Bai Nationality

The Bai people call themselves "Bai Zi", "Bai Ni" and "Bai Gang", which are collectively referred to as "white people". He said there were more than 60 kinds of people, such as Minjia, Nama, Lemo and Loeb. In the past, the Han people called it "Minjia", which is different from the "Junjia". The yuan and Ming historical books called it "white" or "Bo people", the Naxi language called it "lebu" and "Nama", the Lisu language called it "Lemo", the Tibetan language called it "Lebo", the Yi language called it "Loubu", "Luoben" and "luokipo". The Bai people in Guizhou have "seven surnames people" and "nine surnames" "Luo Ju", "Longjiang people", "Nanjing people" and other different names. After the founding of new China, in November 1956, according to the wishes of the Bai people, it was officially determined to take "Bai" as the unified nationality.

origin

Bai nationality belongs to a branch of Diqiang system, and its ethnic origin is diverse. An important source of Bai nationality is the Erhai people and Kunming people who have lived in Erhai area for generations. Sima Qian's "historical records · biographies of southwestern barbarians" states: "it starts from Tongshi (today's Baoshan) in the west to Yeyu in the north. It's called Yi and Kunming. They are all woven and distributed. They migrate with livestock. They don't have a regular place or a king's length, and the place can be thousands of miles.... they are all di types." Yi is Tang, and Yi Yu is Yeyu, which is Erhai area. It can be seen that the residents of Erhai area in Qin and Han Dynasties were Kunming people, In a nomadic society that has not yet settled. Another important source of Bai nationality belongs to a branch of the southward ethnic group of the di Qiang system in the pre-Qin period. Its distant ancestors can be traced back to the Bo people in the Qin and Han Dynasties. In the 3rd century BC, the name of the Bo people began to be recorded. Lv's spring and autumn · an overview of relying on the king, edited by LV Buwei, the Prime Minister of the Qin Dynasty, said: "Di Qiang and Hu Tang are to the west of the water; Bo people and savages are to the west of the river; boat people send dragons and Tu People's hometown, and most of them have no king." before the Qin and Han Dynasties, the distribution area of the Bo people had the Marquis state of Bo in the north and dozens of small states belonging to MIMO, including the state of Dian, in the south, It includes Bodao County in the North (now Yibin, Sichuan) and Dian state in the South (now around Dianchi Lake). The main ethnic group of Dian state is Bo people, also known as "Dian Bo". During the Han and Jin Dynasties, Dianchi Lake area was still inhabited by Bo people and gradually migrated to Erhai area. However, after repeated wars in Shu, Shu people (including Shu and other nationalities) scattered, causing ethnic migration. It was integrated into Dianchi Lake area, that is, Dian Bo was called "old man", and the old people gradually occupied the distribution area of the original Bo people. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, other tribes gradually moved into Erhai area. "Upper Yi" and "lower Yi" appeared in Erhai area in Jin Dynasty, and the composition and distribution of residents in Erhai area changed greatly. "Shangshangyi" are Kunming people living in the north of Erhai Lake, and "Xiaxiayi" are Ailao, Bo people and Han people living in the south of Erhai Lake. In the early Tang Dynasty, wuman and Baiman appeared, including Ailao in Erhai area, Kunming, Xi'er river man (also known as river man), Yunnan man, Bo people and many other tribes. During the Han and Tang Dynasties, the long surname rose in nanzhong. The long surname was divided into two parts: the West long white man and the East long black man. During the Luofeng period of Nanzhao Pavilion, more than 200000 households migrated to the Erhai area; It can still be seen in the inscriptions of the Ming Dynasty. The four surnames Cun, Wang, Zhao and Yang all believed that before the Nanzhao Dynasty, their origin was in the Dianchi Lake area and the "hometown of Xilong". It can be seen that the Bai people in Erhai area have a close origin relationship with Xilong Bai man. By the 8th century AD, Nanzhao unified the Erhai region, and then established a powerful regime covering all of Yunnan, which accelerated the formation of the Bai community. In the fourth year of Qianfu of emperor Xizong of the Tang Dynasty (877), the chief of Nanzhao was a dragon soldier, and the son fa (longshun) was established. He was named "Dafeng person". The emergence of the special name "Da Feng Ren" marked the formation of the Bai nationality. It can be seen from the above that from Erhai people in the Qin and Han Dynasties (West Erhe barbarians), Kunming people - Bo people in the Eastern Han Dynasty - upper barbarians and lower barbarians in the Jin Dynasty - Bai barbarians in the Tang Dynasty, Fengren and whites - Bai nationality, the ethnic origin of the Bai nationality is diverse, mainly with the indigenous Erhai people (West Erhe barbarians) and Kunming as the main body, integrating Bo people, Ailao people and Xi'an Bai barbarians, It even integrated some Han nationality and finally formed Bai nationality in the 8th century.

Bai nationality is a nation with a long history. From the "Cang'er site" excavated by archaeology, "its essence leads to Yangshao and Longshan Culture in North China", which is a regional culture with "heavy local color". In particular, the double hole half moon stone knife unearthed in the site fully illustrates the connection and difference between canger culture and Central Plains culture. The form of this double hole half moon stone knife is similar to that in the mainland. Most of the edges of the inland stone knife are separated on the concave surface (i.e. "bow string"), and the edges of the stone knife in Erhai area are opened on the convex surface (i.e. "bow back"). During this period, semi cave dwelling houses and other residential relics were also found on the platform, indicating that at the latest in the Neolithic period, Erhai area had been inhabited by humans. They lived near streams. Although their economic activities were still primitive, there were textile, fishing and hunting activities, and the form of primitive agriculture may have appeared at that time. The site of Baiyang village in Binchuan (1820 ± 85 BC) shows that food crops were an important food source at that time; A large number of animal bones and horns reflect that hunting and weaving occupied a certain position at that time. The haimenkou site in Jianchuan (1150 ± 90 BC) marked that the ancestors of the Bai nationality entered a new bronze age. Xiangyun dabona site (465 ± 75 BC) shows that it was in a relatively settled agricultural society at that time. Two pieces of iron ware were also unearthed at the site of xiangyunjian village discovered later (the age is the upper limit, the middle Warring States period and the lower limit, the early Western Han Dynasty). Although the number is small, it shows that iron ware has begun to appear at this time, which is a great progress compared with bronze ware. As Erhai region entered the bronze age, the influence of the Shang Dynasty in the Central Plains has reached today's Sichuan Yunnan region, and the ancestors of the Bai nationality began to have large-scale economic and cultural exchanges with the Central Plains, thus opening up a new era in the history of Bai civilization.

