Gaoshan Nationality

Gaoshan Nationality is the general name of all ethnic groups of the South Island language family in Taiwan, China. It refers to the "Chinese nation" population other than the Han nationality and other mainland nationalities on Taiwan Island and its affiliated islands. The scope is roughly equivalent to the so-called "Shengfan" of the Han nationality in history, the so-called "Tibetan" and "Gaosha nationality" of the Japanese colonial authorities, or the "mountain aborigines" and "flat aborigines" in the current relevant regulations of Taiwan The sum of.

The indigenous peoples of Taiwan can be divided into two categories:

1. Most of the Pingpu nationalities who lived in the western plains and had earlier contact with the outside world have been integrated into the Han society in Taiwan;

2. The tribes living in the mountains or the eastern plains can still maintain their inherent customs and languages.

Due to the large number of Sinicization of Taiwan Aborigines ("Shupan" and "Pingpu") who originally lived in the flat land in history, at present, the "Pingpu" ethnic groups do not have a clear legal status. They are regarded as "Han" by borrowing the official definition of the people's Republic of China in the early classification of the Republic of China; Therefore, the reference scope of "Gaoshan Nationality" is less than the actual sum of "Taiwan aborigines" (including all "Pingpu" ethnic groups) or the Austronesian ethnic groups on the island. The dichotomy of "Gaoshan" and "Pingpu" is a general political term from the perspective of the center of the Han nationality, which lacks anthropological basis; In Taiwan, such statements are considered to contain the color of racism and colonialism.

In history, especially before Ming Dynasty, there was no such name as Gaoshan Nationality. Gaoshan ethnic origin is multi-source, but mainly from the Chinese mainland southeast coast of the Ancient Vietnamese. Since the Han residents moved to Taiwan, the original ethnic groups have been divided into two parts: one part settled in the plain and integrated with the Han people, known as Pingpu People, including 21 xilaya communities, 13 honganya communities, 9 babusa communities, 4 bazehai communities, 4 bapula communities, 6 daokas communities, 28 kaidaglan communities and 34 karma LAN communities. The other part still lives in mountainous areas and is less affected by the Han nationality. Up to now, it has retained the characteristics of the native language, customs and habits. Now, Gaoshan Nationality generally refers to this part of ethnic minorities. The name "Gao Shan nationality" is the general name of the Chinese mainland to the Taiwan nationality after the victory of the Anti Japanese war in 1945. The term is mainly used by the mainland, and the Taiwan authorities have stopped using it.

On March 14, 1954, the Taiwan authorities stipulated that Gaoshan ethnic groups include Taiya, saixia, BuNong, Cao ethnic groups (renamed Zou ethnic group in November 1998), Lukai, Paiwan, Peinan, Yamei and AMI (one is 10 ethnic groups, and Shao ethnic group is also one). Shao nationality was originally classified as Pingpu nationality and was included in the 10th Aboriginal nationality in 2001. The jiamalan nationality, a Pingpu nationality who originally lived in Ilan and then moved to Hualien on a large scale, was officially recognized as the 11th nationality in 2002 after an ethnic identity survey. The Taroko nationality was recognized by the government as an independent ethnic group by the Taiya nationality in 2004 and became the 12th ethnic group. In 2007, Sakizaya, who was originally hidden among AMI, became the 13th ethnic group independently. In 2008, the sedek, originally included in the Taya ethnic group, was passed as the 14th ethnic group of Taiwan's indigenous people by the resolution of the 3089th Council of the Executive Yuan (April 23). As of April 23, 2008, there were 13 Gaoshan ethnic groups in Taiwan. There are also unrecognized ethnic groups, including babusa, Basai, Hongya, kedaglan, leilang, makadou, babula, bazai, monkey, silaya and dawkas.

The Neolithic artifacts unearthed in Taiwan are closely related to Neolithic artifacts in Fujian, China. Taiwanese should mainly migrate from Chinese mainland.

Gaoshan Nationality used to be in the development stage of primitive society for a long time. According to historical records, during the Three Kingdoms period, the ancestors of Gaoshan Nationality were divided into several tribes. The tribal members were called "Milin", and public affairs were jointly managed by the tribal members. They use stone axes, stone ARATS, stone rings, antlers as spears and bluestones as arrowheads. They mainly collect and hunt. Animal husbandry is still underdeveloped. The marriage system of men marrying women is still in the stage of matriarchal clan society. By the 7th century, there had been farming and animal husbandry, and the production tools were still mainly stone tools, with a small amount of iron. There are chiefs in the tribe without taxes, and public affairs are still managed by the members of the tribe. If someone commits a crime, the members of the tribe shall jointly decide on sanctions according to customary law. Those who are light will be punished with a stick, or those who are heavy will be executed. No words, no calendar, worship Mountain God and sea god. Hold more songs and dances at the rally. There are sculptures and paintings. Throughout the Northern Song Dynasty, the Southern Song Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, Taiwan's ties with the mainland have increased day by day. According to records in Chen Di's Dongfan annals and other books, although the agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting of Gaoshan people at that time had further developed than before, and some specialties had been traded with mainland coastal residents. Mainland people used agate, porcelain, cloth, salt, copper, hairpin ring and other deer breasts, deer skins and antlers of Gaoshan people, but the tribes still "died old and did not communicate with other foreigners", Still living a primitive life.

