come to a bad end(sǐ wú zàng shēn zhī dì)

come to a bad end

No burial ground is the first play written by Jean Paul Sartre in 1946. Sartre successfully infuses his existentialist philosophy into his realistic play "no place to die". This blend of realism and existentialism gives new meaning to the core propositions of life value, free choice and responsibility for action, and brings vitality to Existentialist Literature.

Content outline

The plot is relatively simple. Several members of the resistance movement are arrested and tortured by the fascist running dog militia. The enemy hopes to get the whereabouts of the leader and 200 villagers from them. Several people would rather die than surrender, and the enemy will duel, and ultimately sacrifice.

Creative background

During the Second World War, a large area of France was occupied by German fascists. France lost its territory, and even the bones of the French who died under the fascist iron hooves could not be found buried. Even in such an environment, there are countless rebels. Sartre himself was one of them and was arrested by the German army like the guerrillas in the book. Therefore, the creation of dead without a burial place is closely related to his experience. Sartre was born in 1905. His growth and creation ran through the two world wars. On September 3, 1939, the Second World War began. The day before yesterday, Sartre, who had just returned from a holiday in the south of France, had to report to the army barracks in Nancy. On June 14, 1940, Paris fell. On June 21, Sartre will never forget it. He recalled: "this day is my birthday and the day of the armistice. We were captured a few hours before the armistice. " Later, he was taken to German concentration camp D12 in Trevor. All this had an indelible impact on Sartre, who said, "the great change in my mind was due to the war: 1939-1940, German occupation, resistance, liberation of Paris. All of these make me go beyond the traditional philosophical thinking and turn to the thinking of philosophy and action, theory and practice. In 1945, Sartre, together with Merleau Ponty and Raymond Aron, launched the inaugural issue of modern magazine, criticizing the attitude of "art for the sake of art" and putting forward the slogan of "intervening in literature", emphasizing the participation in actual social and political activities through literary creation. Since then, the realistic elements in the works have greatly increased, even sharpened. Death without burial ground is the product of "intervening literature".

Personage introduction

Canoli - French resistance guerrilla. Lucie - French resistance guerrilla, Francois's sister. Aung Lee - French resistance guerrilla. sobrier - French resistance guerrilla. Francois, a guerrilla of the French resistance movement, is 15 years old and Lucie's younger brother. ruowang, the guerrilla leader of the French resistance movement. Landrio, the head of the police of the Weisi government, and the head of klocher and others. klocher - VISSI government police. belleland - VISSI government police. Weixi government has three to four prison guards in advance.