Pre Qin Period

In the spring and Autumn period, the southwest Yi region was connected with the state of Qin and Chu. In the Warring States period, it was more closely connected with the state of Chu. There was even the saying "Zhuang Qiao King Dian". The legacy of Chu rhyme can still be seen in today's Bai life; The influence of Han culture runs through the beginning and end of the development of Bai nationality.

In the Qin Dynasty, the central dynasty began to set up prefectures and counties in the southwest Yi region, and Erhai region had increasingly close relations with the mainland of the motherland. Before the Qin Dynasty, the southwest Yi included seven large tribal areas, of which Yunnan was distributed in Dianchi Lake area, Kunming in Erhai area, and Xibo in southern Sichuan and Northeast Yunnan. Each tribe has its own region and is interrelated. After the Qin Dynasty unified the whole country, it began to develop the Southwest Barbarians, which was first manifested as a channel, that is, to build a "five foot road". This road starts from Yibin, Sichuan, and enters Dianchi Lake area through northeast Yunnan. It is the first road officially built into Yunnan. It connects Bo Qingyi road and Bo Road, laying a foundation for the traffic connection between Yunnan and the Central Plains. Secondly, the establishment of counties is the specific implementation of the county system implemented throughout the country. Finally, set up officials, that is, rule the committee officials in the southwest Yi area. Although Qin's management of Southwest Yi was short and not in-depth, it had extremely important and far-reaching significance. It marked that Yunnan had become an important part of a unified multi-ethnic country since the Qin Dynasty. The Qin Dynasty was the beginning of the formal rule of Yunnan by the central dynasty.

Han and Tang Dynasties

In the Han Dynasty, Hanwu opened the border, but it was obstructed by Kunming in Erhai area. In 109 BC, the Western Han Dynasty established Yeyu, Yunnan, Bisu, Yitang and other counties here, under the jurisdiction of Yizhou county. In 67 ad, the Eastern Han Dynasty set up "Western Duwei of Yizhou" here to manage Ailao area and Erhai area. In AD 69, Yongchang County was set up separately. Erhai area belongs to five counties, including Yunnan, Yilong, Yeyu, Bisu and Bonan. During the Shu Han Dynasty, Zhuge Liang conquered nanzhong and set up a subordinate governor, which governed seven counties in nanzhong. The counties set in Erhai area have not changed, but belong to Yunnan county and Yongchang County respectively. During the Jin and southern and Northern Dynasties, the management of counties in Erhai area was divided into time and place, but basically followed the county system of the Han Dynasty. The Central Plains Dynasty set up a series of measures such as counties and immigrating to Shibian, which not only strengthened the local governance, but also brought advanced production technology and ironware, which promoted the economic development of Erhai area. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the agricultural production technology in Erhai area was fundamentally improved, and rice planting technology and cattle farming technology were introduced from the Central Plains.

In the Sui Dynasty, the general office of Nanning Prefecture was established to exercise short-term rule over Yunnan. The Da surname of the long family was based in nanzhong.

In the early Tang Dynasty, the policy of Jimi rule was implemented in Yunnan. Erhai area was under the jurisdiction of the governor's office of Yao Prefecture, with more than 20 prefectures including Pei Prefecture, Zong Prefecture, Kuang Prefecture, Zeng Prefecture, Yin prefecture, mengshe Prefecture, yanggua Prefecture and langqiong Prefecture. In the 7th century, in order to compete for control over Dianchi Lake area, the contradiction between the Tang Dynasty and the long family tended to intensify. At the same time, the Tang Dynasty also faced threats from Tubo. At this time, the six imperial edicts rose in Erhai area. Mengshe imperial edict, located in the south of the six imperial edicts, unified Erhai area and established the local regime of Nanzhao with the support of the Tang Dynasty.

Nanzhao period

During the Nanzhao period, Erhai area developed rapidly. Nanzhao state is a local regime established by wuman and Baiman, that is, a slavery regime jointly established by the ancestors of Yi and Bai. At this time, the tribal distribution in Yunnan is as follows: the area centered on Dianchi Lake is Cuan land, while the area centered on Erhai Lake is mainly distributed with wuman ("six Zhao are wuman") and Baiman (mainly around Erhai Lake). "Mengshe imperial edict", one of the six imperial edicts, rose in Menghua (now Weishan, Yunnan), occupied the economically developed Baiman area with the support of the Tang Dynasty, destroyed the five imperial edicts and unified the Erhai area. With the growth of Nanzhao power, the competition between Nanzhao state and Tang Dynasty for Dianchi Lake area became increasingly acute. Nanzhao invaded Chengdu several times and made an appointment with Tubo as a brotherly country. Nanzhao gradually became a major threat to the Tang Dynasty in the southwest and accelerated the disintegration of the Tang Empire. The political divisions of Nanzhao state include Shibu, qijiedu and two Dudu. Erhai area is the land of Shibu and is the ruling center of Nanzhao state. The vast area north of Erhai Lake is under the jurisdiction of Jianchuan Jiedu envoy. The members of Nanzhao King's office were wuman aristocrats, and its ruling basis, including a large number of high-ranking officials and dignitaries in the ruling class, such as Qingping officials, great military generals and military generals, was Baiman with relatively developed economy and culture. In the fourth year of Qianfu of emperor Xizong of the Tang Dynasty (877), the chief of Nanzhao was a dragon soldier, and the son fa (longshun) was established. He was named "Dafeng person".

About 250 years after the establishment of Nanzhao regime, it maintained a close relationship with the Tang Dynasty, and there were continuous exchanges of envoys. However, due to the cruel oppression of the Nanzhao rulers at home and the continuous plundering war against the outside world, the productivity was seriously damaged, which continued to cause slave riots and uprisings, and collapsed in 902. In 937, with the Duan family of the Bai nationality as the main body, the feudal lord regime known as the "Dali State" was established. Dali has always been closely connected with the Central Plains. The "ancient tea horse road" and the "Southern Silk Road" have strengthened the external relations of Dali and played an important role in connecting China and foreign countries. Dali period is an important period for the development of the Bai nationality. This period created a brilliant Bai culture, and Dali region entered the feudal lord society.

Dali Period

During the period of Dali, Buddhism flourished, and "Buddhism Confucianism" with the confluence of Confucianism and Buddhism appeared. Dali area is known as "Miaoxiang ancient country". After Nanzhao, Dali area has made great progress in social production. The farming technology of "coupling farming, two cattle and three people" is widely used. This is a deep farming technology popularized by Zhao Guo in the Central Plains in the Western Han Dynasty and once played an important role in China's agricultural history. The varieties of crops, vegetables and fruits are very rich, which are introduced from the mainland, the western regions and India. In terms of animal husbandry, horse breeding is the most developed. Dali horse Chi is famous in the Tang and Song dynasties. The smelting technology is also famous, and the weapon making technology is excellent. The "Duoyu" and "langqiong sword", Yu Dao and Dali Dao are famous for a time.

Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties

In 1253, Mongolian nobles sent troops to destroy the Duan regime in Dali. Among the five cities in the early Yuan Dynasty set up in Yunnan, Dali belongs to helachang. In 1256, Dali general office was established, which governs tens of thousands of households in Dali and tens of thousands of households under Dali. In 1258, Wu Liang Hetai led his army from Yunnan to Guangxi, directly raided Tanzhou (now Changsha) in the rear of the Southern Song Dynasty, and was expected to join the third army of mengge and Kublai Khan in Ezhou. Due to the heavy casualties of the Mongolian army in Yunnan and the need to retain some troops to guard Yunnan, in order to make up for the shortage of troops, Wuliang Hetai made a large number of local ethnic minorities (mainly the Bai nationality) in Dali Bai nationality area and formed a "Cuan Bo army" (also known as cunbai Army) of more than 20000 people, led by Duan Fu. After Kublai Khan succeeded to the throne, Wuliang Hetai was no longer reused. Therefore, some sergeants of the "Cuan Bo army" returned to Dali, while some of them lived on both sides of the Yangtze River and became the source of the Bai nationality in Western Hunan and Western Hubei. After the provincial system was changed in 1274, Dali area belonged to Dali road and Heqing Road, and was led by the Propaganda Department of Dali Jinchi and other places.

In the Ming Dynasty, Wei Suo Tun Tian changed the soil to flow. In 1382, Lanyu and muying conquered Dali area, set up three departments and widely implemented the guard station system, which had a far-reaching impact on the Bai area. In the Ming Dynasty, Dali belonged to Dali, Menghua, Heqing and other prefectures, and militarily set up Dali, Erhai, Dalao, Menghua four guards and Yongping and Heqing two royal guards, with a total of 30 thousand households. It is an important ruling area with concentrated distribution of guards, which fully reflects the importance of Dali. With the deepening of feudal rule in Dali, the spread of Han culture had a profound impact on Bai culture through Han immigrants and Confucian education. According to the local chronicles of Wanli Yunnan Tongzhi and Wanli Zhaozhou chronicles, the Bai nationality area in the early Ming Dynasty has been "the people in the county are few, the industry and commerce are many, the people are happy to learn classics and history, the teachers and friends are grand, and the children are always better than other counties in the year of the opening of science", "xiangxu Xingbu is popular, and education is popular. As for the remote areas of yazou, there is no school". It shows that the Han culture has had a comprehensive and profound impact on the customs, religious beliefs, crown weddings and funerals, palace buildings, production and life of the Bai nationality, especially in culture and education, and the rise of the group of intellectuals and gentry of the Bai nationality. In terms of social production, waterwheel irrigation has been widely used. Xiangyun's "Dilong" water conservancy project makes full use of groundwater and mountain well water to irrigate farmland, making the arid wasteland into a large area of farmland. At that time, people said that "Yunnan (referring to Yunnan county, now Xiangyun, Yunnan) is ripe and Dali is sufficient".

In the Qing Dynasty, most of them were changed according to the old system of the Ming Dynasty. Dali belongs to Dali Prefecture, Menghua Zhili hall and Heqing Prefecture and Jianchuan Prefecture of Lijiang Prefecture. The Qing Dynasty continued to follow the policy of "changing the land to the flow" of the Ming Dynasty, but a group of local officials and chieftains were appointed in remote areas to rule the people of all ethnic groups in remote areas. Until the eve of the founding of new China, some Bai people in remote mountainous areas were still brutally oppressed and exploited by feudal lords. In 1797, more than 10 counties such as Dali, Zhaozhou and Dengchuan caused a great uprising due to the "salt case", with the participation of Bai, Yi, Hui, Han and other nationalities, which dealt a heavy blow to the reactionary rulers. In September of the sixth year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty (1856), Dali broke out a great uprising against the Qing Dynasty led by Du Wenxiu, with the Hui nationality as the main body. The Bai people actively participated in the rebel army and persisted in the struggle against the Qing Dynasty for 18 years, which dealt a heavy blow to the corrupt Qing government.

Modern times

After 1842, the imperialists opened the door to China's self-defense by using the profits of ships and artillery. They colluded with China's decadent feudal rulers and reduced China to a semi colonial and semi feudal society step by step.

Since modern times, the commercial capital of Bai nationality area has begun to develop. There have been "fuchunheng", "xingshenghe", "yunfengxiang", "Hong Shengxiang" and other large commercial firms successively, which are divided into Heqing, Xizhou, Tengchong and other commercial groups. They transport foreign yarn, foreign cloth and various foreign goods from India, Myanmar, Vietnam and other places into the United States, Britain, France and other countries; Search and transport gold, silver, stone sulfonate, yellow silk, bristles and other agricultural and sideline products from China. They developed in the activities of selling goods and purchasing raw materials for imperialism, and they also had a strong comprador nature. After the imperialist aggressive forces further penetrated into the Bai region, they monopolized the main materials imported and exported in the Bai region and controlled the market and prices, which not only suffocated the development of Bai commercial capital, but also caused many small and medium-sized merchants to close down one after another, deepening the suffering of the Bai people. Like the people of all nationalities in the motherland, the Bai people were deeply oppressed by imperialism and feudalism and began the great struggle against imperialism and feudalism. In order to resist imperialism and its running dogs, the Bai people have held many heroic and tenacious uprisings. In the Li literature uprising, Du Wenxiu uprising and the great victory in zhennanguan, the Bai people fought side by side with the people of Yi, Hui, Han and other nationalities, showing their heroic fighting spirit against imperialism and feudalism.

After the founding of the Communist Party of China in 1921, the vigorous anti imperialist and anti feudal struggle throughout the country had a great impact on the Bai nationality areas. The new trend of thought of Democratic Revolution spread rapidly, and some newspapers and periodicals publicizing Marxism Leninism successively spread to the Bai nationality areas. Under the party's education, many outstanding children of the Bai people joined the revolutionary movement. In 1921, the first batch of Comrade Zhang Bojian to join the Communist Party of China went to France for work study. After returning to China in 1923, he carried out revolutionary activities in Shanghai and Beijing Han railway, participated in and organized the provincial and Hong Kong strike, and later died of illness in Guangzhou due to overwork. In the 1920s, comrades Xu Kejia, Wang Desan and Zhao qiongxian (female) joined the party successively. They participated in the Northern Expedition and the Guangzhou Uprising respectively. They were sent by the party to Yunnan to lead the revolutionary work and organize workers, farmers and students to struggle. Later, they were unfortunately killed by the reactionaries, showing the noble quality of proletarian revolutionaries.

