Chinese and Bai language as communication languages.

written words

There are two kinds of characters used by the Naxi priest Dongba to write scriptures. One is picture hieroglyphics. In Naxi, it is called "ser jel LV jel", which means "marks on wood and stone" (also translated as "marks of wood and stone" or "records of wood and stone"). Most Dongba scriptures are written in this kind of characters. Dongba script is a rare and still used primitive hieroglyphic in the world. It is more advanced than pictures, but more primitive than oracle bone inscriptions, which already belong to the development stage of ideographs. It is a primitive hieroglyphic in the middle development stage of picture chronicles and ideographs. Another language used by Dongba is called "Geba" (ggeq, bbaq), which is a syllable character expressing words. When writing a language, the correspondence between words and words is strictly maintained.

Dongba hieroglyphic writing refers to characters that are synonymous with the commonly used glyphs and have different writing methods.

After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the Central People's government, in accordance with the policies on national languages and the wishes and requirements of the Naxi people, selected the Western dialect as the basic dialect and took the Dayan town native language as the standard pronunciation, and designed a set of Naxi writing scheme (draft) in the form of Latin letters, It was also submitted to the Yunnan minority language scientific seminar held in Kunming in March 1957, which adopted the Naxi language scheme (Draft), and reported to the Central Ethnic Affairs Committee for approval for trial implementation.

In 1981, relevant departments organized and revised the Naxi language scheme (Draft). This Naxi Pinyin scheme is used in bilingual teaching in primary schools.

literature

Dongba Sutra is not only an encyclopedia of ancient social life of Naxi ancestors, but also a treasure house of Naxi classical literature. The ancient myths, epics, legends, stories, ballads and proverbs of Naxi nationality are recorded in Dongba scriptures in hieroglyphics by Dongba people.

The chanting of Dongba Scripture literature has a specific place, that is, on various rituals of Dongba religion, most of which are the combination of religious and folk activities. Dongba Scripture literature is poetic literature. All works are composed of odd syllable poems. Odd poems such as 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 are scattered and used with alternating length and freedom. Most of them are five or seven character poems. There are also a few late works written in pure five character poems.

All works of Dongba Sutra are chanted by Dongba with a specific tune. Dongba Scripture literature includes natural myth, flood myth, ancestor myth, war epic, long love poem, ghost myth and a large number of stories, ballads and proverbs. His representative works, such as the mythical epics genesis, the battle of black and white, the battle of Haas, the killing of fierce ghosts by Russian nuns, xuvazeng ancient stealing fire, and the ancient song of sacrificing heaven, reflect the national spirit of tenacity, courage and martial arts, heavy identification and strong cohesion of the Naxi nationality. Works such as "Lu Ban Lu Rao" and "Chu bu you bu" tell the touching stories of young Naxi men and women who attach importance to feelings, speak of faith and do not hesitate to die.

The most representative of Naxi folk songs is "major", which is a concept relative to short songs, especially the oral narrative long poem widely popular among the people. His representative works include traveling in sorrow (song of martyrdom), hunting song, driving horses, cutting Zheng, meeting of fish and water, meeting of bees and flowers, meeting of snow analysis, etc. In the form of expression, it is singing into music and tune, and each type of work has a relatively fixed tune.

In addition to the extensive and rich local traditional literature of the Naxi nationality, there have been many writers written in Chinese since the Ming Dynasty. A large number of poems and articles have been handed down from the "six masters of the Mu family" of the chieftain class in the Ming Dynasty. The poetry anthologies of Mu Gong and Mu Zeng were selected into Yunnan series and ancient and modern books. Mu Zeng's six volumes of "cloud and light ink" were included in the Si Ku Quan Shu compiled in the Qing Dynasty.

Architecture

Since the Ming Dynasty, magnificent tile roofed houses have been built among the Naxi people in Lijiang, but most of them are the houses and temples of chieftains and leaders.

