the scholar 's four jewels
The four treasures of the study are unique Chinese calligraphy and painting tools, namely, pen, ink, paper and inkstone. The name of the four treasures of the study originated in the northern and Southern Dynasties. In history, the "four treasures of the study" have changed many times. In the Southern Tang Dynasty, "four treasures of study" specifically referred to Zhuge brush in Xuancheng, Anhui Province, Li Tinggui ink in Huizhou, Anhui Province, chengxintang paper in Huizhou, Anhui Province, and Longwei inkstone in Wuyuan, Anhui Province.
Since the Song Dynasty, "four treasures of study" refers to Xuanbi (Xuancheng, Anhui), Huimo (Shexian, Huizhou, Anhui), xuanzhi (Jingxian, Xuancheng, Anhui), Sheyan (Shexian, Huizhou, Anhui), Taoyan (Zhuoni, Gansu) and Duanyan (Zhaoqing, Guangdong). After the Yuan Dynasty, Hubi (Huzhou, Zhejiang) gradually flourished and Xuanbi gradually declined. After the reform and opening up, Xuanbi gradually regained its vitality.
idiom
Definition: refers to brush, black ink, Xuan paper and inkstone.
Structure: more formal
Usage: used as subject and object; refers to pen, ink, paper and inkstone.
[example]: "the emperor was forced to take pen and paper. The maid immediately held the four treasures of the study. " (Chapter 81 of Water Margin by Shi Naian in Ming Dynasty)
[Dian Chu]: "the four treasures of the study come out of the two counties, and you come to enjoy you and you." (Mei Yaochen, Song Dynasty, and pan Shezhou paper inkstone again)
[Extension]: the general name of paper, ink, pen and inkstone in old times. Inkstone, also known as Mr. embellish, is one of the four treasures of the study that can be handed down for the longest time. A study is a study. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Yi's "four books of study" and a "four treasures of study" narrate the categories and authenticity of these four kinds of stationery. These stationery have a long history of production and various categories. There are famous products and artists in the past dynasties. For example, the Xuan paper of Jing County in Anhui Province (formerly belonging to Ningguo Prefecture, the paper is produced in the name of Xuancheng prefecture), the Hui ink of she county (formerly Huizhou prefecture), the Hubi of Wuxing County in Zhejiang Province (formerly Huzhou prefecture), the Xuanbi of Jing County in Anhui Province (formerly belonging to Ningguo Prefecture, the paper is produced in the name of Xuancheng prefecture), the Duan inkstone of Gaoyao County in Guangdong Province (formerly Zhaoqing Prefecture, the ancient name of Duanzhou), and the Taoyan of Gansu Province, the Hubi of Wuxing County in Zhejiang Province (formerly Huzhou prefecture), the Xuanbi of Jingxian County in Anhui Province (formerly belonging to Ningguo Prefecture, the paper is produced in the name of Xuancheng prefecture) She inkstone of she county (formerly she prefecture).
etymology
"Four treasures of study" refers to four kinds of painting and calligraphy tools, such as pen, ink, paper and inkstone. But where does the term "four treasures of study" come from? When did it start? But there is still an unfinished solution. For example, the purpose of "four treasures of study" in Cihai is like this: "the general name of pen, ink, paper and inkstone in the old times. A study is called a study. Su Yi of the Northern Song Dynasty wrote four books of study and one of the four treasures of study, which describes the categories and authenticity of the four kinds of stationery. "
The ambiguity of Cihai lies in: who is the author of the four treasures of the study? Is it someone else? Or Su Yi Jian (958-997) himself? If it is Su himself, then the term "four treasures of study" should be put forward by Su Yijian. However, in all kinds of literature, such as the collection of series of books, the title of the book is Si Pu of the study, but it is not noted that the author of Si Bao Pu of the study is Su Yi Jian. In other words, there is no direct relationship between the term "four treasures of study" and the title of Su Yi Jian's works.
Su Yi bamboo slips are not the direct inventor of the term "four treasures of study", which is recorded in the synopsis of the general catalogue of Siku Quanshu: "the biography of the history of Song Dynasty is the same as this one. You Mao's Sui Chu Tang bibliography wrote the four treasures of the study, and there is the continuation of the four treasures of the study. In the book Sheyan shuoba written by Hong Mai, it is said that the Su family's study was written in Sibao hall. It should be called Sibao because of the fact that it was added to the title of the book. Later, it became ill and changed its title. "
The dates of birth and death of Hong mai (1123-1202) and you Mao (1127-1194) mentioned in Siku are similar, but they are both later than Su Yi bamboo slips. Both of them seem to be related to the term "four treasures of study". Among them, Siku mentioned in more detail that the above-mentioned person who "Jiesu's study was recorded in sibaotang" was Hong Shi (1117-1184), the elder brother of Hong Mai. In other words, "Siku" means that Su Yi Jian's original work "four books of the study" has no other name. It is because Hong Shi once revealed it in the four treasures hall in Huizhou that people use the common name "four treasures" to call it "four books of the study". Therefore, at the same time, when you Mao was working on the bibliography of Sui Chu Tang, he included the so-called four treasures of study. In fact, in the Northern Song Dynasty, when Su Yi Jian lived more than 100 years earlier than Hong Shi, the word "four treasures of study" was widely used in society. For example, the poet Mei Yaochen (1002-1060) has long written a poem that "four treasures of the study come out of two counties, and you come to appreciate your love and give".