Since the 16th century, the Gaoshan Nationality in Taiwan has suffered foreign aggression many times. In 1563, Japanese pirates invaded the northern chicken coop (Keelung) area, burned, killed and looted, and the local Gaoshan ethnic groups were forced to move to the mountains. Later, Dutch colonists, Spanish colonists and American and Japanese invaders invaded Taiwan. The Gaoshan people gave firm resistance, carried out a heroic, tenacious and indomitable struggle, and showed their patriotism of vowing to defend their homeland to the death.

After the 17th century, a large number of Han Chinese moved to Taiwan and Zheng Chenggong's regime took a series of measures conducive to the development of Gaoshan's economy and culture, which accelerated Gaoshan's social and economic development. Some of the Gaoshan people living in the southwest plain developed into feudal society.

For a long time, the Gaoshan and Han people have jointly resisted the aggression of foreign invaders and jointly developed Taiwan. During the 50 years of Japanese imperialist occupation of Taiwan, the resistance struggle was particularly fierce, and the Wushe uprising in 1930 was the largest. In 1947, he took part in the "February 28" uprising dominated by the Han nationality.

population distribution

In 2001, the population of Gaoshan Nationality in Taiwan was 415000. Among them, AMI nationality was called "AMI nationality" in ancient times, with a population of about 154000; Taiya nationality, with a population of about 84000; Paiwan nationality, with a population of about 70000; Bunun nationality, with a population of about 35000; Peinan nationality, with a population of about 9000; Lukai nationality, with a population of about 15000; Cao nationality (changed to Zou nationality by Taiwan authorities in 1998), with a population of about 8000; Yamei nationality, with a population of more than 4000; Saixia nationality, with a population of about 3000; Shao nationality, only hundreds of people.

Most of the Gaoshan people live in Taiwan Province, reaching more than 400000 in 2010. In addition, Gaoshan Nationality is also distributed in many parts of the mainland, such as Fujian, Beijing and other provinces and cities. According to the sixth population census of the people's Republic of China in 2010, there are 4009 Gaoshan people on the mainland.

Branch introduction

As of July 17, 2001, 13 Gaoshan ethnic groups have been recognized in Taiwan: Taiya, saixia, Bunun, Cao (renamed Zou in November 1998), Lukai, Paiwan, Punan, Yamei, Arab American, karma LAN, Taroko, sachilaya and sedek.

bunun

Bunun people (Bunun means "human" in Gaoshan language) are one of the ethnic groups of Gaoshan Nationality. Living in 60 villages. The original residence was in the high mountains north of Yushan and west of the central mountains, and then migrated to Taidong and Kaohsiung. Now they mainly live in Ren'ai and Xin Yi townships of Nantou County, namacha, Taoyuan, Maolin District of Kaohsiung City, haiduan, Yanping Township, Guanshan Town of Taitung County, Wanrong, zhuoxi Township and Yuli town of Hualien County. The total ethnic group is divided into three subgroups: beibunun people are distributed in the West foot of the central mountains; Zhongbu farmers are distributed in Kaohsiung County; Nanbunun people are scattered in the Hualien area of Taitung. Weaving, basket weaving, leather making and pottery making technologies are relatively developed. Social life is a patriarchal clan system. After marriage, the wife follows the husband and the son follows the father. Women have a certain position in the family.

Rukai people

It is one of the ethnic groups of Gaoshan Nationality. It lives in 20 villages, distributed in the mountains to the south of Alishan Mountain, xingaoshan mountain and the north of Dawu Mountain, including the Choushui River and ailiao River in the upper reaches of Gaoping River and the Danan River Basin in the east of central mountain. It belongs to Sandi and Wutai in Pingdong County, Maolin in Kaohsiung County and Peinan in Taidong County, of which Wutai township is the most concentrated. Lukai people have the same living habits as Paiwan People. They live in stone houses and are famous for pottery pots, beads, carvings and tattoos. Classes have emerged in social life. Only one spouse is allowed to exist in each generation, and the power is inherited by the eldest man. After death, lateral burial and straight limb burial are adopted. Language and culture are greatly influenced by Bunun people.

Paiwan People

It is one of the ethnic groups of Gaoshan Nationality. Living in 160 villages. Most of them lived in the foothills of the mountains, and later moved to the mountains. Its distribution area starts from Dawu Mountain in the north, reaches Hengchun in the south, starts from the line of ailiao and Fangliao in the west, and ends in the triangle south of hemp Lane in the East. It is scattered in Sandi, Majia, Taiwu, Laiyi, chunri, lion, peony in Pingdong county and Jinfeng, Daren, hemp lane, Dawu and other townships in Taidong county. Paiwan People are divided into two sub races, Paiwan and tarotaro. The former is located in the central part of the ethnic distribution area and has strong ethnic characteristics. Bounded by the central mountain range, it is also divided into two small races, dongben; The latter lives along the east coast and is also divided into two small ethnic groups: the east coast and barilalio. The ethnic group is divided into civilian, aristocratic and other classes. The elder of the children inherits the power. The handicraft is relatively developed.