Since the Qing Dynasty, with the increase of cultural exchanges and the development of social economy and culture of Naxi nationality, the architectural technology of Han, Bai, Tibetan and other nationalities has been continuously absorbed by Naxi people. The civil or brick wood structure tile roofed buildings known as "three squares and one screen wall" and "four in five patios" have been widely popular in Lijiang cities and towns, dam areas and river valley areas, and have produced very distinctive residential courtyards. The canal is in front of the door, the Water Lane behind the house, the building is built across the river, the ancient city of Lijiang and many Township houses "every family has a courtyard and every family raises flowers". The courtyard is the center of the plan composition of folk houses. Its floor is usually paved with simple materials such as block stone, tile slag and pebble into symbolic patterns according to folk style, such as "four bats make life", "Kirin looks at the moon" and "Eight Immortals cross the sea", which reflects the integration of multi-ethnic architectural art. The west room of the tile roofed house in the rural "three square and one Zhaobi" building is the bedroom in the north and the livestock pen in the south.

Lijiang Dayan ancient city, a famous historical and cultural city in China, reflects the superb architectural art formed by the Naxi people. The ancient city is located on the plateau platform with an altitude of 2400 meters under the Yulong Snow Mountain. It was built in the late Song Dynasty and the early Yuan Dynasty (first, it was built in the Tang Dynasty, that is, the "Sanyi city" at that time), with a total area of 3.8 square kilometers. Sifang street is the center of the ancient city, with four trunk roads extending around in the shape of meridians. "The city depends on the water, and the water follows the city" is a major feature of the ancient city. Located in the north of the city, Heilongtan is the main water source of the ancient city. The pond water winds down from north to South and is divided into East, middle and West tributaries at shuangshiqiao. Each tributary is further divided into countless streams. It enters the wall, surrounds the households, passes through the field and walks through the garden, forming a scene of Main Street near the river, alley facing the water and building buildings across the water. A movable gate is set on the West River in the west of Sifang street, and residents use the elevation difference between the West River and the East River to wash the street. There are 354 ancient stone bridges and wooden bridges with different shapes above many large and small streams, making the bridge density of Dayan ancient city the highest in China. The streets and alleys of the ancient city are paved with red breccia rock (commonly known as Wuhua stone). There is no dust in sunny days and no ponding in rain.

Painting and murals

Dongba painting can be divided into wooden card painting, bamboo brush painting, card painting and scroll painting. There are two kinds of wooden cards: pointed and flat. Pointy wood cards are generally painted with gods and the "department" of nature elves considered good, colored; Flat headed wooden cards draw all kinds of ghosts without coloring. The Naxi wooden plate painting has a heritage relationship with the Han Dynasty face wooden plate unearthed in Northwest China. The custom of painting ghosts and gods on the wooden plate and inserting them on the ground for sacrifice was originally an ancient custom of the ancient Qiang people. Bamboo strokes mainly refer to the pictures drawn with the pointed bamboo pen used to write the Dongba Sutra, including the binding of the cover of the Sutra, the painting of the title page of the Sutra, inscriptions, illustrations, etc. there are line drawings and colors. Card painting refers to the painting on a hard card made of multi-layer thick paper. It is divided into divination card painting, the painting of the "department" of the God of nature and the five crowns of Dongba. Scroll paintings are all kinds of deity paintings painted on cloth scroll paintings, which are hung on the temporary scripture hall when Dongba holds a ceremony. The masterpiece in the scroll painting is the "divine road map", which is 15-20 meters long, with three worlds of ghosts, gods and men, and nearly 400 images of gods, ghosts and animals. The painting is used for funerals and transcendental rites of the dead. Dongba sculptures include dough sculpture, clay sculpture and wood sculpture. Dongba painting and sculpture have a rough, straightforward, natural and simple style.

The famous Baisha mural in Lijiang is the product of the opening of Lijiang Naxi society in the Ming Dynasty. The most prominent features of Baisha murals are the integration and coexistence of multiple religions and sects in the same religion, as well as the integration of multi-ethnic painting techniques.

Painting and murals

dance

The Naxi nationality is famous for its singing and dancing. There are records in the annals of the Tang and Yuan dynasties that "both men and women wear sheep's clothing and are popular in drinking, singing and dancing", and that "men and women move hundreds, hold their hands, and dance together for fun". The representative music of Naxi nationality includes Lijiang ancient music, Lijiang Dongjing music, etc.

