Zhang Baixi

Zhang Baixi

Zhang Baixi (1847-1907), born in Changsha, Hunan Province, was named yeqiu, yizuo yeqiu and qianzhai. Minister of the late Qing Dynasty, a famous educator. Tongzhi 13 years (1874) Jinshi, granted editing. Guangwu seven years (1881), governor of Shandong academic politics. In 1888, Sichuan was examined. Fifteen years, life straight South study. Twenty one years, he moved to be a bachelor. In the 23rd year, he was in charge of studying politics in Guangdong and moved to the cabinet. After the 1898 coup, Kang Youwei was dismissed from his post because he was convicted of recommending him. In the 26th year, he served as the Minister of rites and promoted to the imperial censor of zuodu. Later, he successively served as the Secretary of the Ministry of work, the Ministry of punishment, the Ministry of officials, the Ministry of household and the Ministry of post. He once served as the Minister of education, presided over the Capital University, founded the medical and translatology Museum and the industrial museum, and selected foreign students to go abroad for further study.

He died in 1907 and was given the title of Wenda to Prince Shaobao.

Profile

Zhang Baixi, Minister of the late Qing Dynasty. He was born in shaping, Changsha, Hunan, and was buried in Chunhua Dongtian Village (now Baixi Village). Jinshi in Tongzhi period. He once served as editor and assistant. During the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895, he wrote a letter to impeach Li Hongzhang for his apparent war readiness, but in private he advocated peace talks. In 1898, he was a cabinet bachelor, in charge of the affairs of the Capital University. After the reform movement of 1898, Kang Youwei was dismissed from his post because he was convicted of recommending him. In 1901, the letter proposed to change the official system, manage finance, reform the imperial examination, set up schools, set up newspapers and other measures. Later, he successively served as Minister of the Ministry of industry, Ministry of official, Ministry of household and Ministry of post. Zhang Baixi had been an official for more than 30 years, actively advocated reform and self-improvement, and spoke out.

After the outbreak of Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895, Zhang Baixi impeached Li Hongzhang strictly. Shimin school was founded in 1897. He was the chief editor of Qing Huidian. In 1898, Kang Youwei was dismissed from his post because he recommended him as a special economic officer. In 1901, Zhang Baixi stated five reform plans: "to increase and reform the official system, to reorganize finance, to adapt the imperial examination, to build schools and to create newspapers.". We should promote reform and self-improvement. In September of the same year, he invited "to change the school of Beijing Normal University into a branch of the Imperial College, to rectify the name of the University, and to cultivate talents through one academic discipline." "The Tongwen library attached to the premier's Yamen is subordinate to the University.". On January 10, 1902, Zhang Baixi was appointed as the Minister of management, responsible for formulating the regulations of the University.

After Zhang Baixi was appointed as the Minister of management and education, he played a book on the preparation for the Capital University in 1902. He suggested that the preparation should be divided into two courses: Politics and art, and the preparation should be divided into official education and normal education. "The official school creates those who have already been on the official page to meet the needs of the new deal; the normal school is for the needs of the secondary school." At the same time, "it also has a lecture room, a compiler and a Book Company, and a wide range of books In July of the same year, he drafted six statutes of schools at all levels: the statutes of Beijing University, the statutes of entrance examination, the statutes of higher schools, the statutes of secondary schools, and the statutes of Mongolian schools, collectively referred to as the statutes of imperial schools. It is the first time for China to stipulate a complete educational system in the name of the government. In view of the lack of teaching and learning talents, Zhang Baixi selected more than 40 people to study in Europe, the United States and Japan, from which the provinces sent students with official fees. In the 29th year of Guangxu reign (1903), the hall of learning Jinshi was set up. In 1905, the thirty first year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu, he invited "to set up the subjects of law and politics, literature, Gezhi and engineering, so as to prepare for the promotion of Henan University Students and provincial higher education students after graduation." It is suggested that the wa kiln outside the gate of Guang'an and the official land outside the gate of Desheng should be used for the construction of the University, and the construction should be carried out according to the order. Zhang Baixi was mainly engaged in education management, focusing on the cultivation of talents, and made a pioneering contribution to the school of Beijing Normal University.

When preparing to build the school of Beijing Normal University, we paid attention to the construction of library. His private collection is also abundant. During his tenure as a scholar in Shandong Province, he collected many kinds of old collections from Wang Shizhen's "chibei library", Liu Xihai's "Weijing library" and Ma guohan's "Yuhan mountain room". The family has "Shengze garden" and has a collection of more than 500 Ming editions. son

Zhang Zhenying

In the Anti Japanese War, when Liu Chenggan's "jiayetang" collection came out, Zhang collected a lot of books. Later, Zhang failed in business and wanted to sell his books to pay his debts. Zhu Kezhen, President of Zhejiang University, returned home with a huge sum of money. There are hundreds of rare books.