In April 1936, the first and second front armies of the workers' and peasants' Red Army led by Ren Bishi and he long led the Bai people to fight against local tyrants and divide property through the Western Hunan and Hubei regions where the Bai people lived in diaspora on the Long March, which further sowed the seeds of revolution. During the war of resistance against Japan, general Zhou Baozhong of the Bai nationality went to the northeast to organize an anti Japanese coalition army with the Han and Korean people. He undertook important leadership work and persisted in the struggle behind the enemy for more than ten years, making immortal contributions to the victory of the Chinese nation in resisting Japan and saving the nation. During the war of liberation, under the leadership of the Yunnan underground party, the people of all ethnic groups in the Bai region launched an armed uprising in Jianchuan in April 1949, liberated Jianchuan City, and effectively cooperated with the march of the Chinese people's Liberation Army into the southwest.

Before the founding of new China, the social and economic development of Bai areas was very unbalanced. Generally speaking, the feudal landlord economy was absolutely dominant; In some dam areas, especially in a few cities and towns and along the highway transportation, the capitalist economy has developed considerably; In some mountainous areas, especially in scattered mountainous areas, there are still feudal lords, primitive communes and remnants of slavery.

Period of the people's Republic of China

After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the Bai people, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, successively completed land reform and socialist transformation. In 1956, the Bai nationality obtained the national identity officially recognized, and the national consciousness of the Bai nationality was officially recognized and strengthened. In November 1956, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture was established. After decades of socialist revolution and construction, the social history of the Bai people has entered a new stage of development.

Under the loose and equal ethnic policy, many hidden Bai people disclosed their national identity. In the current situation of social transformation, the Bai nationality is facing the dilemma of lack of successors in cultural inheritance.

quantity

distribution

Distribution place

Bai nationality is mainly distributed in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. Dali is the origin, ancestral home and main settlement of the Bai nationality. About 80% of the Bai nationality in China live here. In addition, there are Bai inhabited areas in Kunming, Lijiang, Nujiang, Diqing, Baoshan, Yuxi, Chuxiong, Wenshan and Lincang. The Bai nationality is also distributed in Zhangjiajie, Western Hunan, Bijie, Anshun, Guizhou, Liangshan, Sichuan and other places.

Autonomous Areas

Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture was established on November 22, 1956.

Lanping Bai and Pumi Autonomous County was established on May 25, 1988.

Branch

The Bai nationality has three branches: Minjia, Lemo and Nama. They live in Erhai region, Guizhou and Hunan, and are deeply influenced by Han culture. Lemo and Nama are scattered in Lanping, Weixi, Fugong and other counties in the Nujiang River Basin, and their economic and cultural level is similar to that of the adjacent Nu and Lisu nationalities.

There are great differences in language and customs among the branches of Bai nationality. Due to the differences in geographical distribution, each branch of the Bai nationality integrates and exchanges with the surrounding nationalities, which forms the differences between each branch.

Development integration

The formation and development of Bai nationality is a gradual historical process. In this process, "Bo", "Cuan", Diqiang, the "wuman" and "Baiman" in the Dali state of Nanzhao, as well as the Han, Tibetan, Mongolian and surrounding ethnic minorities in previous dynasties, after more than 2000 years of integration and evolution, finally formed the contemporary Bai nationality. The Bai nationality outside Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture is formed by the development and migration of the Bai nationality over the ages. For example, the Bai nationality in Guizhou was formed by the integration of the early "Bo people" with the Bai nationality migrated during the Nanzhao Dali state and the "inch Bai army" of the Yuan Dynasty. The Bai nationality in Hunan and Hubei are descendants of the "inch Bai army" of the Yuan Dynasty.

Bai's economy is dominated by agriculture, handicraft industry and commerce are relatively developed, and the production level is basically the same as that of the surrounding Han nationality.

Traces of ditches have been found in canger Neolithic site. The remains of residents who have been engaged in raising livestock and farming were found in the copper and stone mixed use site at the gate of Jianchuan sea. During the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, bronze culture appeared in Erhai area. During the period of Shuhan, Erhai area had developed into "paddy field and animal husbandry". The ancestors of the Bai nationality in the Tang Dynasty were able to build the "high river" water conservancy project in Cangshan and irrigate tens of thousands of hectares of farmland; The high mountain terraces were repaired and the Dengchuan Luoshi River flood diversion project was established.

Before the founding of the people's Republic of China, the social and economic development of Bai areas was unbalanced. Generally speaking, the feudal landlord economy has an absolute advantage, and the capitalist economy has developed to a certain extent. In some mountainous areas, especially in high mountain areas, the remnants of feudal lords, slavery and even primitive communes remain.

After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the democratic reform was completed in 1953 and the socialist transformation was basically completed in 1956 in the central area of Dali, where the Bai nationality mainly lived, in the same way as the Han nationality. The Bai nationality areas ruled by chieftains such as HUSHUI and Liuku, which still have the feudal lord system, adopted the method of peaceful consultation to complete the democratic reform. In Bijiang, Fugong and other Bai areas with a small number of people and no obvious class differentiation, they mainly develop economy and culture and gradually complete the task of reform.

After the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee, the Bai inhabited areas have developed rapidly. Education and medical and health undertakings have also made great progress. The Bai people already have a considerable number of professors, writers, doctors and various scientific researchers. The economic development of Bai nationality areas is becoming more and more prosperous.

religious belief

The worship of God is a religion believed by the Bai people. The white language of our Lord is called "wuzeng", which is the abbreviation of "blessed Lord in our territory", which means "my master". They are the protective gods of the Bai village community. Some villages worship one owner, while others worship the same owner. As long as people and things closely related to the Bai village can become their own masters, there are not only mountains and trees with strong primitive religious color, the gods of insects, fish, birds and animals, but also the gods of Buddhism and Taoism, Confucian model figures and figures in folklore; There are not only royal families and nobles, but also heroes and civilians; There are not only figures of the Bai nationality, but also figures of the Han and other nationalities. This fully reflects the inclusive characteristics of the worship of the Lord. Each owner has his own festival, which is the owner's temple fair. In the daily life of the Bai people, not only festivals and major events, but also weddings and funerals, diseases and disasters, travel and so on, should be sacrificed in the main temple to pray for the blessing of the main God.

In addition, Taoism and Christianity also have a certain influence on the Bai people.

religious belief

Bai's clothing has a long historical development process, in which it has formed its own national characteristics. Bai people advocate white, and their clothing styles are slightly different from place to place. White clothes are noble.