"Lijiang Ancient Music" is the artistic crystallization of the multi-cultural integration of Naxi and Han. "Lijiang Ancient Music" consists of "Baisha fine music", Lijiang Dongjing music and Huangjing music (Huangjing music has been lost today). "Baisha fine music" is one of the few large-scale classical orchestral music in China.

"Lijiang Dongjing music" has been gradually introduced from the Central Plains and rooted in the Naxi cultural class since the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is the "great Dongxian Sutra" of Taoist "Jingqiang" from Zitong County, Sichuan Province. "Lijiang Dongjing music" is an art treasure different from various authentic music systems in China.

Many traditional classical music and dance of Naxi nationality are preserved in Dongba religion. In the Dongba Sutra, there is the Dongba dance score "Lama", which is known as the national treasure. It records all kinds of ancient Naxi dances in Dongba ceremony with pictures and hieroglyphics. It is not only the only dance monograph in the ancient characters of ethnic minorities in China, but also one of the earliest dance scores recorded in words in the world.

Naxi dance is divided into song and dance, music and dance, performing dance, religious dance, etc.

As for song and dance, the representatives of Naxi folk songs and dances include "re Mei Tan", "Hello Moda", "Ali Li" and so on. Among them, re Mei Kuang, commonly known as "re re Kuang" or "Wo re re", is a rare and well preserved living fossil of primitive song and dance in the world. This kind of song and dance is singing and dancing. With the relaxed dance steps, one person leads the singing and everyone is together.

Music and dance is a dance accompanied by musical instruments without singing. It is divided into "beating and dancing" and ancient music and dance in white sand fine music.

Among the performing dances, Kirin dance (Naxi: Kirin), which was introduced into Lijiang in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, is a Taoist art in the Central Plains. It is mainly dance, integrating music, dance, drama, painting and weaving. Leba duel means Leba dance or Leba dance. It is a large-scale custom song and dance with religious sacrifice color. It does not dance when singing and does not sing when dancing. It spreads around Lijiang Tacheng. Leba dance has 12 sets and more than 40 dancing methods. Ku Lao and Lu Lao mean dancing new year or wishing new year. "Lulu" means jumping the dragon. It spreads in the Ludian area of Lijiang. Its style is very similar to Leba dance.

The representative of religious dance is Dongba dance. Naxi Dongba teaches Dongba to dance when holding ceremonies such as welcoming gods, expelling ghosts, offering sacrifices, weddings, transcendence and so on. There are more than 300 jumping methods; Dongba Sutra has a famous dance course "Shum".

Musical Instruments

Naxi huqin (Longtou huqin)

Naxi hammer

Naxi pipa

Popper (reed pipe)

Lyra

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traditional festival

Offering sacrifices to heaven is one of the largest ceremonies of Naxi Dongba religion and the largest traditional festival among Naxi people. It is held in the first month.

The new year, the first month of the lunar calendar, is called "youbenjizheng" in Naxi, also known as "Kushi", which means "new year". During the festival, Naxi people will hold a series of traditional activities to bid farewell to the old and welcome the new.

Bang Bang Club, the 15th day of the first lunar month, is a traditional Naxi Festival, which is called "Bang Bang Club" by the people. "Bangbang" marks the end of the Spring Festival and the beginning of spring farming production.

Three flowers Festival, "three flowers" is the national protection god of the whole Naxi nation, also known as "APU three flowers", which means "ancestors (or Grandpa) three flowers". It is said that he belongs to sheep and is a god of war. Every year on February 8 and August sheep day of the lunar calendar, people from the four townships come to Sanduo pavilion to burn incense and worship God; Naxi people who go far away will go to the Sanduo pavilion to worship and pray for the blessing of the Sanduo God. The soldiers who set out for the war should worship the three gods; Naxi people everywhere offer sacrifices to the three gods on the first day of the new year every year. Since 1987, the "three flower festival" on February 8 of the lunar calendar has become a legal Naxi national festival.

Torch Festival, from June 24 to 26 of the lunar calendar, is a traditional Torch Festival of the Naxi nationality. It originated from resisting various natural disasters with the help of fire. Naxi calls this festival "Chuanmei Shengen".