Beinan people

It is one of the ethnic groups of Gaoshan Nationality. Living in 8 villages. It is said that this family originated in banatu near Taitung and was once the owner of Taitung plain. It is mainly distributed in the coastal areas south of Peinan River and north of Zhiben river. It lives in Peinan, Jinfeng, Daren and other townships in Taitung County. In the past, it was listed as an ethnic group with Lukai and Paiwan, and was recognized as an independent ethnic group in 1954. Clan power is inherited by the eldest daughter, and family life focuses on the mother.

Shao people

Shao nationality is one of the ethnic groups of Gaoshan Nationality, living in the area of Riyuetan in Nantou County. Some people think it is a part of Cao people, some people classify it as a member of BuNong people, and others classify it as a family of Pingpu People. However, its language, customs and habits are unique, so it is regarded as an independent ethnic group.

atayal

It is one of the ethnic groups of Gaoshan Nationality. It is the second large ethnic group of Gaoshan Nationality. Living in 120 villages. Originally living in the western plains of Taiwan, they gradually moved to mountainous areas due to environmental pressure. They are mainly distributed in the northern half of Taiwan, such as Wulai District of Xinbei City, Fuxing District of Taoyuan City, Jianshi Township and Wufeng township of Hsinchu County, Tai'an township of Miaoli County, Heping District of Taichung City, Ren'ai Township and Xinyi township of Nantou County, Xiulin township of Hualien County, Datong Township and Nan'ao township of Yilan County, etc. The ethnic group is divided into two sub ethnic groups: Taiya and sedek. The taiyaya people are also divided into xizhubao group, DA (Shan + Ke) (Shan + Kan) group, Dahu group and xikailik group; The sedekya are also divided into two communities: East and West. This ethnic group has the custom of tattooing. Men are good at hunting, women are good at weaving, and walk from their husband's house.

Dawu people

It is one of the ethnic groups of Gaoshan Nationality. Distributed in the coastal area of Lanyu Island, Taitung County, it is the only fishing and hunting ethnic group among Gaoshan ethnic groups. The language is almost the same as that of Bataan residents in the northern Philippines. Agriculture is mainly planted with water taro, and the technology is famous for making pottery, shipbuilding and silver. Social life is dominated by nuclear families. The ethnic group is peace loving and has no habits such as headhunting.

Zou Ren

Cao people (renamed Zou people in November 1998)

It is one of the ethnic groups of Gaoshan Nationality. It was originally distributed from Daxi to daanxi in Taoyuan, and settled in Wufeng Township, Hsinchu County, Nanzhuang, Miaoli County, Shitan Township, etc. This ethnic group is divided into two small ethnic groups: North saixia and South saixia. Within the ethnic group, the line is from the father's house, the wife follows the husband, and the constant generation cohabits, limited to different couples in the same generation. A dwarf sacrifice is held every two years.

Ah Mei

(AMI means "North", which is what people in the south of AMI call northerners) it is one of the ethnic groups of Gaoshan Nationality. The population of Gaoshan Nationality is the largest. It was originally distributed near xiugulaan Xikou and Hengchun at the north and south ends of the longitudinal valley plain in Eastern Taiwan. Later, it moved to the east of Hualien County and the northeast of Taitung County along the eastern longitudinal valley and coastline, including 11 townships in Taitung County and 12 townships in Hualien County. According to language, customs and regional differences, it is generally divided into four parts: North, central and South AMI and coastal AMI.

Saixia people

It is one of the ethnic groups of Gaoshan Nationality. Their ancestors moved down from Dabajian mountain to the flat land around the Great Lakes and Miaoli, and then gradually moved to Ali Mountain and Wufeng mountain in the southwest of Taiya, which belong to Wufeng township of Hsinchu County.

Most of the Gaoshan people are engaged in agriculture, and a few are engaged in fishing and hunting. There are handicrafts such as carving and weaving.

Before a large number of Han immigrants in the 17th century, Gaoshan Nationality in Taiwan was in the stage of primitive society. Ethnic groups living in the mountains live on hunting. The ethnic groups living in the plain are engaged in burning, reclamation, farming, fishing, hunting and gathering, mainly planting taro, potato, upland rice, millet, etc. They did not know that the tools of plow, rake, hoe and axe, production tools and farming technology were very primitive.