From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the northern and Southern Dynasties, the ancestors of the Bai nationality "wore plumes on the head" of the Dian Bo people centered on the Dianchi Lake. In the bronze dance images unearthed in Shizhaishan, Jinning, dancers wear feather crowns, long feathers on the top, bare upper body and animal skin feather ribbon skirt. In Erhai area, xi'erman, one of the ancestors of the Bai nationality in the early Tang Dynasty, men and women wear felt leather, women wear cloth as skirts, and men and women are barefoot. Volume five of the annals of Yunnan says: "there are white men in the East. Husbands and women wear white silk, not below their knees." "women don't wear powder and Dai, but use crisp and glossy hair. Those who are expensive use silk brocade as their skirts.". "If the children and the Fourth Army are below Luo Ju, they should have a bun on their forehead and no horns; when they are at the top, they should have a bun and a felt skin. They are all barefoot, only their head bag has special ears. The Nanzhao is made of red silk, and the rest are made of soap silk down." "under Cao Chang, they have to wear Jin Kha Ju (i.e. belt)". "Those who have superior skills will have to wear Polo skin (i.e. tiger skin)". Nanzhao royal family, Qingping officials and generals have adopted Han clothes, with round necks, wide robes and large sleeves, wide trousers, tight legs and boots. The head bag of the king of the imperial edict is the bell tripod type, the head bag of the civil official is the Black Lotus type, and the military official is the tiger head type.

The Bai people in Dali are dressed in silks and satins for the royal family and officials. In the Yuan Dynasty, the color of clothes, "slightly based on the Han Dynasty", "men wear felt buns, women do not apply powder, and crisp their hair. They are woven with green yarn, tied around the head, wrapped with a black towel. The ears are gold rings, and ivory is wrapped around the arms. The clothes are embroidered with square pieces, and the upper clothes are made of semi fine felt".

Men in central areas such as Dali usually wrap white or blue Baotou, wear white jacket, black jacket and white and blue trousers. The Bai nationality men in the east of Erhai Lake wear suede collar coats, or leather and satin collar coats, embroidered waistcoats, and blue or black trousers. When going out, they often carry bags, and some wear long knives.

Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Bai costumes, generally speaking, men's costumes are roughly the same everywhere, while women's costumes are different everywhere.

Women's clothing varies from place to place. In Dali area, embroidered cloth or colored towels are often used to wrap around the head, wear white jacket, red waistband, or light blue jacket, coat and black velvet collar coat. Silver decorations of "three whiskers" and "five whiskers" are hung at the right lining knot. The waist is embroidered short waistband, blue wide pants and embroidered shoes. Married people wear a bun, unmarried people wear plaits at the back or braid at the head, all wrapped with embroidered, printed or colored towels. The headdress of Bai girls contains a very familiar word, which is: wind, flowers, snow and moon. Explanation: the hat of Bai girls, the hanging Huizi is the wind of Xiaguan; Gorgeous flower decoration is the flower of Shangguan; The white of the hat top is Cangshan snow; The curved shape is Erhai moon.

Women's headwear is even more colorful: unmarried women in Dali wear single braids and wrap them outside the flower head handkerchief, and then wrap them with flower ribbons, with a bunch of white tassels hanging on the left; After marriage, the braid is changed into a bun, wrapped on the top of the head, wrapped with tie dyed or batik blue cloth, wrapped with plain cloth strips. Girls from Fengyu, Dengchuan and Eryuan like to wear "Phoenix handkerchief"; In some places, the head is wrapped with a flower towel or only the braid is coiled on the head, and then wrapped with a bunch of red head rope; In some places, the headdress is "a tile"; In some places, the head is covered with multiple pieces of cloth, and the outermost piece of cloth is embroidered with patterns loved by the Bai people. The head rope with various colors is wrapped outside, which is particularly beautiful. Women like to wear jade or silver bracelets and earrings. Urban residents mostly wear Han clothes, and young people love fashion.

Birthday shoes: in fengyubazi, Eryuan County, Yunnan Province, Bai girls and daughter-in-law have learned to make birthday shoes since childhood. Women who can't make birthday shoes are often laughed at as incompetent. Longevity shoes are made of bright red silk or cloth. There is a pattern of longevity on the toe, under which a simple and elegant coniferous pine is embroidered with blue silk thread; The upper and heel are symmetrical right triangle patterns; Three layers of sole. Wearing longevity shoes indicates that people have entered a high age and have both good fortune and good fortune. Talented people usually wear their first pair of longevity shoes on their 60th birthday.

Languages

language

Bai language is the common language of Bai nationality. Chinese ethnolinguistic circles generally believe that Bai language belongs to the Tibetan Burmese language family of Sino Tibetan language family, but some researchers believe that Bai language is more closely related to Chinese. After the investigation of Bai dialect in the 1950s, Bai is divided into three dialects: Dali (South), Jianchuan (central) and Nujiang (North). Among them, Nujiang dialect was originally called Bijiang dialect, which was renamed Nujiang dialect because Bijiang County of Nujiang Prefecture was abolished in 1986. There are also new opinions on changing the three major dialects of Bai language into the West (Nujiang), the middle (Jianchuan) and the East (DALI). The regional division of dialects involved in the two formulations is basically the same.

Compared with other minority languages, Bai dialect has little difference on the whole. The grammatical system of Bai language is basically the same, most of the vocabulary is the same, but there are some differences in pronunciation. In terms of language use, according to the materials in the use of Chinese minority languages (China Tibetan publishing house, 1994 edition), compiled by the Institute of nationalities of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Department of culture and publicity of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, the use population of Dali dialect is about 531900, Jianchuan dialect is about 423700, and Nujiang dialect is about 41000 (according to the population materials in 1982). According to the census data in 2000, the population of Dali dialect is more than 600000, Jianchuan dialect is about 500000, and Nujiang dialect is about 100000. In addition, the Bai language population in other Bai inhabited areas in the province (including the Hui people with Bai language as the main communication language in Dali), the population using Bai language is about 1.3 million. Among the three dialects of Bai language, Jianchuan dialect and Dali dialect are relatively close. Except for the differences of some dialect words and pronunciation, they can generally talk to each other. Nujiang dialect is quite different from the above two dialects (especially Dali dialect), so it is difficult to talk. It is generally believed that Nujiang dialect is the most "ancient" and is less affected by other languages (mainly Chinese), followed by Jianchuan dialect, and Dali dialect is the most affected by Chinese.

