Zhang Huaiyu

Zhang Huaiyu

Zhang Huaiyu, born and died in Hailing, Yangzhou, is a calligrapher and calligrapher of Tang Dynasty. Li Zhimin commented: "Zhang Huaiyan takes Taoism as the main idea, Zhang Huaiyan talks about the essence of metaphysics, but sun Guoting fails to come.".

During the Kaiyuan period, he worshipped the Imperial Academy, moved to the right and led Cao to join the army. He is very proud of his own calligraphy, claiming that "regular script and running script can be compared with Yu Shinan and Chu suiliang, and cursive script wants to walk alone for hundreds of years.". CHEN Si, a scholar of the Southern Song Dynasty, wrote a short history of calligraphy, which called it "good and upright, action and cursive". No handwriting exists.

His works include Shuyi, shuduan, Shugu, Huaduan, Pingshu Yaoshi Lun, Liuti shulun, on ten methods of using pen, Yutang Jinjing, and Wenlun, which are important works of calligraphy theory.

Personal works

Zhang Huaiyu's calligraphy criticism works include shuduan, Zhuangzi Yaoshi Lun, Shugu, Shuyi, Yutang Jinjing, yongbi Shifa, shujue, Liuti Lun and Wenzi Lun. Zhang Yanyuan of the Tang Dynasty quoted some anecdotes in his notes on famous paintings of the past dynasties.

Shuduan describes the origin and development of ten style books, and the third grade of storytellers. The value of Shukuai is high or low, Shuyi evaluates 19 famous calligraphers, Wenzi Lun discusses books with friends, Yutang Jinjing, ten methods of using brush, shujue and Pingshu Yaoshi Lun all describe calligraphy skills, and Huaduan evaluates painters' third grade.

Main achievements

There are ten styles in Zhang huaizhen's Calligraphy: Guwen, Dazhuan, Zhenwen, Xiaozhuan, Bafen, Lishu, Zhangcao, Xingshu, feibaihe and caoshu. He pointed out that "in addition to the ten books, there are books about tortoise, snake, Lin, tiger, cloud, dragon, insect and bird. They are not important books in the world, and they are not accepted.". In Tang Dynasty, sun Guoting held the same view as him in his book book book Shupu. These miscellaneous books are occasionally seen in the folk, but they are not included in the scope of calligraphy research.

Seal script

Zhang huaizhen said: "there is a small difference between (Zhen Wen) and ancient Chinese characters and big seal characters." In other words, Guwen, Dazhuan and Zhenwen are almost the same. In this case, in line with the classification principle of "removing minor differences and taking great harmony", the above three parts are combined into one, which is collectively referred to as seal script. Xiaozhuan was founded by the first emperor of Qin Dynasty, who banned other styles of calligraphy and burned books. The so-called "Zhuan", he said: "Zhuan, Zhuan also." The so-called "big seal" and "small seal" do not mean that the characters are big or small. This is the meaning of ancient and modern. According to ancient and modern legend, Da Zhuan is Zhuan, Xiao Zhuan is also Zhuan. He said: "Xiaozhuan is to increase or decrease Dazhuan, which is similar to Jiwen." In this case, and ancient, Da Zhuan, Zhen Wen and Xiao Zhuan as a class, collectively referred to as seal can also be.

Regular script and official script

He also said: "regular script and official script were made at the beginning, and the big and small seal characters were similar to each other", "and they were called official script for its square and round shape." This clearly tells us two points: first, changing the circle of seal characters into square is Li, which has the meaning of seal characters; second, regular script and Li are basically the same. From this, we can see that the official script in Tang Dynasty is regular script, which is different from the official script we recognize today. And "(eight points) originally called regular script", "cover its age deep, gradually if eight characters scattered, also known as eight points." In a word, we can classify Li and Bafen into one category, which is called Lishu.

