the place used for storing up documents in ancient china(jīn guì shí shì)

the place used for storing up documents in ancient china

The stone chamber of the golden chamber is the place where the ancient state kept important documents. In the book of Han Dynasty, Volume I, the second chapter of the reign of emperor Gaodi, it is said that "he swore to the meritorious officials, wrote a letter and made an iron contract, built a golden chamber and stone chamber, and built a temple in Tibet." In the preface to Kuaiji annals written by Lu You of the Song Dynasty, it is said that "you can visit Yu Gong in the first place, and then study the collection of Taishigong and the stone chamber of the golden chamber in the history of the past dynasties, as well as the books of Erya, Bencao and Daoshi." Also known as the Golden Chamber of the stone chamber.

brief introduction

The Golden Chamber of the stone room is the place and equipment for keeping important archives in ancient China. It was also a golden chamber. Kuitutong feed cabinet. The Golden Chamber refers to the cabinet sealed with metal, and the stone chamber is the house built with stone. When the Western Zhou Dynasty became king, the Duke of Zhou accepted the book in the "Golden Chamber". In the Qin and Han Dynasties, there were records of the golden chamber in Shishi: the preface of Taishigong in Shiji recorded that in the Qin Dynasty, "the ancient prose was removed and the poetry books were burned, so the pictures and books on the jade plate of the golden chamber in Shishi in Mingtang were scattered." in gaodiji of Hanshu, there was a record of "swearing with the meritorious officials, writing in Dan Shu tie Qi, the golden chamber and the stone chamber, the ancestral temple of Tibet", and it was noted that "take gold as the chamber, take stone as the chamber, seal it again: the meaning of caution". It can be seen that it has become a fixed system to keep archives in the Golden Chamber of Shishi. In the Ming Dynasty, more attention was paid to the protection of historical archives by the golden chamber in the stone chamber. The 77 records of the Hongwu record of the Ming Dynasty: "the Golden Chamber collected in the notes of Ji Yan and Ji Shi in the daily life is a true record." the provincial government of Taiwan should set up the bronze chamber separately and collect the imperial record book for reference. In the fifth year of Hongzhi (1492), an important building was built near Wenyuan Pavilion. Instead of wooden plants, only bricks and stones were used. The actual records of each dynasty, jade inscriptions and important documents related to state affairs were put into the copper cabinet and placed on the upper floor of the building. The imperial edicts, letters, ceremonial notes, the remains of the previous dynasty and the books collected by Neifu yamen, which can be used to compile the whole history, were placed on the lower floor. There is also a record of "the reserve of the Golden Chamber". In 1534, Huang Shicheng was built according to the system of Shi Shi Jin Kui, which became the place for the collection of important ancient books and records such as Shi Shi Cheng and Sheng Xun in Ming and Qing Dynasties (see the Jin Kui in which Huang Shicheng stored files). This is the best preserved stone chamber.

the Qing dynasty

In the Qing Dynasty, Yongzheng witnessed the struggle between Emperor Kangxi's abolishment of the crown prince and the princes' struggle for the crown prince. He knew that if the issue of establishing the crown prince was not properly solved, the Qing regime would never have peace. Therefore, in 1723, the first year of Yongzheng reign, he established the system of "secret establishment". The method is as follows: the emperor announces that the candidate for the crown prince has been decided, but does not disclose his name, only writes his name in the secret imperial edict; the secret imperial edict is made in duplicate, one in the side, one sealed in the Jianchu box, and placed behind the "Zhengda Guangming" plaque above the throne in the main room of the Qianqing palace; after the death of the emperor, the ministers in charge of the imperial edict will check the two copies of the secret imperial edict together with the court officials, and support the emperor as the prince in the secret imperial edict. "Secret establishment of the crown" is a distinctive breakthrough in the system of succession to the throne, which denies the tradition of the eldest son inheriting the throne for more than 2000 years. The expansion of the scope of election, more importantly, to avoid fratricidal in the process of power struggle, is conducive to the stability of the royal family, in order to better manage the family. This way of establishing a reserve was regarded as the "family law of establishing a reserve" by the rulers of the Qing Dynasty. Qianlong, Jiaqing and Daoguang all followed their principles. However, when Emperor Xianfeng died, his son was still young, so he still adopted the method of "supporting the orphan on his deathbed"; Zaichun (Tongzhi) and Zaichu (Guangxu) had no offspring and no reserve; Puyi (Xuantong) was also appointed by Cixi on his deathbed. The Qing Dynasty collapsed before it was in charge of the government. Therefore, since Xianfeng, the system of "secret establishment of reserves" has existed in name.