Bai people generally take Bai language as the main communication tool in their daily life, and Bai language is used in mass activities in Bai inhabited areas below the county. Due to the influence of Bai language, some Han people in Dali also speak Bai language, and Hui people living in Dali also use Bai language as the main communication language. In Lanping County, Nujiang Prefecture, Bai language has become one of the common communicative languages of local ethnic groups because of the mixed living of many ethnic groups and the great influence of Bai language. In terms of distribution area, Bai residents living in Pingba area and near cities and towns generally speak Chinese and are mostly bilingual. The Bai people in remote mountainous areas and traffic jam areas only speak Bai language, such as Eryuan Xishan, Jianchuan Xiangtu and other Bai villages. Most Bai residents do not understand Chinese. From the perspective of population composition, young and middle-aged men of Bai nationality have relatively more opportunities to receive Chinese language education, and generally have the habit of going out to work. Therefore, they generally know Chinese at the same time, while the proportion of women who know Chinese is much lower. Films, radio, television and newspapers in Bai areas all use Chinese, while folk literary and artistic activities are mainly in Bai language. In terms of school education, primary and secondary schools in Bai inhabited areas are taught in Chinese, the lower grades of primary schools generally use white Chinese bilingual teaching, and the upper grades of primary schools in some places still use white language as a teaching auxiliary language. From the perspective of historical development, the situation of Bai Chinese bilingual in Bai areas is relatively stable. Since the founding of the people's Republic of China, especially since the reform and opening up, there has been no phenomenon of large-scale conversion of Bai language population to Chinese and large-scale shrinkage of Bai language function, which shows that the use and function of Bai language are basically stable. It is certain that Bai language will still exist as the most important communication tool and national characteristics of Bai nationality for a long time to come.

written words

The Bai nationality has two national languages, the old Bai language and the new Bai language. The old Baiwen was developed on the basis of Chinese characters, while the new Baiwen was a Pinyin created after the founding of new China.

In the long-term use of the Chinese language, the Bai nationality began to use Chinese characters to record the white language very early because of the needs of social production and life. In the middle and late Nanzhao period, the Bai nationality created the "white language" to write its own language by increasing and damaging the stroke field of Chinese characters and combining the radicals of Chinese characters into characters by imitating the Chinese character making method. This kind of writing is also called "Bo Wen" in history. In order to distinguish it from the Pinyin white writing created after the founding of the people's Republic of China, it is also called "old white writing", "ancient white writing", "square white writing" or "Chinese character white writing". It is a typical Chinese character system.

After the formation of Bai Wen, it has been used by Bai people. Because the two national regimes of Nanzhao and Dali took Chinese as the official language and did not standardize and promote the white language, the white language has not been able to develop into a common language for the whole nation. However, in more than 400 years from Nanzhao to the Ming Dynasty, Bai Wen has developed to a certain extent. Not only many Bai people master Bai Wen, but also the ruling class and upper intellectuals of Nanzhao and Dali often use Bai Wen. From the literature, it is not only used to write various inscriptions, but also used to write historical works and literary works, which shows that the spread and use of Bai Wen is more popular. Since the Ming Dynasty, although the Bai language is still used among the Bai people, its scope of use has been greatly reduced. There are only a few white inscriptions and written documents in Tang, song, yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and they are very rare before the Ming Dynasty. It is generally believed that this is related to the promotion of culture in Yunnan and the wanton burning of national ancient books in the Ming Dynasty.

The Bai characters created after the founding of the people's Republic of China are generally called Xinbai or Pinyin Bai. They are Pinyin characters based on Latin letters. The "Bai language scheme" (Draft) designed in 1958 adopts Latin letters, and the alphabet order, name, writing method and pronunciation are roughly the same as the Chinese Pinyin scheme. Affected by specific historical conditions, the scheme has not been tested and implemented since its formulation. In 1982, it was revised within the basic framework of the 1958 program, and the "Bai language program" (Draft) was formulated, taking the central dialect (Jianchuan) as the standard pronunciation. This program is generally welcomed in Jianchuan County, but the promotion of this program in other Bai areas is not ideal because it does not fully consider the characteristics of other dialects. In 1993, a trial "white language program" (Revised Version) was formulated. The scheme establishes the understanding of the coexistence of two basic dialects and forms a new text scheme for the combination of two text variants. After the formulation of the text scheme, it has been tested and popularized, and some achievements have been made in Jianchuan and Dali.

literature

According to the picture of the national history of Zhongxing in Nanzhao, there were historical works of Zhang's national history, the cause of Weishan, Tiezhu temple, Xi'er River, etc. in Nanzhao. During the Dali period, there were also "white history" and "national history", which have been lost. Only fragments of "white history" are scattered in the inscriptions of the Ming Dynasty. Although Bai Gutong and the annals of the year of Xuanfeng, the historical books of the Bai nationality in the Yuan Dynasty, have been lost, they are the blueprints of the local history works of Yunnan in the Ming Dynasty, such as Dian Zai Ji and the unofficial history of Nanzhao. According to the historical records, the history of Erhai area is reviewed by Yang Shiyun, a Bai scholar in the Ming Dynasty. This book is the basic copy of Wanli's examination of the evolution of Yunnan Tongzhi. When compiling Daoguang's Yunnan general annals, Wang song, a historian of the Bai nationality in the Qing Dynasty, collected 61 books recording Yunnan and compiled them into Yunnan preparation annals. With extensive materials and strict style, he is an important reference for the study of Yunnan's national history and local history.

Astronomy

Nanzhao had its own calendar. Taihe Geng Lou Zhong astrology written by Zhou Silian, a scholar of the Bai nationality in the Ming Dynasty, and Li Xingwei's Qi Yan Fang Shu are all representative works summarizing ancient astronomy and medicine.

Architecture

The Three Pagodas of Dali Chongsheng temple built in the Tang Dynasty are nearly 60 meters high and divided into 16 levels. They are exquisitely made, similar to the little wild goose pagoda in Xi'an. The Shibaoshan Grottoes in Jianchuan are skilled and exquisite, and the portraits are lifelike. It not only has the common ground of grotto statues in China, but also has a strong national style. It occupies a high position in the history of stone carving art in China. The Jizu mountain temple complex built since the yuan and Ming Dynasties has overlapping bucket arches and flying corners. The doors and windows are carved with layers of figures, flowers and birds by the open carving method. It is exquisite and durable. They are all made by the famous "Jianchuan Carpenter". The lacquerware of the Bai nationality has high artistic attainments. Most of the high-art lacquers adopted by the governments of the yuan and Ming Dynasties were selected from Yunnan; The lacquerware of Dali spread to the Ming Dynasty and has always been regarded as a precious "Song tick".

carving

Bai's carving art is famous all over the world, mainly embodied in stone and wood carvings. The stone carvings are represented by the shizhongshan Grottoes in Jianchuan and the economic buildings in Dali. Jianchuan shizhongshan grottoes, excavated during the reign of Dali state of Nanzhao, is one of the most representative Grottoes in southern China and enjoys the reputation of "Southwest Dunhuang". Dali Jingchuang, also known as "dizang temple Jingchuang". With beautiful shape and exquisite carving technology, the Sutra building has the characteristics of Tantric Buddhist statues, and is known as the "best art in Central Yunnan". Bai wood carvings are mainly used in the decoration of palace temples and residential buildings, especially Jianchuan wood carvings. The doors and wood carved screens of the Yunnan Hall of the Great Hall of the people in Beijing were made by Jianchuan carpenters.