In the Qing Dynasty, with the large-scale immigration and development, the Gaoshan Nationality in Taiwan generally introduced the advanced production technology of the Han nationality. The production and life of Gaoshan people living in the plain and coastal areas have changed significantly, and they began to plant rice, wheat, millet, millet, sesame, beans, etc., while Gaoshan people living in nests and deep mountains and old forests still focus on hunting, concurrently collecting and planting. Hunting is called "grass", mainly deer hunting, and hunting wild boar, bison, bear, leopard, rabbit, pheasant, etc. Hunting tools mainly include bow, arrow, spear, knife, fire gun, etc. the hunting methods are generally burning hunting, trapping hunting, shooting, etc. the hunting scene is very spectacular. In modern times, hunting has become a sideline of Gaoshan Nationality. In the customs of Albanians and pygmies, group hunting is a necessary activity before and after the religious ceremony of major sacrifice. Yami (renamed Dawu in 1998) on Lanyu, coastal AMI and Sun Moon Lake are also engaged in fishing. Fish are usually caught with fish bones, harpoons, bows and arrows, fishing nets, fish cages, cages, bamboo covers, bamboo rafts, fishing boats and other tools. Shooting fish, net fishing, fishing, weir building, poisonous fish, dried fish, curtain fish, luring fish and other methods are adopted. Yamei is the peak season for hunting flying fish from March to June every year. They set up fleets based on paternal lineage groups and fished at night. Although Beinan people, Paiwan People and Lukai people live near the sea, they do not work in fishery, and still take agriculture and hunting as the basic production form. Before 1949, a part of the Bunun and Taiya of Gaoshan Nationality still retained strong remnants of primitive communes. Pingpu People, paiwanru people, Taiya people, Lukai people and Dawu people had gone beyond slavery society and entered the stage of feudal society. Pingpu People and Paiwan People also had tenancy relations and polarization between the rich and the poor.

Since 1949, under the control of the Kuomintang, Taiwan's capitalist commodity economy has reached a relatively developed stage. Taiwan's economy is known as one of the "four little dragons of Asia". Under the influence and promotion of the developed commodity economy, the farming, fishing and hunting economy of Gaoshan Nationality has undergone great changes. In the areas where Gaoshan people live, modern industry and agriculture have grown up, and the living standards of Gaoshan people, especially those living along the coast and plains, have improved. However, there is a big gap between the level of productivity and the degree of economic development. The economic development of Gaoshan Nationality living in mountainous areas is still slow, and the living standard is relatively low.

In 1991, the per capita income of Gaoshan Nationality was 92117 yuan and 96524 yuan respectively, which was about 80% compared with the per capita income of farmers in Taiwan Province of 116636 yuan. In 1991, the per capita income of ordinary families in Taiwan Province was 155731 yuan, and the per capita income of mountain and Flat mountain people was only about 60%.

In 1996, the per capita income of mountain and Flat mountain people increased by 19.39% and 25.25% respectively, reaching 109981 yuan and 120894 yuan. However, compared with 177179 yuan per capita income of farmers in Taiwan Province in the same year, it was only 62.08% and 68.24%, down 16.9 and 14.52 percentage points respectively compared with 1991. The per capita income of ordinary families in Taiwan province increased to 234735 yuan. In the same year, the per capita income of mountain and Flat mountain people was only about half of that. 46.85% and 51.50% respectively, compared with 1991. In the past five years, the income gap has expanded by 12.3 and 10048 percentage points.

The grass-roots organization of Gaoshan Nationality is "society", which is a natural village. The small society is composed of one clan, the large society is composed of several clans, generally thousands of people, and the small society is 500 or 600 people. Democratic politics is practiced, and major issues are decided by the social assembly. Community leaders include leaders (leaders), priests (or wizards) and Presbyterians. It is the highest authority of society. The leader led farming, fishing and hunting, ruled on internal disputes and helped priests organize sacrificial activities.

Most Gaoshan ethnic communities take the club (Club) as the activity center of the society and also the education and training place for male age organizations. Age organization is a kind of hierarchical system in order of age within the society. The age grades of each branch can be divided into juvenile, juvenile, youth, adult and elderly. All men should belong to the corresponding age class and shoulder a certain social division of labor. Promotion ceremonies are held every few years. Starting with teenagers, basic training is given in strict accordance with gender. Men are skill training in hunting and farming; Women are trained in textile, housework and collection.

summary

Among the traditional customs inherited by Gaoshan Nationality from generation to generation, there are many characteristics of ancient culture in South China, such as nest residence, public ridge, boat boat, pestle and mortar, wooden drum, raw seafood, betel nut, rice chewing and wine making, bamboo drinking, barefoot, squatting, feather crown, flower clothing, pearl shell, through head clothes, tube skirt, broken hair tattoo, chiseling teeth, Nirvana teeth, ear piercing, piano and flute teasing, building hairpin residence, cliff burial, bone washing burial Song and dance, swing, wood carving, headhunting, sacrifice, witchcraft, sun and snake and bird worship, ancestor worship, flood myth, sun shooting myth, joint name system, etc. Among them, nest dwelling, boating, chiseling teeth, ear piercing, raw seafood, cliff burial and snake worship are typical cultural characteristics of ancient Yue people, which confirms Gaoshan Nationality and ancient Yue people; Habits and customs come from the same vein.

Language culture

Gaoshan language belongs to the Indonesian language family of the South Island language family. There is a big difference in Gaoshan language in various regions. There are at least 15 languages, which can be roughly divided into three language groups: "Taiya", "Cao" and "Paiwan", and more than ten branches, such as Taiya, Paiwan and Bunun. There is no universal national language. The Gao people scattered in the mainland speak Chinese. There are Arab Americans without their own words. The Gaoshan compatriots living in Taiwan have their own unique culture and art. Their oral literature is very rich, including myths, legends and folk songs.

