learn from other 's merits(hú fú qí shè)

learn from other 's merits

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"Hufu riding and shooting" refers to the story of King Zhao Wuling carrying out "Hufu" and "riding and shooting" for the sake of the country's strength in the Warring States period, which shows that King Zhao Wuling pays attention to practicality and has the courage to reform.

Basic explanation

According to the records of Zhao CE 2, the Warring States policy, "today I (King Wuling of Zhao) ride and shoot Hufu to teach the people." "Shiji" Volume 43 "zhaoshijia" also records: "in the first month of the 19th year, the great court believed in the palace, called for the fat righteousness and discussed the world. After five days, it ordered to change the Hu dress, change the military system, and learn to ride and shoot.". That is to say, Zhao Wuling and Wang Zhaoyi decided to carry out the reform of Hufu and coach riding and shooting five days later. at that time, the so-called "Hufu" refers to the short sleeve and narrow clothing similar to the Northwest Rongdi's clothing, which is quite different from the wide clothes and long sleeves of the Central Plains Chinese people, so it is commonly known as "Hufu"; the "riding and shooting" refers to the "horse shooting" (archery on horseback) of the surrounding nomadic tribes, which is different from the traditional "walking shooting" (archery on foot) in the Central Plains. From then on, the regular uniform of wide sleeves and long clothes in the army was gradually improved to the later equipment of short sleeves and narrow sleeves. Thus, it conforms to the trend of the development of war mode from "step war" to "riding war", and lays the foundation for the stability and development of the country.

Background of reform

During the Warring States period, when King Wuling of Zhao ascended the throne, Zhao was in a period of decline. Even small neighboring countries like Zhongshan often invaded. In the war with some big powers, Zhao was often defeated, the generals were captured and the cities were occupied. Zhao Guoyan watched being annexed by other countries. Especially in the geographical position of Zhao state, the northeast is adjacent to Donghu, the north is adjacent to Xiongnu, and the northwest is bounded by Linhu and Loufan. These tribes lived as nomads and were good at riding and archery. They often invaded the border of Zhao state with cavalry. King Wuling of Zhao saw that the Hu people had some special advantages in military clothing: wearing short jackets with narrow sleeves, it was more convenient for living and hunting; using cavalry, bows and arrows in combat, compared with military vehicles and spears in the Central Plains, they were more flexible. He said to his subordinates: "the cavalry of the nomadic people in the North come like birds and go like Juexin. They are today's rapid reaction troops. There is no reason why they can't win if they gallop across the battlefield with such troops." Wu Ling Wang, who had great ambition to make Zhao strong, had a clear understanding of the superiority of Hu cavalry. He thought that refitting the army by riding and shooting was the way to strengthen the army, so he said to general Lou Huan: our country is surrounded by a strong enemy. What should we do? "I want to wear Hu Fu". Therefore, in order to enrich the country and strengthen the army, King Zhao Wuling put forward the idea of "wearing Hu clothes" and "learning to ride and shoot" in Handan City, determined to take the advantages of Hu people to make up for the disadvantages of the Central Plains.

Reform process

Hu clothing is to use Hu people's clothing, that is, to wear short clothes, belts, hooks and leather boots. The reform of the Hu dress of King Wuling of Zhao Dynasty was very thorough. He not only wanted to change the clothes of the soldiers, but also all the subjects in the whole country. Therefore, the innovation of changing the clothes touched a wide range of aspects, which aggravated the difficulties of the reform. Before the order of "riding and shooting in Hu Fu" was issued, many relatives and relatives in Handan opposed it. Gongzicheng and others refused to accept the reform on the ground of "changing the way of ancient times and rebelling against people's heart". King Zhao Wuling refuted them, saying: "people with both moral and talent do things according to the actual situation and take countermeasures. They will do whatever is conducive to the prosperity of the country. As long as it is beneficial to the prosperity of the country and the strength of the army, why stick to the old laws of the ancients. " King Wuling of Zhao, with the determination to control Hu with Hu and bring the northwest military and di into the territory of Zhao, broke through the obstruction of the conservative forces and resolutely issued the decree of "riding and shooting in Hu Fu". King Zhao Wuling ordered the whole country to narrow their sleeves, learn to ride and shoot, and take the lead in wearing Hu clothes to meet the ministers. After the narrow sleeve cross collar and right Lapel clothes were fully equipped in the Zhao army, King Wuling of Zhao began to train the soldiers, let them learn the look of Hu people, ride horses and shoot arrows, move to the battlefield, and carry out actual combat exercises combined with hunting activities. When young master Cheng and others saw that Zhao Wuling had moved, they were very upset. They spread a rumor that "Zhao Wuling and Wang Ping always looked at us and didn't like us. This is a deliberate attempt to humiliate us." When King Zhao Wuling heard this, he summoned the ministers of culture and military of the Manchu Dynasty in Handan city to shoot through the sleeper in front of them, and sternly said, "if anyone dares to obstruct the reform again, my arrow will go through his chest!" Young Master Cheng and others looked at each other face to face, and no longer dare to talk rashly. However, King Zhao Wuling predicted in advance that the opponents would be strong and the resistance would be great. So in the letter palace of Zhao Guoxin capital (now Xingtai, Hebei Province), we first discussed with Minister Fei Yi and general Lou Huan for five days. Feiyi and louhuan agreed. King Wuling made up his mind and ordered Hu Fu to be carried out throughout the country. He first put it on himself, and then sent a special person to tell his uncle Gongzi Cheng to ask him to wear a narrow sleeve and right lapel. When the envoys told him that he didn't agree with him, King Wuling went to persuade him to go to court in person, so that he also wore a suit with narrow sleeves and right lapels. The nobles Zhao Wen, Zhao Zao, Zhou Zhen, Zhao Jun, etc. dissuaded the implementation of narrow sleeves and right lapels. King Wuling of Zhao refuted them and said, "the former kings were different from the common customs? If emperors don't follow each other, how can they follow the etiquette? " "Power and vulgarization, and propriety and change, the way of sages." He also pointed out that "it is not necessary for the country to follow the rule of the ancients, and the prosperity of sages should not follow each other but be king.". As for clothes, he said, "because of the system of clothes, Qi Changmin is not talking about sages." With the support of the ministers, King Wuling of Zhao refuted the censure of some nobles, especially the influential nobles like gongzicheng, who also wore the clothes of narrow sleeve and right lapel, so the clothes of narrow sleeve and right Lapel were carried out in the state of Zhao. Later, after the state of Zhao captured Yuanyang (now east of Hohhot in Inner Mongolia), it was changed into "Qiyi" to train cavalry. A man named Niu Zan came out again and objected, saying that "the state has a fixed nationality, the soldiers have regular experience, changing nationality leads to disorder, and losing experience leads to weakness." King Wuling refuted him, saying: "the ancient and modern profits are different, and it is easy to use far and near.". "I don't know where the government is, and I don't know the benefits of the instruments." now I'm using the government's name to mess up the affairs of few people. I don't know it! " Niu Zan quickly bowed down and said, "I dare not listen to orders!"