Bai's inscriptions have a long history and a large number. Important inscriptions include the Dehua tablet of Nanzhao, the tablet of Duan's alliance with 37 ministries, the tablet of yuanshizuping Yunnan, and the poem of mountain flowers chanting Cang'er territory. They are important materials for studying the history, culture and art of Bai.

Poetry

In ancient times, the Bai nationality had a combination of music and dance. The long poem genesis, popular among the people, tells the story of Pangu's founding of the world and traces the equal life of the Bai nationality without class oppression and exploitation in the primitive society of "peace in the world", "no distinction between poverty and wealth" and "fat people". Poems by Yang Qikun, a Bai poet in Nanzhao, such as "on the way", Yang Yizong's "Peony in Daci Temple" and "song of Dongyun" are known as "master" masterpieces and included in the whole Tang poetry. Literary works such as Wangfu cloud, snake bone pagoda, killing state officials and hooking the sun praise the heroes of the ancient Bai people in class struggle and production struggle. The famous lion dance of Nanzhao was introduced into the Central Plains in the Tang Dynasty, and the music of Nanzhao worship was listed as one of the 14 music of the Tang Dynasty in the court of the Tang Dynasty. Bai tune is a widely circulated metrical poem of "3715" (the first three seven words and the last five words). In the mid-15th century, some literati used this folk song form to write famous poems, such as Yang Shi's "Ci Ji Shanhua monument". Bai opera "blowing tune" is a comprehensive art developed on the basis of early "Da Ben Qu".

painting

Bai's painting art is rich and colorful. Zhang Shengwen's scroll, created by Dali traditional Chinese painter Zhang Shengwen in the fifth year of Shengde in Dali (the seventh year of Chunxi in the Southern Song Dynasty, 1180), is a treasure in the world Buddhist image painting and occupies an important position in the history of Chinese art.

traditional festival

March street, also known as "Guanyin city", is a grand festival and festival of the Bai nationality. It is held at the foot of DIANCANG mountain in the west of Dali from March 15 to 20 of the lunar calendar. At first, it had the color of religious activities, and then gradually became a grand material exchange meeting.

The torch festival is held in the Bai village on June 25 of the lunar calendar.

Around Sanling, in late April of the lunar calendar, for three or four days.

Shibaoshan Song Festival is held in Shizhong Temple of Shibaoshan for three days at the end of July of the lunar calendar;

Jianchuan mule and Horse Club

This main section

Butterfly Club

Bihu song Club

Haixi Haige Club

The Chaoji Festival is held from the first to the fifteenth day of the first lunar month at Jizu mountain in Binchuan;

The sea games are held in caitun, Dali, on the eighth day of the eighth lunar month;

Gegen meeting is held in Dali Three Pagoda Temple on the fifth day of the first lunar month.

Housing form

Bai people live in the form of "three long rooms" in the dam area, lined with kitchens, stables and thatched houses with yards, or tile houses with "one Zheng and two ears", "three squares and one screen wall" and "four in five patios". Bedrooms, kitchens and stables are separated. In mountainous areas, most of them are thatched houses, "flash piece" houses, bamboo fence houses or "wooden crib houses" upstairs and downstairs. Cooking and sleeping places are often connected together.

marriage custom

In the Bai family, the son separated from his parents immediately after he got married. Bai people of the same clan and surname do not intermarry.

Bai young men and women have more free love activities. They usually use the opportunities of labor, market, festival activities and temple fairs to talk about love, test each other through folk songs, express their feelings and find their favorite.

When a Bai young man asks for love from a girl, if the girl agrees, she will send Baba to the man; At the wedding, the bride should go to the kitchen to make "fish soup"; On the first Mid Autumn Festival after marriage, the bride should make large flour cakes to show the bride's cooking skills. During the wedding, tea should be served first, followed by four Ruyi (i.e. four dishes, four plates, four basins and four bowls) seats. Bai people are hospitable. If there are guests at ordinary times or festivals, they must first serve Shen tea, and pour three courses, called three courses of tea. When pouring tea for guests, you can't pour it full. There is a folk saying that "wine is full to respect others, tea is full to deceive others".

Back marriage is a popular marriage custom in Eryuan County, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. At every intersection, three fork roads or where people gather, the guests will stop, code the dowry into two piles, and let the groom carry the bride around the dowry with the word "8".

The Bai nationality implements monogamy, and the wedding is grand and warm. According to the traditional custom, on the wedding day, the groom and the young men must ride tall horses to get married. After the bride is married, she will pay homage to the guests. The groom and bride will worship the elders of the family one by one, and then invite guests to dinner. The bridegroom and bride will accompany the guests to dinner. At this time, the guests can ask the newlyweds problems or let them perform programs. The wedding is shrouded in cheers and laughter. The most distinctive thing is to light chili powder at the wedding, so many people sneeze and cough in the laughter, which is very lively.

There are three forms of marriage of Bai Nationality: one is to marry a daughter to a man's family, which accounts for the majority; The second is to invite my uncle to come to the door. This situation is mainly because the woman's parents have no sons, even if they have, they are stupid, sick and disabled, so I invite my uncle to come to the door. The uncle who comes to the door must change to the woman's surname and be renamed by the woman's elders; The third is the form of rolling accounts back to the door, that is, seven days after the marriage of both men and women, the wife takes her husband back to the woman's house with curtains and bedding. Because although the woman's family has brothers, she is too young and her parents are old, so she has to "I went back to support the elderly and take care of my younger siblings. After my younger brother grew up and got married, the man took his wife back to the man's house. These three forms of marriage have a long history and are still in use. But no matter which form of marriage they belong to, the marriage date and the wedding process are basically the same. It's just that it's a woman who marries a man, not a man who marries a woman. The roles of both sides are different After a son gets married, he usually separates from his parents and organizes a small family. The parents choose who to live with, and most of them choose to live with their young son. Therefore, monogamous small families are the common form of family organization of the Bai nationality.

