hundreds ousted , to keep the confucianism dominant(bā chù bǎi jiā)

Dethrone hundred schools and respect Confucianism alone

The synonym "dethrone hundred schools" generally refers to dethrone hundred schools and only respect Confucianism, which was put forward by Dong Zhongshu in the first year of Yuanguang (134 BC) and implemented by Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. In the biography of Dong Zhongshu, it is recorded that the original words proposed by Dong Zhongshu are "to promote the Kong family, to suppress and dethrone the hundred families." In Emperor Wu Ji Zan, it is recorded that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty's practice was to "depose a hundred schools of thought and set out six classics". This thought is not the original appearance of Confucianism in the spring and Autumn period and Warring States period. It is a new thought of advancing with the times, which is mixed with some thoughts of Taoism, Legalism, Yin Yang and five elements school, reflecting the "compatibility" and "development" characteristics of Confucianism. It maintained the feudal ruling order and deified the autocratic monarchy, so it was highly praised by the feudal rulers in ancient China and became the orthodox and mainstream thought of Chinese traditional culture for more than 2000 years.

In modern Chinese history, Yi Baisha (1886-1921), a famous thinker in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, was the first person to expose "dethroning hundreds of schools and respecting Confucianism alone". In 1916, he published an article "Confucius Pingyi" in the magazine "New Youth".

concept

It is Dong Zhongshu's ruling policy that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty should depose all schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone. The so-called "dethroning the hundred schools, observing the six classics" and "pushing out the Kong family, suppressing and dethroning the hundred schools" refer to "dethroning the hundred schools, only respecting Confucianism". The former is the alias of the latter. In the early Han Dynasty, he advocated the rule of inaction in politics and implemented the policy of light corvee and light tax in economy. Ideologically, Huang Lao's theory, which advocates the study of quiet inaction and the name of punishment, has been attached great importance. When Emperor Wu ascended the throne, it was an urgent need for the feudal rulers to further strengthen the autocratic centralized system politically and economically. Huang Lao's idea of being quiet and doing nothing could not meet the above-mentioned political needs, and even contradicted the great achievements of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty; however, the Confucian thought of the unification of the spring and Autumn period, the thought of benevolence and righteousness, and the ethical concepts of monarchs and ministers obviously adapted to the situation and tasks faced by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Therefore, in the field of thought, Confucianism finally replaced the dominant position of Taoism. In the first year of Jianyuan (140 BC), after Emperor Wu succeeded to the throne, the prime minister Wei Wan said: "the virtuous and virtuous people, or the words of Zhishen, Shang, Hanfei, Suqin and Zhangyi, please stop." With the consent of Emperor Wu. Taiwei Dou Ying and Prime Minister Tian Zhen also recommended the Confucian scholar Wang Zang as the doctor's order, and Zhao Wan as the censor's doctor. They praised Confucianism, denounced Taoism, encouraged Emperor Wu to carry out political reform, and even suggested not to play a role to empress dowager Dou. Empress Dowager Dou was dissatisfied with this. In the second year of Jianyuan, she dismissed Wang Zang and Zhao Wan. As a result, Tai Wei Dou Ying and Prime Minister Tian Zhen were removed. in the sixth year of Jianyuan, Empress Dowager Dou died, and Confucianism rose again. In the first year of Yuanguang (134 B.C.), Emperor Wu summoned talented people from all over the world to Chang'an to ask questions in person. Dong Zhongshu pointed out in his countermeasures that the unification of the spring and Autumn period is "the common classics of heaven and earth, the common friendship of ancient and modern times". Nowadays, different teachers, different people, and different schools of thought have different purposes, which makes the ruling ideology inconsistent, the legal system changed, and the schools of thought at a loss. He suggested: "all those who are not in the six arts, Confucius' art, must not use the same way." Dong Zhongshu pointed out that the policy of ideological rule adapted to political unification was highly appreciated by Emperor Wu. Confucianism became the ruling ideology of the feudal dynasty, while Taoism and other theories were dethroned politically. "Dethroning hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" is the feudal policy of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, and it is also the symbol of Confucianism's dominant position in Chinese culture.