The end of the northern ocean

After stealing the fruits of the 1911 Revolution, Yuan Shikai established his own autocratic rule. Two big steps were taken to get rid of the control of the southern revolutionary party. One is to control the cabinet. He first arranged for his cronies to control the military, financial, foreign affairs, internal affairs and other key departments, and then forced the Senate to approve the new cabinet nominated by him, directly controlling the change of cabinet. The second is to weaken the revolutionary army by various reasons and means so as to eliminate the internal troubles. At the same time, the northern army should be greatly expanded to strengthen its own strength so as to cope with the possible armed struggle against itself. Although the revolutionaries realized that these two steps would inevitably damage the republican system, they believed in the possibility that Yuan Shikai would abide by the provisional constitution, or that Yuan Shikai would abide by the provisional constitution under the pressure of the Provisional Senate, which made them adopt a tolerant attitude towards Yuan Shikai's actions - mainly because the revolutionaries believed that they would abide by the provisional constitution in the near future After that, Yuan Shikai will be restricted by organizing a responsible cabinet. Therefore, they actively participated in preparing for the election at the end of 1912. In August 1912, in order to ensure the majority of the revolutionaries in the parliament, Song Jiaoren reorganized the alliance with other small parties into the "Kuomintang". Strive to realize the political ambition of the revolutionaries to form a cabinet to restrict yuan. As expected, the KMT finally won the parliamentary majority in the election at the end of 1912. This is like a bolt from the blue for Yuan Shikai. The painstaking situation is vulnerable to the election results! Of course, this is what he does not want to see, and of course, he is not willing to fail. In order to prevent the restrictions on him from becoming a reality after the KMT formed a cabinet, he first chose to bribe Song Jiaoren, but the bribe did not work. Instead, it aided Song Jiaoren's democratic activities. In the spring of 1913, Yuan Shikai assassinated Song Jiaoren at Shanghai railway station. However, shortly after the "Song assassination" case, the public opinion pointed the culprit directly at Yuan Shikai. In this unfavorable situation, Yuan Shikai used violence to deal with the aftermath. In his hypocritical expression of mourning, the truth has surfaced, how can he not be angry? So he did not do it, and he constantly declared a campaign against the "troublemakers" of the KMT. In July 1913, Yuan Shikai first relieved Li Liejun, Hu Hanmin, and Bai Wenwei, who were members of the National Party, from their posts as governors of Jiangxi, Guangdong, and Anhui. Then he launched a military offensive against the three provinces and suppressed the Kuomintang by force. In a critical situation, the KMT announced a "second revolution". However, due to the great disparity in strength, the KMT's internal strength was lax, and the "second revolution" soon failed. Yuan Shikai forced the Congress to elect him as the first "Grand President" by means of victory. After becoming president, Yuan Shikai immediately announced the dissolution of the National Congress and declared the Kuomintang illegal - why not dissolve the National Congress and declare the Kuomintang illegal before the election? The presidential election must rely on the legitimate Congress to have authority after taking office. The dissolution of Congress first cast doubt on the legitimacy of his presidential election. Declaring the KMT illegal will lead to the re-election of the parliament due to the lack of a quorum in the parliament, which will still lead to the same consequences as before - thus excluding the KMT from the new parliamentary election and laying the foundation for electing its own royal Parliament. Soon, his royal Parliament was established. Under the control of Yuan Shikai, the provisional constitution was replaced by the so-called constitution of the Republic of China, which stipulated the implementation of the presidential system. In August, adhering to Yuan Shikai's intention, the Senate formulated the "presidential election law" (promulgated on December 29), which stipulates that the term of office of the president is 10 years and can be re elected. The election of the Grand President is conducted by 50 people each elected by the Senate and the Legislative Yuan, and the Senate can "decide to retain the current Grand President" when it "considers it necessary politically" instead of conducting the election. There is also a peculiar stipulation: the determination of the successor to the president is like the secret Li Chu of the Qing Dynasty, which is predetermined by the current president, written on the "Jiahe gold slips" and hidden in the "Golden Chamber". When the election comes, people can only open the stone chamber, take out the gold slips and "vote" according to the bill. Therefore, the public opinion at that time believed that Yuan Shikai not only had the guarantee of serving as president for life and monopolizing the ruling power for life, but also had the right to appoint successors and pass on the throne to his son. In this way, apart from an empty signboard of "the Republic of China", Yuan Shikai is no different from the autocratic emperor. However, Yuan Shikai was not satisfied with this right, and he had the ambition to restore the monarchy. Of course, some people think that the restoration of the monarchy is his son's idea. With his son's constant encouragement, Yuan Shikai finally got dizzy and began to prepare for the restoration of the monarchy. As a way of saying, let's keep him on file for future demonstration.

Chinese PinYin : jīn guì shí shì