Cursive script

Cursive script includes Zhang Cao, Xing Cao, Jin Cao (Xiao Cao) and Kuang Cao (DA Cao). He pointed out that "the beginning of cursive script is due to drafting", which is the fundamental reason for the formation and development of cursive script, that is, he said "the ancestor comes from this". "Zhangcao is the agility of Lishu, and grass is also the agility of Zhangcao". This sentence tells us the essential relationship between Zhangcao and grass, especially with modern grass. He didn't use the name "wild grass" in shuduan. He wrote that the cursive script "is implicated in the top and bottom, or borrowed from the bottom to the top of the bottom, the odd shape is separated and combined, and the number and meaning are both included", "the deification is self-contained, and the metamorphosis is endless", which is already the description of wild grass. Therefore, Zhangcao, Jincao, bingcao and xingcao can be generally divided into cursive script.

running script

In shuduan, Zhang Huaiyu said: running script "is the little fake of the original script". What is a proper book? He didn't say what kind of style the book belonged to, but he used the concept. He also said that running script is "not grass, not real". What is a real book? What kind of style does the real book belong to? He didn't say it, but he also used the concept. Today, we know that "Zhengshu", "zhenshu" and "kaishu" refer to the same style, but only different names. As for running script, he also said: "running script is not grass, it is not true. It depends on Ji Meng. Those who are also true are called true deeds, and those who carry grass are called running grass. " Is there any running script that is neither true nor cursive? He didn't say it. It's hard to say. Since the cursive script has been included in the cursive script, Zhenxing can be included in the real book. Because of its strong practicability, these two kinds of running script, which are also true with grass, are still divided into different styles.

Flying white body

As for the feibai style, Zhang huaixuan said that Cai Yong of the Eastern Han Dynasty saw one day that he decorated the Hongdu gate with the words of "Jieren with chalky brooms, and his heart was happy, so he returned to the book of feibai" and "wrote the palace pavilion with the title". This is a kind of practical book style, its method is lost, its trace does not exist, there is no way to check. Therefore, it is no longer necessary to set up an integrated system.

Historical influence

Since ancient times, Chinese characters and calligraphy have their own characteristics in form and charm. It shows amazing intelligence and creativity. As far as the classification of book style is concerned, in the narrow sense, people are all in one; in the broad sense, we should give up the minor differences, take the great harmony, and try to be simple. It is no doubt a great progress that Zhang Huaiyu summed up the style of the book into ten styles. There is no doubt that the classification of Chinese characters is greatly influenced by Zhang Huaiyu's style.

Liu Xizai, a native of Xinghua in the Qing Dynasty, wrote in his book general introduction to art: "there are two kinds of books: Zhuan, Fen and Zheng. They are both detailed and quiet. It's a kind of grass and a kind of walking. It's both simple and moving. " It can be divided into detailed, simple, dynamic and static. This is a category that can't be simplified any more. Interestingly, there are two types of strokes in books: dots and lines. There are vertical and horizontal, up and down, oblique, Yirang and Xiangbei between points and lines. Dots and lines written in ink and white paper form black and white. Movement and stillness, point and line, black and white are opposite and complement each other, which embodies the way of yin and Yang and constructs a calligraphy world. It embodies the philosophy and aesthetic taste pursued by the traditional Chinese culture of the unity of man and nature.

Each of the ten style books listed by Zhang Huaiyu first indicated that it was made by so and so, which is somewhat reluctant. However, in shuduanlun, he said: "the ten systems of Quan and Yu are mutually clear. All things of creation and revolution begin from the beginning and gradually become obvious. " This is also true. This shows the emergence and application of characters and calligraphy. And in the long-term process of application, it continues to evolve and develop, from ancient times and today to the future. For example, who made simplified Chinese characters and their calligraphy? Even if one of the words, such as "Han", was created by who? We can only say "the public", which is the origin of the development of writing and calligraphy. Therefore, it is not necessary to make a mechanical confirmation of the ancestors of his various styles, but only a vague identification.

"Shuduan" volume, volume under: "from the Yellow Emperor Shi Cangjie, to the emperor Huangmen zhuanlang Lu zangyong On the difference between its advantages and disadvantages, for God, wonderful, can three products, a pass. There are also those who are attached to the case. They can be regarded as a comment, and they can't tell whether they are hidden or not. " In the history of Chinese calligraphy, he was the earliest one to comment on books according to the three qualities of "spirit, subtlety and ability". Therefore, the summary of Siku Quanshu says that "the calligrapher has three grades, and since then the book has begun.". This will promote the creation, appreciation and collection of books. Mencius said, "if you have the skill of watching the water, you must watch the waves.". There are also techniques for reading, "three grades" is a kind of technique.

At the beginning of the volume is the foreword, followed by the general items of God, Miao and Neng. After that, there were three kinds of works: distraction, subtlety and energy. In each of them, the calligraphers wrote biographies one by one in chronological order and made detailed comments. In the volume, it is judged as excellent product, and in the next volume, it is judged as capable product. Then there is a summary.

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