It can be seen that the origin of the term "four treasures of the study" is not directly related to the title of Su Yi Jian's works, and the statement of Yu Hongshi's name in Siku can't stand the test of the age difference. However, at least in the Northern Song Dynasty, the word was widely used in the society. Later in the early Southern Song Dynasty, Lu You (1125-1210) even called the "four treasures of the study" the "four scholars of the study": "the water is complex, the mountain is heavy, the guests are rare, and the four scholars are dependent on each other.". But I don't know why, the term "four scholars of the study", which was written by Lu You and praised by him, is not as popular and handed down as "four treasures of the study". This is probably related to the fact that the latter appeared and was used earlier, and more vividly expressed the status of paper, ink, pen and inkstone in the study, which has been widely accepted by the society.
Pen, ink, paper and inkstone have become the most important writing and painting tools in the study in Song Dynasty, which can be proved by archaeological discoveries. For example, in the tomb of Xu Jun of the Southern Song Dynasty found in Chayuan mountain, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, a complete set of "four treasures of the study" articles were buried. Another example is the mural of the Liao Dynasty Zhang Wenzao family's mural tomb in Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province. There is also more than one painting of the "four treasures of the study" with pen, ink, paper and inkstone together. Among them, in the mural painting of "children playing" in tomb 7 (as shown in the picture), there are four children hiding in the cupboard where they play. The excavators believe that it is a food box, but some researchers believe that it should be a study tool, which can be used to place paper, scroll, letters and so on. Zhang Wenzao, the owner of this painting, died in 1074, which is very close to the age of Su Yijian and Mei Yaochen. All these show that if pen, ink, paper and inkstone did not experience the accumulation of the times and gradually formed a wide range of social practical basis, then the term "four treasures of study" would not become a special term in the Song Dynasty.
The genealogy of "four treasures" in "four treasures of study" can be tested, but the origin of "study" as a special place for writing and reading is much more difficult to test. As Du Mu in the Tang Dynasty said in his poem "Fenghe's prime minister and leading the prime minister to print out the poems of the whole Shu", tonggong follows the arsenal, and Jinyin pursues the study, which is the earlier term of "study" that we can see so far. Therefore, the term "Wen Fang" appeared in the Tang Dynasty, or even earlier in the northern and Southern Dynasties, which should not cause much controversy. But the problem is that the study we mentioned here belongs to the category of concept or attribute, because there is no direct literature description, archaeological findings and research results, which can tell us what kind of specific form the study in Tang Dynasty was.
The study of the origin of the four treasures of the study is extended to the painting and calligraphy space scene, which is a dynamic investigation of the space of changing the static discussion of pen, ink, paper and inkstone into the behavior of the painter and calligrapher. Because the research method of cultural relics and even the concept of cultural relics are changing from the single to the whole and then to the group. Only by understanding and restoring the relationship between ancient painting and calligraphy utensils and the study, and even with literati behavior, can we have a more comprehensive understanding of the history of the development of calligraphy utensils. In other words, if the study is the space carrier of the four treasures of the study, then the literati are the main body of the study. The four treasures of the study without the bearing of the study are isolated and scattered utensils, while the study without literati activities is an empty and lonely building without vitality.
Four treasures of Chinese study
Many Chinese utensils are unique. They not only show the customs of the Chinese nation, but also contribute to the progress and development of world culture. The most typical writing tools are called "four treasures of the study": paper, pen, ink and inkstone.
Paper is a great invention of China. Although there are tens of millions of varieties of paper in the world, "Xuan paper" is still a unique handmade paper for calligraphy and painting. Xuan paper is flexible, white and smooth, durable in color and strong in water absorption. It has a reputation of "paper longevity" in the world.
The brush is a unique writing and painting tool, which is different from the feather writing style of ancient Chinese and Western nations. Although pencils, ballpoint pens and pens are popular in today's world, writing brushes can not be replaced. It is said that the brush was created by Meng Tian, so the houdian of Hengshui County, Hebei Province, which is now known as the hometown of brush, every third day of the third lunar month is like the Spring Festival, when every family makes dumplings, drinks and celebrates to commemorate Meng Tian's creation of brush. Since the Yuan Dynasty, Huzhou brush with the characteristics of "sharp, round and healthy" has become the most famous brush variety in China.
Ink is the pigment of writing and painting. Xi Chao, a famous ink maker in the Tang Dynasty, and Xi Ting, a good ink maker made by his father and son, were appreciated by Li Yu, the empress of the Southern Tang Dynasty. His family gave him the surname Li. Li Mo is famous all over the world. In Song Dynasty, the origin of Li Mo was changed from Shexian county to Huizhou, and "Li Mo" was changed to "Hui Mo".
Inkstone, commonly known as inkstone, is a tool for grinding pigments in Chinese writing and painting. Inkstone was popular in Han Dynasty, but it was widely used in Song Dynasty
Chinese PinYin : wén fáng sì bǎo
the scholar 's four jewels
be so distressed as if one 's heart would break. āi āi yù jué
Save the fire and pay for it. jiù fén tóu xīn