perpetrate every conceivable crime and be unpardonably wicked(shí è bù shè)

perpetrate every conceivable crime and be unpardonably wicked

"Ten evils are unforgivable" means that in order to maintain its autocratic rule, the feudal rulers of China stipulated in law that there were ten major crimes that could not be pardoned. In history, the concept of ten evils evolved gradually. By the time of the Northern Dynasties and the Northern Qi Dynasty, ten felonies had been defined. In the Sui Dynasty, the felony was changed into ten evils, that is, treason, treason, treason, immorality, disrespect, unfiliality, disharmony, injustice and civil strife, which were included in the code.

The ten evils specifically refer to: 1) rebellion, conspiracy to overthrow the dynasty; 2) rebellion, destruction of Royal temples, mausoleums, palaces and other acts of contempt or violation of the emperor's dignity; 3) treason, planning to betray the imperial court; 4) treason, beating or murdering grandparents, parents, uncles and other lineal relatives; 5) immorality, inhumanity, malicious killing and other violations of feudal ethics There are six acts of disrespect, which offend the dignity of the royal family; seven acts of unfiliality, which disobey the respect of grandparents, parents and other immediate relatives; eight acts of disharmony, such as murder, beating or accusation between relatives; nine acts of injustice, such as killing each other among colleagues, murdering the officer by the lower level, murdering the master by the disciples and so on; ten acts of civil strife, such as adultery and rape between relatives, which violate the feudal ethics It's a common behavior. The ten evils were used by the Sui and Tang Dynasties to the end of the Qing Dynasty, and it was stipulated that the ten evils could not be pardoned. According to the criminal law annals of the Sui Dynasty, "those who commit the ten evils and commit homicide, even though they will be pardoned, they will still be removed." In Yuanqu, Guan Hanqing's "Dou E yuan" 4: "the charge of drug death of my father-in-law is inexorable.".

Since the establishment of Sui and Tang Dynasties, the ten evils have been regarded as an unforgivable felony in the feudal code of all dynasties.

explain

Ten evils: refers to ten major crimes that can not be pardoned, namely: treason, great rebellion, treason, evil rebellion, immorality, great disrespect, unfilial, disharmony, injustice and civil strife. A crime that is great and unforgivable.

source

"Sui Shu · criminal law annals": "ten more felonies: Those who commit these ten crimes are not within the limit of eight discussions on redemption. " In Yuan Dynasty, Guan Hanqing's the injustice of Dou'e, the fourth fold: "this charge of drug death of my father-in-law is a heinous crime."

usage

Subject predicate; predicate, attributive; derogatory

Discrimination of words

[pinyin code] SEBS [synonym] the crime is extremely evil, deserves to die, full of evil, too numerous to be written, heinous, beyond punishment [antonym] the crime of improper punishment, meritorious atonement

interpretation

"Ten evils", a term originally used in Buddhism, refers to ten kinds of evil deeds that lead to hell, hungry ghosts and animals, so it is also called "ten evils". As for the specific content of the "ten evils", it is said in the Buddhist Sutra that "the cause of sin is the body, the mouth and the mind. The results show that: 1) the body is not good enough to kill, steal and commit adultery; 2) the mouth is not good enough to talk nonsense, two words, evil words and beautiful words; 3) the mind is not good enough to be jealous, angry and evil. It's for the ten evils to be punished. Now repent with one heart. " Those who commit the "ten evils" to a serious degree are said to suffer a lot. Corresponding to the theory of "ten evils", there is also the theory of "ten good" in Buddhism. The theory of ten evils and ten virtues can be found in many Buddhist classics such as Mahayana and Mahayana. For example, in the fourth volume of Zengyi ahan Sutra translated by the Eastern Jin Dynasty monk kativa, there is a saying that "the retribution of the ten evils leads to this disaster.". Therefore, bhikkhu should leave the Scripture of "ten evils". In addition, the theory of "ten evils and ten virtues" had been widely spread among the people before the Sui Dynasty. For example, in the article of breaking off wine and meat written by Emperor Liang Wu of the Southern Dynasty, it said: "those who do ten evils are rewarded by evil; those who do ten virtues are rewarded by good."