Appreciative Remarks

theme

Realism before the creation of "no place to die" in 1945, Sartre had put forward the theory of intervening literature, that "literature should be inclined to combat, to reflect the contemporary major problems of the times and moral issues." This shows that Sartre's creative purpose has been more realistic than before. Therefore, it is more accurate to call death without burial place a masterpiece of realism and existentialism. before the creation of dead without a burial place, Sartre's plays mostly used the technique of "using ancient themes to insinuate or using fictitious hell scenes to write color, such as raising the question of responsibility through the ancient character oresvu and his life experience to call on the French people to fight against the invaders, the ancient tragedy fly, which can be summarized as" hell, it's someone else " And so on. In no place to die, Sartre first reveals how the "cooperators" with Landrieu as the leader and pereran and klocher as the accomplices torture and interrogate the guerrillas individually to force them to confess. They "punched and kicked" sobrier. They beat kanori so violently that he shed a pool of blood. They tried both hard and soft to Aung Lee. They twisted his wrist with a chair and made him faint. They abused and raped Lucie This makes the "cooperators" - cruel and vicious fascist ferocious face and empty dirty soul exposed. Secondly, Sartre, through the fact that the guerrillas never confessed in the face of the enemy's severe torture, always mentally overpowered the fierce enemy, thus making the enemy in a state of embarrassment and helplessness, outlined the fierce faces of the fascist cooperators. Secondly, Sartre successfully revealed their mentality through the dialogue among "cooperators". As soon as he heard that the British had landed at nice, he looked like a liar; when pellerand mentioned the war, he was frightened; when Landrieu knew that their doomsday was coming, he said, "it's their turn today, it's our turn tomorrow." All of these are the portrayal of the "cooperators" who are in constant panic. Finally, Sartre reveals the relationship of mutual suspicion, provocation and intrigue among "cooperators". When Landrieu heard peleran say that a cousin of Claude was at his head, and that he was by the side of starnan. When Claude drove his predecessor Duban away, he broke out and said, "Damn it! If he wants to get rid of me, he has to hurry up, because, in my opinion, darnan will get off the oil pot earlier than me. " Later, Landrieu was always looking for opportunities to make sarcastic remarks on crotcher, and often mentioned his small reports. Sartre's ruthless exposure of fascist collaborators also reflects the characteristics of realistic literature. Sartre not only exposes and accuses the heinous crimes committed by the inhuman aggressors, but also arouses the readers' infinite sympathy for the victims and hatred for the fascist aggressors and their running dogs. Liu Mingjiu defines Sartre's existentialist philosophy as "basically a kind of outlook on life, advocating a certain attitude towards life." That is to say, existentialist philosophy is the view of life, the view of the value and significance of human existence. The core of Sartre's philosophical proposition of "being prior to essence" is to study the value of the way and attitude of life. Man does not live in a vacuum, but in a world that exists independently without human consciousness. Sartre called the world "freedom" and pointed out that the world is absurd. Life should be a part of the world, so in Sartre's eyes, life is nothingness. In order to make this absurd world and nihilistic life meaningful, we must rely on people's free choice and behavior activities, that is, people's "self action" to achieve the goal. Based on this, it can be said that the value of life is the crystallization of man's tenacious struggle with the absurd world and nihilistic life, so as to achieve victory. This is the positive side of existentialism. In no place to die, the value of life of the guerrillas is reflected through their tenacious struggle in the real "situation" of the resistance movement. Originally, war is as absurd as the world. However, war can be divided into justice and injustice. Guerrillas take part in the resistance movement and fight indomitably with the German aggressors and bedang elements in order to defend the motherland and peace. This kind of "self action" gives the guerrillas the value of their lives. However, not all guerrillas realize the value of life when they face torture and death. Until they saw that the guerrilla leader ruowang was arrested and locked up with them, their understanding was different. Young Francois thinks that he just obeyed the order, and he is innocent; and complains that he was not told in advance that the resistance movement needs a hero, because he is not a hero, he just did what others told him to do: distribute leaflets, transport ammunition, and so on. "As long as I can tell myself that I've done what I can," Aung Lee said. But this is undoubtedly too high a requirement. For 30 years, I felt guilty. The reason is that I'm alive. Now, because of my fault, those houses have been burned down, these people have lost their lives innocently, and I will die with sin. My life was just a mistake. " "I was born with no meaning at all," he added "I was deceived," sobrier said, "because I would suffer meaninglessly and die worthlessly." Kanori, who had a different attitude, thought that he lived for his career; he had long expected to die like this. Through the words of the guerrillas themselves, Sartre showed their understanding of the value of life and the significance of participating in the resistance movement. When the guerrillas are frustrated, it is natural for them to have this kind of understanding before they see the victory of the resistance movement, because there is still a distance between joining the resistance movement and becoming heroes of the resistance movement. After captain ruowang was arrested and appeared in front of them, the guerrillas almost thought that "luck" had come to realize their life value. Before, they thought there was nothing to hide from their cooperators. Now the situation has completely changed. They can take it as their own content, keep secrets and not betray their comrades. Therefore, not being a traitor and striving to be a hero is the key to realize their life value. The biggest change in the view of self value is Aung Lee. He said to John, "if you don't come, we will suffer like animals,

Chinese PinYin : sǐ wú zàng shēn zhī dì