Food culture

The diet of Gaoshan Nationality is mainly cereals and rhizomes. It is usually millet, rice, potato and taro, accompanied by coarse grains, wild vegetables and prey. Millet and upland rice are the main grain in mountainous areas and rice is the main grain in plains. In addition to Yami and Bunun, several other ethnic groups take rice as their daily staple food, supplemented by potato and coarse grain. Yami people living in Lanyu live on taro, millet and fish, while Bunun people live on millet, corn and potato (locally known as sweet potato). Pingpu People also specialize in fragrant rice and like to eat "Baicao ointment" (grass pulp in deer intestines with salt). In the past, the diet was squatting raw food, and the diet, cooking and enjoyment were very exquisite. Gaoshan people are fond of smoking, drinking, eating and chewing betel nut.

In the production method of staple food, most Gaoshan people like to cook rice into rice, or steam glutinous rice and corn flour into cakes and Ciba.

Gaoshan Nationality has a wide range of vegetables, most of which depend on planting and a small amount on collection. The common ones are pumpkin, leek, radish, cabbage, potato, beans, pepper, ginger and all kinds of mountain bamboo shoots and wild vegetables.

Gaoshan people generally love to eat ginger, and some directly use ginger dipped in salt as vegetables; Some are pickled with salt and pepper. The source of meat mainly depends on pigs, cattle and chickens. Fishing and hunting in many areas are also a supplement to daily meat, especially the alpine people living in the mountains. The prey they catch is almost the main source of daily meat.

Each of the ten ethnic groups of Gaoshan Nationality has its own unique food. Among them, the typical food is: pickled meat, the method of storing meat by the Taiya and Arab Americans of Gaoshan Nationality, among which the Taiya pickled monkey meat, the Arab American pickled deer meat and wild boar meat are unique; Za wine is a kind of rice wine brewed by Paiwan People and BuNong people of Gaoshan Nationality.

When BuNong people make staple food, they smash the small rice in the pot into paste. Paiwan People like to roll the small rice with banana leaves, mix it with peanuts and animal meat, and steam it as a festival delicacy. They can also bring it when they go out hunting. However, as snacks brought by hunting, salt and other salty spices are generally not added to the filling.

When Taiya people go hunting in the mountains, they like to use bananas as fillings, wrap them with glutinous rice, wrap them with banana leaves, steam them and take them with them. Paiwan People like to mix sweet potatoes, pigeonpeas and taro stems together and eat them when cooked. Taiya people like to drink cold water soaked with ginger or pepper. It is said that this drink has the function of treating abdominal pain. In the past, there was the habit of drinking animal blood when hunting up the mountain. Both men and women are addicted to alcohol. Generally, they drink their own rice wine, such as millet wine, rice wine and potato wine.

Yami likes to cook rice or porridge with taro and sweet potato as their staple food. When going out to work or travel, they often use dry taro or cooked sweet potato and glutinous rice products similar to zongzi as dry food. When Paiwan and other ethnic groups hunt, they do not bring a pot, but only matches. First build up the stones, heat them with dry firewood, then put taro and sweet potato under the stones, take sand and cover them on the stones, and eat them after they are cooked. When eating mustard, first remove the growing leaves, rub them with salt, and eat them after two or three days. The mustard roots left in the ground continue to grow.

Paiwan People don't eat dog, snake, cat meat, etc. the method of eating fish is also very unique. Generally, after catching the fish, they take a stone plate to heat it on the spot, bake the fish on the stone plate into eight mature, and sprinkle salt on it. Paiwan People's children are not allowed to eat eels, even the fish heads of other fish. They think it's unlucky to eat fish heads.

When making meat dishes, Arab Americans like to cut the meat into pieces, insert bamboo sticks, cook it and put it in a large basin. The whole family surrounds the basin. Everyone uses vines to make a small basket for rice, sharing a spoonful of vegetables, grabbing rice with one hand and taking meat with the other. In the transplanting season, they like to catch small frogs in the paddy field, wash them with clean water and eat them when they are cooked. Some ethnic groups such as AMI and Taiya also eat raw fish. They also like to peel the hunted rice, add salt and marinate it with half cooked millet for several months. Preserved foods are usually pickled, dried in the sun and roasted. Pigs and fish pickled for one or two years are the top dishes. In the past, Gaoshan people generally did not drink boiled water and had no habit of drinking tea.

Clothing culture

The traditional clothing of Gaoshan Nationality is colorful, and the style of clothing varies from ethnic group to ethnic group.

There are generally four types of clothing styles for Gaoshan men: one is the northern type represented by Taiya, saixia and Northern AMI. The utility model is characterized in that two pieces of linen are spliced to form a sleeveless outer jacket; The second is the central type represented by Cao people and Bunun people. The utility model is characterized in that deerskin is used as the clothing material, the coat is a deerskin vest with hair, and the outside is covered with deerskin shawl; The third is the southern type represented by Paiwan People, Beinan people, Lukai people and southern AMI. The utility model is characterized by a pair of long sleeved blouses, a half waist skirt at the waist, or a wide belt hanging at both ends as a front skirt; Fourth, the elegant and beautiful type of elegant and beautiful people on Lanyu Island. It is only a T-belt made of thick cloth about three or four inches wide to cover the lower body.