background

In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, Han Gaozu did not like Confucianism, which almost cut off the academic origin of Confucianism. Although the doctor system still exists after the Qin system, the number of doctors is not large, and only has officials to be asked, so it is difficult to play a significant role in imparting culture. Emperor Hui abolished the law of Jiashu, which revived the theories of various scholars, among which Confucianism and Taoism had a great influence. In the low tide of the development of academic thought, Taoism's thought of Huang Lao's inaction was advocated by the rulers in the early Han Dynasty and was in a dominant position. Thinkers of various schools of indifference were also happy to say Huang Lao's words. In the period of literature and scenery, there was a trend of evolution from inaction to action, from Taoism to Confucianism. Dr. Qin Fu gave birth to his twenty eighth road collection of Shangshu, and Emperor Wen sent Chao CuO to follow him. At this point. The number of doctorates reached more than 70, with more than 100 schools of thought and Confucianism alone. There are doctorates in the book of songs, the book of songs, the spring and Autumn Annals, the Analects of Confucius, the book of filial piety, Mencius and Erya. Among them, there are three doctorates in the book of songs, Qi, Lu and Han, and two doctorates in the spring and Autumn Annals, Hu wusheng and Dong Zhongshu. This provided conditions for Emperor Hanwu to respect Confucianism alone. When Emperor Wu ascended the throne, after the rule of culture and scenery, the social economy has been greatly developed. At the same time, with the powerful landlord class and its power, it has become an urgent need for the feudal rulers to further strengthen the autocratic centralized system politically and economically. In the first year of Yuanguang (134 BC), Dong Zhongshu proposed that all doctrines that were not in the six arts and the art of Confucius should be excluded from the official doctorate. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty appreciated Dong Zhongshu's idea of great unification. Emperor Wu also adopted the proposal of Wei Wan, the prime minister, to depose the virtuous and virtuous people who had the words of Zhishen Buhai, Shangyang, Hanfei, Suqin and Zhangyi. Han Wudi's move was strongly opposed by Empress Dowager Dou, Huang Hao's grandmother. In the following year, she took advantage of Zhao Wan, the imperial historian who advocated Confucianism, and the doctor to reduce Wang's imprisonment. However, in the fifth year of Jianyuan (136bc), Emperor Wu set up a doctor of five classics, which made Confucian classics more complete in the government. In the sixth year of Jianyuan (135 BC), Empress Dowager Dou died, and the Confucian power rose again. In the first year of Yuanguang (134 BC), he deposed all the Taichang doctors who did not rule the five classics of Confucianism. He excluded Huang Lao's nickname of Baijia from the official school. He promoted Gongsun Hong, a Confucian student of Buyi origin, as prime minister. He recruited hundreds of Confucian students and approved 50 official disciples. According to his achievements, he supplemented Lang's Chinese learning anecdotes, and selected officials who were proficient in arts to hold important positions. This is the famous "deposing all schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" in history. After respecting Confucianism alone, the officials were mainly from Confucian scholars, and Confucianism gradually developed into the orthodox thought of ruling the people for two thousand years. Although it was not conducive to the development of academic culture, it was beneficial to the strengthening of autocratic system and the unification of the country at that time.

centralization

The emergence of centralization was first put forward by the legalist system, one of the ideological factions in the Warring States period, which is a political structure derived from the form of autocratic monarchy. Han Fei, one of the representatives of Legalists, believes in his works that under the current situation of chaotic social situation and strong separatist forces, the monarch needs to unify all domestic forces to maintain the rule, which requires a centralized government The government came to assist the king to rule the country and expand the territory. At the same time, in the society at that time, the agricultural natural economy needed a relatively stable environment for development. At the same time, as the owner of the main means of production in the society, the landlord also needed a strong government to suppress the resistance of the peasants to maintain his ownership of the land. In 140 BC, Wei Wan, the prime minister, told Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty that the officials recommended now all like legalist ideas, but they are not conducive to the unification of ideas. Their remarks are often in danger of disturbing public opinion. Emperor Hanwu then asked local officials to recommend people who understood Confucianism. He personally presided over the examination. When Dong Zhongshu answered Emperor Wu's question, he answered it very well. From then on, Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty began to attach importance to the Confucian scholars, let them participate in the management of the country, and some became prime ministers. "Dethroning all schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" was put forward by Dong Zhongshu, which means abolishing other thoughts and respecting only Confucianism. In the future, all officials should understand the Confucianism and use it to explain the law. The feudal orthodoxy in ancient China began to be established after Confucianism was respected, but the real comprehensive establishment was in the Sui and Tang Dynasties.

Influence and function

Background: Dong Zhongshu's cultural and educational policy of dismissing hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone is an epoch-making historical event in Chinese history. This policy was almost followed by the later generations of rulers for two thousand years, which had a profound impact on the development of China's culture and education and the formation of the common psychological quality of all ethnic groups. most ancient historians believe that this important historical event was made up of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and Dong Zhongshu. One was for the need of establishing a unified empire, and the other was for the need of competing for academic status. Therefore, the three strategies were just in time. In fact, the occurrence of this major historical event, like other major historical events, has its profound social background. As long as we go deep into the historical background at that time and carefully compare and explore, it is not difficult to reveal the truth. First of all, to respect Confucianism alone is the need to improve the skills of governing the people. From the establishment of the first emperor of Qin Dynasty to the reign of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, the unified feudal empire has experienced nearly 100 years. The main social contradiction of the feudal empire, that is, the contradiction between the peasants and the landlords, has been fully manifested. How to deal with and ease this contradiction is the basic starting point for the feudal rulers to choose and establish their ruling ideas. As for how to rule the people, the rulers of Han Dynasty seriously summed up the lessons of Qin's death. They believed that the rulers of Qin Dynasty were successful in winning the world, but failed in defending and ruling the world. This is because they did not know how to follow the principle of obedience. This conclusion is in line with the historical reality. After the founding of Qin Dynasty, he still lacked experience in how to deal with the contradiction between highly centralized politics and highly decentralized economy. He did not know that in order to strengthen the centralized rule, he must use the patriarchal system and patriarchal ideology to govern the small-scale peasant economy. What was particularly wrong was that he did not change the legal means when he merged the six countries, and did not use the way of ethical and moral education to deal with it

Chinese PinYin : bā chù bǎi jiā