history

In the feudal criminal law system of ancient China, there was also the name of "ten evils", which was developed on the basis of the crime of "treason and disrespect" in the Western Han Dynasty. In the third year of Heqing in the Northern Qi Dynasty, shangshuling and Zhao Junwang played twelve chapters in the Qi law, which said, "there are ten serious crimes: one is rebellion, two is great rebellion, three is rebellion, four is surrender, five is evil rebellion, six is immorality, seven is disrespect, eight is unfilial, nine is injustice, ten is civil strife. Those who commit these ten crimes are not within the limit of eight discussions on redemption. " However, in the early years of kaihuang in Sui Dynasty, with the prosperity of Buddhism, the feudal rulers introduced the name of "ten evils" into the law, replacing the "ten felonies" in Qi law, and the charges of "ten evils" appeared formally. For example, in volume 25 of criminal law annals of Sui Dynasty, "the first year of kaihuang Change the new law They also set up the ten evils, and adopted the system of post Qi, which is quite profitable and profitable. One is treason, two is great rebellion, three is treason, four is evil rebellion, five is immorality, six is great disrespect, seven is unfilial, eight is disharmony, nine is injustice and ten is civil strife. Those who commit the ten evils and commit murder will be pardoned and removed from prison. " As for the specific content of the crime of "ten evils", there are detailed provisions in the law of Tang Dynasty. Because the crime of "ten evils" directly harmed the core of feudal autocratic system - monarchy, patriarchy, theocracy and husband's power, since the Sui Dynasty first established the crime of "ten evils" in the kaihuang law, the feudal codes of all dynasties regarded it as an unforgivable felony. Therefore, there is a saying that "ten evils are unforgivable" among the people. Liu Shulong "ten" means the most, complete and full in the context. There is no amnesty for evil, that is, it is full of evil. "Unforgivable" is often used to describe a person who has committed heinous crimes and is unforgivable. The ancients often listed the enemy as one of the top ten crimes in order to become famous. In fact, the "ten evils" really have ten major crimes stipulated in the law, which were first seen in the laws of the Northern Qi Dynasty 1300 years ago. In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the contents of these ten major crimes were slightly added and deleted, officially named "ten evils" and written in the front of the code to show their seriousness. Later, through song, yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was stipulated that the crime of "ten evils" could not be pardoned. The content of ancient "ten evils" was: the product of feudal times, part of which is unacceptable today. However, because the "ten evils" have become "unforgivable" crimes and have a profound influence, people naturally call it "ten evils are unforgivable" when they come into contact with something that is sinful and unforgivable. "Ten evils are unforgivable" is often used to describe people who are full of evils and whose crimes are unforgivable. What do the "ten evils" mean? Many people think that it is "eating, drinking, gambling and smoking, cheating, abducting and stealing", which is a big mistake. in modern Chinese, the "ten evils" in the idiom "ten evils are unforgivable" does not refer to actual, but generally refers to major crimes. However, in ancient Chinese criminal laws and regulations, the "ten evils" in the "ten evils are unforgivable" actually refers to. "ten evils", a term used in Buddhism at the beginning, refers to ten kinds of evil deeds that will lead to hell, hungry ghosts and animals, so it is also called "ten evils". "Ten evils", as a crime in ancient criminal law, first appeared in the law of Qi (written by shangshuling of the Northern Qi Dynasty and zhaojunwang, etc.), which was called "ten serious crimes" at that time. The Qi law says: "there are ten serious crimes: one is rebellion, two is great rebellion, three is rebellion, four is surrender, five is evil rebellion, six is immorality, seven is disrespect, eight is unfilial, nine is injustice, ten is civil strife. Those who commit these ten crimes are not within the limit of eight discussions on redemption. "The system of eight opinions is also one of the laws and decrees widely used for reference by later generations in the Qi law, and it is a legal provision specially for the reduction and exemption of punishment for crimes committed by feudal privileged persons. The law of Qi states clearly that those who commit ten felonies are not allowed to discuss redemption in eight aspects.) "Ten felonies" refers to the above ten crimes as "ten evils" and stipulates that they will not be pardoned. In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, after the further revision of kaihuang law of the Sui Dynasty and Shuyi law of the Tang Dynasty, the accusation of "ten evils will not be pardoned" was formally formed. Its main contents are: 1) treason. An attempt to overthrow the government. This has always been regarded as the top of the ten evils. (2) to plot a great rebellion. The destruction of Royal temples, tombs and palaces. (3) treason. It means betraying the court. (4) evil and rebellious. Refers to the beating and murder of grandparents, parents, uncles and other elders. (5) no way. It refers to the killing of 3 non capital crimes and dismemberment of a family. (6) disrespect. It means to offend the dignity of the emperor. It is usually used to steal the sacrificial utensils and daily necessities of the emperor, forge the imperial medicine and violate the food prohibition by mistake. (7) unfilial. It refers to unfilial grandparents or parents, or marriage or entertainment during filial piety. (8) discord. That is, to murder some relatives, or to beat a woman, to sue her husband, etc. (9) injustice. It means that officials kill each other, soldiers kill officers, students kill teachers, and women don't mourn or remarry when they hear that their husbands are dead. (10) civil strife. Adultery or rape between relatives, etc. Because the crime of "ten evils" directly harmed the core of feudal autocratic system - monarchy, patriarchy, theocracy and husband's power, since the establishment of the crime of "ten evils" in Sui and Tang Dynasties, it has been regarded as an unforgivable felony in feudal codes of all dynasties.

Modern interpretation

The crime is too great to be forgiven

Chinese PinYin : shí è bù shè