Gaoshan women's clothing types include short clothes and long skirts and long clothes and short clothes. There are three types: one is the short dress and long skirt style of Taiya, saixia, Cao and Arab Americans; The second is the narrow sleeve long clothes of Bunun, Rukai and Paiwan People; The third is the semi naked style of elegant beauty. The upper body often only wears a vest, and the lower body is only surrounded by a waist cloth. In winter, a square cloth is used to wrap his body around his left shoulder and tie a knot on his left shoulder.

Men and women of all ethnic groups of Gaoshan Nationality attach importance to decoration. There are many kinds of ornaments, mainly including shell beads, shell pieces, glass beads, pig teeth, bear teeth, feathers, animal skins, flowers, silver and copper jewelry, coins, buttons, bamboo tubes, etc. They use these ornaments to decorate their whole body in a variety of colors. Men, in particular, are decorated almost from head to foot. Some men, especially the head crown, are even more complex and colorful than women's head crown.

By Region: sleeveless carcass, cloak, corset and belt are common in the north; Deer skin vest, chest bag, waist bag, corset and black cloth skirt are common in the middle; In the south, it is common to have a pair of long sleeved jackets, waist skirts, overalls, black headscarves, etc.

The elegant beauty dress is simple. The man covers his lower body with t-cloth and wears a vest; Women usually wear vests and skirts and wrap themselves in square cloth in winter.

In ancient times, Gaoshan Nationality regarded nudity as beauty. Shade only with a cloth and fur around the waist. However, after coming into contact with the Han culture, it has gradually formed that men wear long shirts and women wear skirts and pay attention to the beauty of clothes. In addition to animal skin and bark, clothes are mostly decorated with self-woven linen and colored patterns.

Snake patterns are often used in Gaoshan people's clothing patterns, daily necessities and handicrafts, which is inseparable from their living environment and totem. Because Gaoshan people live in the subtropical area where snakes haunt, they have a better understanding of the attributes and characteristics of snakes. They regard the "hundred step snake" as the embodiment of the gods and believe that it is attached to the soul of their ancestors, so they can't kill it and worship it as a God.

Gaoshan Nationality also has body decoration customs such as tattooing, tooth chiseling, tooth nirvana, ear piercing, hair removal and abdominal girdling. Body decoration is generally for the purposes of adulthood, beauty, marriage, merit recording, honor and so on. After the mid-1940s, the custom of body decoration gradually declined, but its residual influence is still.

Festival Customs

Important festivals

The important festivals of Gaoshan Nationality include: sowing for the Taiya people (the end of spring sowing in late March), peace offerings (Bunun people, the fourth day of April), "Ali" ancestor sacrifices (Pingpu People, September 16), harvest festivals (Zou people, Lukai people, Dawu people, etc., August 15), bamboo pole sacrifices (Paiwan People, October 25,), monkey and big hunting sacrifices (Beinan people, November), and dwarf spirit sacrifices (saixia people, October 11-18) and the flying fish sacrifice of Dawu people, etc.

Most of the traditional festivals of Gaoshan Nationality have a strong religious color and basically appear in the form of sacrificial ceremonies, such as reclamation Festival, sowing Festival, weeding Festival, harvest festival, five-year Festival, ancestral spirit Festival, fishing and hunting Festival, dwarf spirit Festival, boat festival, flying fish Festival, etc., among which "Harvest Festival" It is a national festival of Gaoshan Nationality except Yamei. During the festival, in addition to song and dance banquets, sports competitions, cultural exhibitions and recreational activities are added.

Festival etiquette and sacrificial food customs

Gaoshan people like to hold banquets and song and dance gatherings on festivals or festive days. Every festival, they kill pigs, kill old cattle and buy wine for banquets. Bunun people use a plant leaf that eats "Xinuo" at the end of the year, wrapped with glutinous rice and steamed for their family to enjoy.

The most representative food for festival banquets of Gaoshan Nationality is cakes and Ciba made of all kinds of glutinous rice. It can not only be used as snacks during the festival, but also as sacrificial offerings. Glutinous rice can also be made into rice to entertain guests.

There are many sacrificial activities of all ethnic groups of Gaoshan Nationality, such as ancestral spirit sacrifice, grain God sacrifice, mountain god sacrifice, hunting God sacrifice, wedding sacrifice, harvest sacrifice, etc. the five-year sacrifice of Paiwan People is the most grand. At that time, in addition to banquet offerings, there are also various cultural and sports activities. The wedding and banquet scenes are very rich and spectacular, especially a large number of wine should be prepared. At that time, all participants should drink and not get drunk The custom of "Harvest Festival" On this day, the people brought a jar of wine to the scene. They danced, ate and drank around the campfire to celebrate the harvest of a year's work. It was held once a year. Paiwan People often used a wooden and exquisitely carved cup on celebration days. They drank together with their shoulders to show their closeness. If there were guests, they must kill chickens. Bunun people left their chicken legs for guests When people leave, they take them on the road to eat, which means they have eaten chicken thighs and have more strength to walk. Lukai people are good at baking taros with stone as a stove. The baked taros are crisp outside and soft inside, which is easy to carry, and they often bring them to guests for consumption on the road.