Reform achievements

As a result of the implementation of Hufu, Zhao established an army with cavalry as the main body, and its role in the war immediately showed its power. In the next year of Hufu, Zhao launched an attack on Zhongshan, which had invaded Zhao for a long time, all the way to Ningjia (now North of Huolu County, Hebei Province). Then he attacked Hu land in the West and reached Yuzhong (now the Northeast Bank of Hetao in Inner Mongolia), "opening up land for thousands of miles". King Lin Hu contributed good horses to Zhao for peace. Zhao gu, the Prime Minister of Zhao Wuling, was in charge of the occupied Hu area and provided cavalry to the mainland. In the 21st year of King Wuling of Zhao Dynasty (305 BC), three armies attacked Zhongshan state and captured Danqiu, Huayang, qizhisai, Qie, Shiyi, Fenglong, Dongyuan and other places of Zhongshan state. When the king of Zhongshan offered 4 cities to make peace, the Zhao army stopped attacking. King Wuling of Zhao was determined to destroy Zhongshan. In the 23rd and 26th years, he attacked Zhongshan again. In the third year of King Huiwang of Zhao (296 BC), he finally destroyed Zhongshan and moved him to Fushi (now Southeast of Suide County, Shaanxi Province). At the same time, Zhao also attacked the Xiongnu invaders in the north, and "bustled north to Yan and Dai". To the west of Linhu and Loufan, we arrived at Yunzhong (today's Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia) and Jiuyuan (today's Baotou City, Inner Mongolia). It can be said that after the reform of "Hufu riding and shooting", Zhao became the country with the strongest national strength except Qin Dynasty.

historical significance

The influence on Zhao Army

Before "Hufu cavalry", Zhao Jun was mainly composed of infantry and chariots. The clothes of officers and soldiers were made according to the requirements of step and vehicle battles, which was basically similar to the civilian's short fight. When used in cavalry, it was not suitable for combat, and was often at a disadvantage in fighting with Hu cavalry. On the contrary, Hu people are wearing short clothes, trousers, fighting on horseback, flexible and convenient movement. Therefore, in the 18 years before the implementation of "Hufu riding and shooting", Zhao repeatedly lost to Qi, Qin, Wei and other countries, and had to endure humiliation and cede land. Even Lin Hu and Lou fan took this opportunity to launch military plunder against Zhao for years, and Zhao had little power to fight back. King Wuling of Zhao realized that the passive attack of Zhao state was not due to the weakness of Zhao state and the decline of the people, but because the military uniform was not suitable for cavalry and vehicle warfare. He believes that in order to fundamentally change this passive situation and carry forward Zhao Xiangzi's great cause of "replacing Hu with soldiers", it is impossible to rely on the traditional infantry and chariots in the Central Plains to fight together, because the heavy chariots are only suitable for fighting in relatively flat places, it is very inconvenient to operate in complex terrain, and many soldiers are unable to deal with the fast-moving aircraft An agile cavalry. Only by learning from Zhu Hu's strong points and opposing cavalry with cavalry can Zhao's military strength be strengthened and the situation of being beaten passively be completely changed. At the same time, only by changing the wide sleeve robe clothing in Central Plains to short and tight sleeve Hu clothing, can it meet the needs of riding. In view of this situation, King Wuling of Zhao began to carry out "Hufu riding and shooting" in 307 BC (19th year of King Wuling), and carried out the reform of clothing system. After that, "Handan ordered the officials to move to Jiuyuan, and ordered the general, the officials, Shizi and the garrison officials to wear mink clothes" (Bamboo Annals). Since then, Zhao Jun changed to wear Hu clothes. The specific style of "Hu Fu" is unknown in the history, which can only be understood indirectly. The portraits of Huns depicted by the Han people have the following characteristics: short stature, stout, round and huge head, wide face, high cheekbones, nose wings aside, thick eyebrows, bulging eyes like almonds, vivid eyes, dense upper lip, except for

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