July mule and Horse Club is a festival of Naxi nationality in Lijiang. It is held in the middle and late July of the lunar calendar for one to two weeks. It is mainly composed of mules, horses, cattle and other large livestock. Therefore, it is also called "July mule and Horse Club".

"Shaobao" festival, from the first day to the fourteenth day of the seventh lunar month, people in the ancient city celebrate the "Shaobao" Festival (i.e. the Zhongyuan Festival), which is called "Sanmei Boji" in Naxi language

Naxi people also have many festival customs, such as "Baishuitai meeting" in Sanba Township, Shangri La; Yongningna people (Mosuo) sacrifice dry wood goddess mountain, etc.

Housing form

Most Naxi folk houses are civil structures, and the more common forms are as follows: three square and one screen wall, four in five patio, front and rear courtyard, one in two courtyard and so on. Among them, three lanes and one screen wall is the most basic and common form of folk houses in Lijiang Naxi.

marriage custom

Marriage in the main Naxi inhabited areas generally goes through the procedures of engagement, inviting the bride and holding the wedding. In the past, there was a small number of "house transfer" marriage customs of "marriage by snatching" and "brother dies and sister-in-law". People with the same surname and different religions can marry, but intermarriage is prohibited between the same "chongwo" (clan); It was a popular custom in the past that uncle's watch and aunt's watch gave priority to marriage.

The traditional wedding of Naxi people is called "Su", which means "welcoming the God of life". Naxi people believe that everyone has his own God of life "Su". The bride is a new foreign family member. Therefore, she should welcome her God of life into the groom's family and form a collection with the God of life of other members of the groom's family.

The bridegroom's family asked Dongba to prepare the arrows, piles, bamboo baskets, towers, bridges, ladders, stones, lines and other things of the God of life on an auspicious day; Pick up the bride; The bride bid farewell to the ancestral spirit, her family members and the fire stove; After the bride enters the groom's house, she performs a shampoo; Enter the mother's house (ancestral house) to worship the ancestors and gods beside the fire pond and stove; Dongba presided over the ceremony of sacrificing the God of life and tying the lifeline, which is the core content of the wedding. At that time, a wooden pole scale will be placed in front of the groom, a copper lock and a wooden lift will be placed in front of the bride, and some will be the groom holding the wooden stake of the God of life, and the bride holding the wooden tower of the God of life. While chanting the Scriptures, Dongba smeared butter on the forehead of the bride and groom to wish good luck, and then smeared butter one by one on Optimus Prime in the mother's room, the shrine, the iron tripod in the fire pond, the men's and women's beds, bows, arrows, machetes, grain cabinets, copper locks, wood rises, etc. by the fire pond, and chanted the corresponding blessings. The whole process is inseparable from Dongba religion.

After the Qing Dynasty "changed the land to flow", the flow officials vigorously promoted the Han marriage customs in the Naxi area of Lijiang, and the six rites for engagement according to the weekly Rites: asking for name, accepting and picking, meeting relatives (called the in laws meeting in Lijiang), going through the door (Lijiang called inviting a daughter-in-law), giving gifts and welcoming relatives. Han style customs are also incorporated into the wedding procedures such as reception, banquet, size and return.

There are three forms of matrilineal family, matrilineal paternal coexisting family and paternal family among the Na people (Mosuo people) in Lugu Lake area, of which matrilineal family is the main form of family. All members of the matrilineal family are descended from the mother. The male and female members are composed of the descendants of one or several first grandmothers. Matrilineal blood is the basis for maintaining the family. Property is inherited according to the matrilineal, passed from the mother to the children, and from the uncle to the niece and niece. A man's identity at home is uncle, uncle, brother, mother's son or uncle's nephew. Each matrilineal family has a parent, usually an older or capable woman. Uncle's etiquette and mother's property are the forms of family rights and division of labor. The traditional concept of matriarchal family holds that women are root species, and if they are missing, they will break their roots. If a family has no heiress, it has to adopt a daughter. The members of a matrilineal family are generally more than 10, with more than 30-40 people. Because all members of this family are related by maternal blood and belong to one kinship, there is no relationship between father and son, mother-in-law and daughter-in-law, Weng son-in-law, aunt and sister-in-law, there is no foreign surname, the relationship is simple, the property belongs to the big family, and there are few disputes over property and separation.