Residential customs

In the past, Gaoshan people lived in nests near mountains and rivers, or built bamboo woven grass and wooden houses. The residential types include wooden house, bamboo house, thatched house, slate stone house, grass roof underground house, etc., but it pays great attention to the combination of modeling and practicality. Most of them are rectangular or square, with doors and no windows.

marriage customs

The marriage of Gaoshan Nationality adopts monogamy, and close relatives are prohibited from marriage. Most men and women are free to love and combine. For example, Taiya people whistle to express their love, and some may women give gifts to the man's house to express their lovesickness. The love and marriage of young men and women of Gaoshan Nationality are very free, and their parents never interfere. When a girl reaches the age of marriage, the family will prepare a separate residence for her.

When Paiwan People celebrate their wedding, they grind the millet into powder, add water and stir it, wrap it in fish and shrimp (the shrimp shows its tail), pinch it into a ball the size of an egg, burn it in a boiling water pot, and remove it for consumption after cooked.

funeral customs

Funeral forms: Taiya people, Bunun people and Cao people were buried in the house and buried under the bed of the dead. Paiwan People and Dawu people go to field tombs. Arab Americans bury the dead in the open space before and after the house. All evil dead are buried on the spot.

religious belief

Gaoshan Nationality also retains the beliefs and rituals of primitive religion. They worship elves. There are different gods in different places, including God of heaven, God of creating the universe, God of nature, God of management and other elves and monsters. There are agricultural sacrifices (including reclamation sacrifice, sowing sacrifice, weeding sacrifice, mowing sacrifice, new grain warehousing sacrifice, mainly millet sacrifice), hunting sacrifice, fishing sacrifice, ancestral spirit sacrifice, etc. Witchcraft prevails, among which divination methods include bird divination, dream divination, water divination, bamboo divination, ladle divination, rice divination, etc., and there are various forms of witchcraft books. Due to the influence of Han immigrants and Dutch and Spanish colonists, the religious beliefs of Gaoshan Nationality are complex. The Han brought Buddhism, Western missionaries brought Christianity and Catholicism. These religions have taken root among the people of Gaoshan Nationality, and the religious life of Gaoshan Nationality has formed a staggered situation of primitive religious belief, Buddhism and Western religion.

National taboo

Taboos are prohibitions with religious significance. It is a negative means that people take to avoid disaster and far harm in awe of the power of nature. Gaoshan Nationality has many taboos on hunting, farming, sacrifice and other aspects. Its purpose is to avoid imperceptible dangers, especially death, through mandatory adherence to these taboos, so as to maintain the normal activities of production and sacrifice and social ethics from being affected and disturbed. Once the taboo is violated, everyone has a premonition that they may suffer some kind of disaster and is in panic. They immediately stop all ongoing activities and take the forms of prayer, curse, wine spraying, sacrifice and so on to remove the possible danger; Those who break the ban will be punished, bear all the expenses of the feast, or be put to death for atonement.

Among the taboos of Gaoshan Nationality, some are common, and all tribes should strictly abide by them under any circumstances. Taboos with universal significance belong to visual, such as: taboo meeting the dead and their burial place, meeting the mating of animals, etc; Belonging to touch, such as taboo contact with sacred objects and objects of the dead; Belonging to behavior, such as taboo exhaust, sneezing, homologous sexual intercourse, etc. Special taboos, such as: after a woman is pregnant, it is forbidden to use a knife and axe. She can't eat apes, bobcats, pangolins and double pedicled fruits. She is forbidden to have twins; Avoid seeing snakes, bobcats, rats, and the dead and their burial places; Women shall not touch the hunting gear and weapons used by men, such as bow, arrow, gun and spear, and shall not enter the men's club and sacrificial site without authorization; Men cannot touch the looms and raw hemp used by women, and are prohibited from sharing rooms with women during hunting, fishing and busy farming; Adults are prohibited from contacting women during their training in the club; During fishing, hunting or sacrifice, the fire cannot be cut off at home; You can't eat fish during sacrifice. Among them, sneezing is particularly taboo in sacrifice. Gaoshan people in the South believe that sneezing means that the soul comes out of the shell, which is in danger of luring evil spirits, and is a sign of impending disaster.

Birth taboos mainly include:

1. It is forbidden to have twins, because it is superstitious that twins are the place of wild animals, which indicates that disaster is coming. One of them must be killed as a disaster.

2. Bunun people taboo illegitimate children and usually abandon illegitimate children in the wilderness.

3. The Amis taboo men and widows peeping, and babies taboo their father's embrace. It is said that because the baby's body is weak, it will infect his father with weak diseases through contact, resulting in weak running during hunting and expedition, and nothing. This peculiar taboo has matrilineal privileges, which is a "measure" for the society to ensure that the custody of children is in the hands of the mother.

traditional sports

Thorn ball

Also known as pole ball, it is one of the favorite sports forms of Gaoshan Nationality. It is popular in Pingdong, Taiwan and Chaozhou, Guangdong. It is held once every five years, so it is also known as the "five-year Festival" and is very grand. This comes from an ancient folklore: to the effect that long ago, a brave young man of Gaoshan Nationality guarded the fire in the world. He suddenly found that a tiger wanted to put out the fire. He stabbed the tiger with a long pole, so that the fire in the world could be preserved. Later, in order to commemorate his heroic acts and inspire the national fighting spirit, people carried out this movement widely among the people.