According to the custom of Bai nationality, if the husband dies, the wife can observe the festival for life or marry another man, but when she marries another man, she can't take away her ex husband's property. In some areas, there is the custom of house transfer. After the brother dies, her sister-in-law can marry her brother, called uncle and sister-in-law, but this phenomenon is rare.

Daily etiquette

Bai people are warm and hospitable. It is the etiquette of Bai people to treat guests first and then the Lord. Guests came to the house and treated each other with wine and tea. The famous "three courses of tea" is the hospitality of the Bai nationality. But Bai people usually pour only half a cup of tea, but they need a full cup of wine. They think that wine is full of respect and tea is full of deception. For the warm hospitality of the Bai people, you should say "thank you" to express your gratitude and gratitude.

Respecting elders is a traditional virtue of the Bai nationality. When you see the old man, you should take the initiative to say hello, greet, give way, give up your seat, serve tea and pass cigarettes. The first cup of morning tea after getting up should be given to the old man first. When eating, let the old man sit at the table, and the old man moves chopsticks first. Don't swear in front of the old man. Don't cross your legs. In some mountainous Bai ethnic groups, family members have relatively fixed seats. Generally, male elders sit at the top left, female elders sit at the top right, and guests and younger generations sit at the bottom and top. The fire pond of Bai people is a sacred place. It is forbidden to spit in the fire pond. It is forbidden to cross over the fire pond. Bai people also taboo sitting on the threshold. The tools used by men should not be crossed by women. It is forbidden for people wearing xiaopa to enter the family, believing that this will bring impurity to the family.

Recreational activities

Bai folk entertainment activities are rich and varied, including horse racing, swing, playing Kirin, throwing mud blessings, jumping flower pots, jumping goats, etc.

Swing: the Bai mountain area is covered with dense forests and vines. Farmers and mountain people usually pick buckwheat to cut wood and cut firewood for heating. They often compete with vines and vines to practice their skills of swinging vines and climbing ropes. They love swing activities very much. Every Spring Festival, in mountainous areas, bamboo strips are often tied under big banyan trees to form a swing; In the dam area, a three or four foot high pole frame is erected on the spacious dam platform to bind the swing. The most wonderful thing is that young men and women swing together. At this time, they often win the fun of the crowd.

diet

eating habits

Bai people pay attention to festivals, and almost every festival has one or several kinds of food for the occasion. Such as the Spring Festival to eat Ding sugar, bubble rice tea and Jiang Zhai rice; Eat steamed cakes and rice noodles in March street; Qingming Festival eat cold mixed assortment and "zhaiyan incense" (fried crisp meat); Eat zongzi and realgar wine on the Dragon Boat Festival; Eat new beans, tender melons and old grains mixed with new rice on the new festival; The Torch Festival eats sweets and all kinds of candy; There is no festival to eat Morchella and fish wrapped meat; Eat white cakes and drunk cakes on the Mid Autumn Festival; Eat fat sheep on Double Ninth Festival; On the winter solstice, we eat fried grains and mutton farms.

Bai people used to use "eight bowls of Xizhou soil" for wedding banquet, which is composed of eight hot dishes: red meat stew with Monascus rice; Crispy meat fried with egg paste; A thousand pieces of pork with five flowers and three lines steamed with soy sauce and honey; Steamed meat with sweet potato or potato; Stewed pork head, liver and pork; White lentils covered with minced meat and egg crumbs; Miscellaneous pieces made of fungus, tofu, water, shredded eggs and vegetable stalks; Bamboo shoots with fried pork strips. In addition, one pack of betel nut per customer.

Bai people also have dietary taboos, mainly because they don't use an iron knife on the first day of the new year. Housewives should cook quietly and can't blow fire. They must "draw new water" by the well. When cooking at a funeral home, you must cook and stir fry. You can't use red food or make red envelope dishes. When entering the twist, the elders sit on the table and the younger serve.

Characteristic diet

1. Casserole fish and casserole tofu: put ham slices, tender chicken pieces, mushrooms, egg rolls, dried wax slices, tofu, Magnolia slices and meat balls in proportion with bow fish (or carp) in casserole, put the seasoning and simmer over low heat. If the main ingredient fish is replaced with tofu and a small amount of cabbage, it will become casserole tofu.

2. Milk fan: it is a famous specialty. The method is to put goat milk in a pot, point sour water (or alum) to make it semi-solid, pick it up with chopsticks and dry it to form a milk fan, which can be eaten raw or decocted.

3. Fresh pig liver: "chop the pig liver, mix it with salt, pepper, wine, sesame, star anise, grass and fruit, seal it in a pottery pot and store it for 1 year. It can be steamed or used as seasoning.

4. Liver blowing: after blowing enough air into the whole fresh pig liver, put some salt and hang it in a cool and ventilated place to dry. When eating, slice the pig liver and add sesame oil, vinegar, pepper, onion and coriander. Mix it cold.

5. Raw skin: after slaughtering the pig, barbecue it with fire to remove the hair, so that the skin is golden yellow, and the meat is half cooked. Cut it into pieces of meat or shredded meat, supplemented with spices such as onion, ginger, vinegar and mashed garlic. Raw skin is the banquet dish of old Chinese New Year's festival.

National Heroes: Duan Chicheng, Mrs. Bai Jie, Wang lekuan, Wang cuoding, Duan Zongbang, Dong Cheng, Gao Liangcheng, Gao He, Gao taixiang, sheriwei, Duangong, Yang Yuke

Military circles: he long, Yang Jie, Zhou Baozhong, Li zonghuang, Ma Kai, Ma Kai, Ma Yin, Ma Biao, Wang Bingzhang, Yin Longju, Feng Chunshen, Li Zhihan, Yang Yiqian, Chen cexun, Yang youtang, Gu Fengyuan, Yang Guoqin, Chen Yongzhu, Yao Shuanglong

Political circles: Zhou Zhongyue, Shi Zhen, Zhang yaozeng, Zhang Bojian, Chen Yiqin

Scientific research circles: Wang Xiji, Zhang Lizhu, Su Zhixin, Dong Jiaqi, Gao Lizhi

Scholars: Li Yuanyang, Yang Shiyun, Gao Fuying, Zhao fan, Xu Jiarui, Dong Ze, Ma Yao, Zhang Xu

Business: Yan Zizhen, Yang Hongchun, Li Hengchun, Dong Chengnong, Zhang zewan

Medical circles: Peng Ziyi, Duan Feilong

Sports: Zhang Guowei

Literary and art circles: Yang Liping, xiaocaiqi, Yang Rong, Yang Chaochao