The marriage form corresponding to the matrilineal family is "Asha" marriage, "Asha" is the title that Mosuo men call female lovers; The woman calls her boyfriend "Adu". Nowadays, it is not very appropriate to use "Asha marriage" to refer to this form of "walking marriage". The basic form of "a Xia" marriage is that men don't marry women, and lovers send keepsakes to each other. Both lovers live in their mother's house all their lives. The man goes to the couple's house at night and returns to his mother's house at dawn the next day. Men and women should abide by traditional customs when concluding the "a Xia" relationship. Only adult men and women who do not belong to the same maternal blood can establish this relationship. The children born to "a Xia" follow their mother, and the blood lineage is also calculated according to their maternal blood.

Daily etiquette

Naxi people are warm and hospitable. Whenever they return from hunting, all pedestrians can get a share of prey. When guests come, the host will cook six or eight dishes for entertainment.

Taboos are: you must dismount before riding to the stronghold, and you can't tie your horse to the place where you sacrifice to heaven; You can't step on a tripod or turn over the ashes in the stove; When offering sacrifices to heaven, ancestors and God of war, avoid outsiders. Avoid sitting on the threshold and cutting things on the threshold with a knife and axe. Some places also avoid singing folk songs at home; It is not allowed to kill farm cattle, pack horses and roosters announcing the dawn; Avoid eating dog meat.

diet

eating habits

Naxi people have three meals a day. For breakfast, we usually eat steamed bread or water stewed Baba. Chinese food and dinner are rich. Generally, there are one or two kinds of fried vegetables, pickles and soup. We especially like to eat beef soup pot and dry bar of Hui nationality. Whether in Pingba or mountainous areas, there are many varieties of vegetables. In the four seasons, potato, vine and melon beans are widely planted in mountainous areas, and local specialties are used to make all kinds of famous dishes. Such as steamed Cordyceps duck, Fritillaria chicken, Gastrodia elata chicken, etc. Among them, the traditional famous dish of Naxi nationality, "brewing Tricholoma matsutake", is a special dish for sacrificing, especially ancestor worship, with Tricholoma matsutake cap, stuffed into meat mud and steamed.

Meat is mainly pork, most of which are made into pickled meat, especially the pipa pigs in Lijiang and Yongning, which can be preserved for several to more than ten years. Go out to work and bring wheat flour Baba or Zanba temple. When eating, sit around the table and like to eat in a sunny place in winter.

Characteristic diet

Lijiang Baba: with fine workmanship and exquisite selection of materials, it adopts local high-quality wheat flour, kneads it into gluten with chemical oil, sesame oil and eggs, then breaks the crisp and stuffing, then fry it gently, bake it into cakes with good color and flavor.

Rice enema: it is a famous dish in Naxi flavor snacks.

Chicken bean jelly: a kind of jelly snack made of chicken bean (also known as chicken PEA) ground and filtered slurry from Lijiang real estate. Because chicken beans are rich in melanin, the appearance of jelly made of chicken beans is black, so it is also called "black jelly".

Characteristic diet

Lijiang Baba

Preserves: Begonia fruit preserves and citron preserves

Buddha palm ginseng

Crispy pork with white kidney beans

Lily ball

Big meat

Old dragon skin

Nasimi enema

Chicken bean jelly

Lijiang wine scenting

Pig fat (Pipa meat)

Gaoli meat

Fried chicken with pine nuts

Triassic water

Black and white hemp tonic

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Yang Lisheng is a revolutionary martyr and a second-class hero model of the national public security system.

He Guihua is a revolutionary martyr and a first-class hero and model of the national public security system.

He Jisheng, Lieutenant General of the army of the Republic of China, commander of Qingxiang, Guizhou Province and acting governor.

He yaozeng, general of the Qing Dynasty.

Wang Jiexiu, lieutenant general, is also the commander of the gendarmerie of Yunnan Province.

Hegengji, renchenke Jinshi, later served as the head of the Ministry of war and was awarded the Chinese constitutional doctor.

Chen Bai, procurator general of Qinghai Provincial People's Procuratorate.

Zhaxi CIREN, deputy secretary of the Party committee and President of Tibet University for nationalities.