According to folk custom: the ball used for stabbing the ball is made of zongzi skin. The operator who stabbed the zongzi ball will have a good luck in the next five years. The more you hit, you will be respected by the villagers and may also get the affection of the girls. Stabbing activities are mostly held in villages, with more than ten or dozens of participants. During the game, a special throwing hand throws the Zong ball into the air, and the pole holder dances the thorn rod with both hands to win the Zong ball falling in the thorn. There is no limit to the number of throwing balls, and everyone is expected to get good luck. Before the end, the tosser usually throws a ball full of feathers into the air. As long as someone stabs it, it will be over.

Basket ball

Also known as the back basket Association, it is a form of love between young men and women of Gaoshan Nationality. It spreads around Taitung and Hualien and is called "A-Mei". Participants should be unmarried young men and women.

During the activity, the young women ran in front with the basket on their back, and the young men followed closely behind them, usually about 4-5 away. They kept throwing betel nuts symbolizing evergreen, longevity, auspiciousness and happiness into the basket of the young women. The thrower, like the girl, was happy and did not move forward; On the contrary, the young woman poured out the betel nut from the basket on her side and continued to run forward. This activity is also held in Gaoshan Nationality schools in Taiwan, but it has weakened the meaning of love between men and women and has become a purely recreational folk sports activity. As a competition, it is generally divided into two teams. One of each team is dedicated to the basket, and the other players throw into the basket of the other team's basket. The basket bearer tries to avoid the betel nut thrown by the thrower, and finally wins with the one who hits more.

to swing

It is another entertainment activity actively participated by young men and women of Gaoshan Nationality. When swinging, the girl sits on the rattan pad of the swing, ties a long rope, asks the young man to pull and operate, and the two carriages cooperate.

Literature and art

The folk literature of Gaoshan Nationality includes ballads, myths, legends and stories, which are rich and colorful, primitive and simple.

Song and dance art

The ballads not only reflect various production activities such as farming, fishing, hunting and gathering, but also record the war songs of tribes, fighting against foreign aggression and defending their territory. There are custom songs, as tired as beads; The current political song is a sonorous and powerful attack on current abuses. The ballad style is fresh and the music is beautiful. The myth of Gaoshan Nationality has rich connotation. In the process of inheritance, it has formed a myth system with the tracing of ancestors, the marriage between flood and compatriots, and the conquest of the sun as the core. It reflects the beliefs, aspirations, values and artistic cultivation of Gaoshan compatriots. In addition, there are many legends and stories about customs, outstanding figures, "little blacks", animals and plants.

Gaoshan Nationality is a nation full of artistic talents. Song and dance, music, sculpture and other national arts are well-known in the world. According to the history, the Gaoshan Nationality, whether in labor, love, wedding banquet, sacrifice, etc., have song and dance performances, arm in arm, step on the song, shake their head and close their eyes. Yamei's hair swing dance, saixia's dwarf spirit sacrifice dance and Arab American's harvest dance all have a high artistic level. In the history of Gaoshan Nationality, there was a marriage custom of building hairpin houses and flirting with Qin and Xiao. Therefore, harmonica and nose Xiao were often used to play sweet melodies. In addition, there are wind instruments such as nose flute and nose whistle; Percussion instruments such as wooden drums, xylophones, pestles and mortars, and stringed instruments such as bow and Qin produce pleasant music.

Wood carving art

Wood carving art has the unique style of primitive art in the Pacific region, among which Taiwanese wood carving is the most prominent. Both houses, weapons and living utensils are carved with rough knife technique and simple shape. The theme of the decoration is crouching figure, and the combination of head, snake, deer and geometric patterns with totem characteristics. It pursues strong color contrast and exaggerated realism, hides the soul in nature and is beautiful in simplicity. Taiwanese woodcarving ornaments are happy to collect at home and abroad. In addition, the fishing boats of Dawu people also have unique carvings, and their artistic realm is praised by the world.

Anti enemy hero

Mona rodao (Mona Rudao)

The leader of the Gaoshan people in Taiwan, together with his two sons, led the Gaoshan people to resist the Japanese invaders in the Wushe uprising in Taiwan in 1930.

ALU

Leader of Gaoshan Nationality of Langqiao Peony Society in southern Taiwan. In 1874, the anti-U.S. and Japanese troops landed in Langqiao. Alu's father and son and more than 30 members of the Ministry died heroically.

People in the Performing Arts

Many singers and actors in Taiwan belong to a certain ethnic group of Gaoshan Nationality, or have a large proportion of the blood of a certain ethnic group of Gaoshan Nationality. Famous people include: Zhang Huimei, power train, Zhang Zhenyue, Xiao Jingteng, Luo Zhixiang, Zhou Yumin, Gao jinsumei, Xu Ruoxin, etc.