Zhang Baixi's political ideas and educational thoughts are mainly scattered in his memorials. There are four volumes of Zhang Baixi's memorials, six volumes of tuisixuan's poetry anthology, and one volume of supplement in Yiwenzhi.

achievement

After 1901, they set up schools, newspapers, medical schools, translation schools and industrial schools, and sent students to study abroad. In 1902, Zhang Baixi presided over the drafting of the Charter of the Imperial College, which was the first complete educational system in the name of the government in China. He served as president of Peking University from January 1902 to January 1904.

work

A brief introduction to the preparation of Beijing University

Constitution of Beijing University

Regulations of entrance examination

Charter of Higher Education Institutions

Constitution of secondary school

Regulations of Mongolian school

Charter of imperial school

The history of the Qing Dynasty

Memorials to Zhang Baixi

Poems of tuisixuan

Addendum

Life

According to historical records such as draft of Qing Dynasty history, biographies of Qing Dynasty history and history of Peking University, Zhang Baixi (1847-1907) was born in Changsha, Hunan Province. He studied in Chengnan Academy of Changsha (now the former site of Changsha First Normal University) as a young boy, and became a scholar in 1874 (the 13th year of Tongzhi). His official career was smooth sailing. He once served as an official of Shidu, Shishuo, rishuo, Baijiu, Guozijian and zuodu of duchayuan He also served as the Minister of special envoy, Minister of government affairs, Minister of new tribute and examination, Minister of imperial examination, Minister of compilation of official system and other important official positions in Britain. He was awarded the yellow horse coat, the Forbidden City and the riding in Xiyuan gate by the Qing government. Zhang Baixi had been an official for more than 30 years in the Qing Dynasty, and held many important positions. However, Zhang Baixi's outstanding contribution to modern education was his true pioneer of modern education reform.

After the Sino Japanese War of 1894, China was in danger of being divided up by imperialism. In order to save the country, the reformers represented by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao advocated learning from foreign countries and carrying out reform. They believed that the reform should begin with abolishing the imperial examination and running schools. The Empress Dowager also had to claim that she wanted to "reform" and put forward that "it is an urgent task to develop schools and cultivate talents" and announced the gradual abolition of the imperial examination system. In January 1902, the Qing government sent Zhang Baixi, who was then the Minister of the Ministry of official affairs, to be concurrently the Minister of school management. He was specially responsible for the restoration and preparation of the school of Beijing Normal University. As recorded in the draft of the history of the Qing Dynasty, "Zhang Baixi" was appointed by Si Ren as a popular figure, so he was willing to start a school at home!

Before the reform movement of 1898, Zhang Baixi recommended Kang Youwei as a special economic subject. He believed that Kang Youwei had outstanding political ability and must be reused. Bai Xi actively supported Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao's idea of "Abolishing the imperial examination and running schools". After Bai Xi became the Minister of school management, he reformed the old education system -- the imperial examination system. The most prominent thing was to restore and reform the Capital University (the predecessor of Peking University).

In his opinion, the original Capital University (later known as the University of 1898) was still a feudal Academy. Therefore, Baixi abandoned sleep and food, devoted himself to creating a foundation, looking for talents and reforming the education system. In his memorial to the Qing court, he said: "the university should have a detailed legal system, a large scale, and be immediately viewed by all the nations of the five continents, rather than the academic community. So the world tried to control chaos, test the rise and fall, and distinguish the strong from the weak. This is the origin of talents, and the origin of civilization. Today, we are discussing how to hold a big school instead of just rectifying it. It really depends on opening up as an important task. We should not stick to the old system, and we should be perfunctory until we can see the results.

In August 1902, Baixi drew on the advanced experience of western school running, combined with the actual situation of our country, personally presided over the drafting of a set of school regulations, which was approved by the Qing government to issue and implement. This regulation is known as the "imperial school regulations", which is also the first complete school system in the name of the government in China.

The regulations include the regulations of all levels of schools from elementary school (kindergarten), primary school, middle school to university, unifying the education system of all levels of schools throughout the country. There are eight chapters and eighty-four sections in the constitution of Beijing Normal University, which have made detailed provisions on the school running program, subject setting, curriculum arrangement, enrollment methods, graduation distribution, employment of teachers, leadership system and teaching discipline. Its tenet is: "the establishment of the Capital University inspires loyalty and love, opens up wisdom, vitalizes industry" and "corrects the trend, cultivates generalists, which is the guiding principle of running a school." According to the constitution, the university is divided into three levels: preparatory, specialized and college. The college preparatory course is divided into two subjects, one is politics, which includes economic history, politics, law, business and financial management, and the other is arts, which includes sound, electricity, chemistry, agriculture, industry, medicine and accounting. Three years' graduation of preparatory course and three years' graduation of undergraduate course are equivalent to modern undergraduate course. The subjects set up below are equivalent to the colleges of modern university. The subjects are divided into sub items, which are equivalent to the departments of modern university. The colleges are equivalent to the graduate schools of modern University. At that time, there were 7 subjects and 35 items in the branch universities.

In order to run the university well, Zhang Baixi paid great attention to recruiting talents. He selected Wu Rulun, the famous leader of Tongcheng school, which is directly under the jurisdiction of Zhizhou, as the chief teacher of the University. At first, Wu Rulun didn't want to take up the post, so Zhang Baixi couldn't get up on his knees in his tuxedo and said, "I'm a teacher for the whole country. I'll be a disciple for the whole country. No, sir

Chinese PinYin : Zhang Bai Xi