Cui Hong

Cui Hong

Cui Hong (478-525), whose name is yanluan, was born in He county, dongqinghe county (now Cuizhuang village, Baimahu Town, Xiajin County, Shandong Province). During the northern and Southern Dynasties, he was a minister and historian of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the grandson of Cui Lingyan, the prefect of Changguang, and the son of Cui Jingyou, the prefect of Liangjun.

Born in Qinghe, Cui's wushuifang is fond of reading, and has a profound knowledge of classics and history. With the help of menyin, he became an official of Pengcheng, including yuanwailang, Yubu doctor, geishizhong, cibu doctor, Shangshu dubing doctor, Zhennan Changshi, Yuanwai Sanqi Changshi, Gaoyang Wangyou and situ Zuoshi.

Emperor Xiaoming ascended the throne and served as a servant of Huangmen. He also served as an official of sanqichangshi and dazhongzheng of Qizhou. He died of illness and was presented with Zhendong general, duzhishangshu and Qingzhou governor. He is the author of the historical book the spring and Autumn period of the Sixteen States.

Life of the characters

Cui Hong is smart and studious. He wrote books when he was young. In the last years of Taihe, he served as Zuo Changshi of Pengcheng King (yuanxie). In the middle of Jingming Dynasty, wailang, a migrant worker, and a doctor in the Department of Yu, also served as a minister, wrote notes on daily life. He moved to Shizhong, the doctor of ancestral temple, and the doctor of Shangshu dubing. He was honest and honest, and was admired by his colleagues. Yongping early years, for the Zhennan general (xingluan) long history. He was a doctor of three years old, a general of light chariot with a plus number, and an official of three years old. In the second year of Yanchang (513), he took the opportunity to test all the officials and suggested to the imperial court that "those who are able to perform well must be called as officials. They should not be restricted to those who are at the first or the second level.". At the end of Yanchang period, he was named as a backbone general, a scattered doctor in the middle of the migration, a friend of King Gaoyang (Yuanyong), and a chief historian of situ Zuo. In the early years of Zhengguang, he was a former general of Canada. In the early years of Xiaochang, he paid homage to the Minister of Huangmen, and served as a regular official of Sanqi and dazhongzheng of Qizhou. He was a general of Zhendong, a minister of Duzhi and a governor of Qingzhou. He wrote the notes on daily life by Emperor Shizong of Gaozu. His works include 102 volumes of the spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen States.

personal works

process

His uncle Cui Guang was a famous historian. He was an official of the Northern Wei Dynasty. He was the prince Shaofu, situ, Shizhong and Guozi. He once participated in the compilation of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Cui Hong's ambition is to write a comprehensive and systematic record of the history of the Sixteen States. He believes that since the "eight kings' rebellion" in the Western Jin Dynasty, although "the place where the soldiers are, competing for the tree of self-esteem", but "there are six out of ten who can build the state and become the Warring States". Although they are all the regimes established by ethnic minorities, they are the political representatives and symbols of this era and an inseparable part of Chinese history. It is also of great significance to summarize the experience and lessons of this era. "The rise and fall of good and evil, and the use of military forces to take advantage of the power of the society, are also enough to hang down in the future and make clear the admonition.". In addition, although each of the Sixteen States has its own national documents recording its own historical events, "the histories are incomplete, the style is incomplete, the cataloguing is complicated and fallacious, and the complexity is lost.". It is urgent to "correct the differences and make them into one book" and compile a complete history of this era.

From the first year of Jingming (500 years), Cui Hong began to collect the old history and other information of the Sixteen Kingdoms. As the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty was just moved to Luoyang, all kinds of books were "scattered", so he had to "seek public and private, drive several years", so as to occupy the materials in detail. In order to copy and collect historical materials, he almost exhausted his family property and salary, and sometimes he didn't even have money to buy paper. It can be seen that he was engaged in writing in a poor life.

By the third year of Zhengshi (506), the first draft of the spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen States had been basically completed. However, in order to write the last five volumes of "Shu Lu", he went around to buy the Shu Shu Shu written by Chang fan, which recorded the history of Shu state, but he couldn't get it for a long time. For this reason, he had been waiting patiently for nearly 20 years, until he got this book, he wrote the last five volumes. From this we can see the preciseness of the author's works. In this way, it was not until the third year of Zhengguang (522) that the spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen States was finally completed.

The style of the spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen States compiled by Cui Hong is relatively complete. It changes the books of various countries into records, mainly records, and officials as biographies. Because the narrative of this historical book is orthodox in Jin Dynasty, and it is afraid of disobeying the imperial court of Northern Wei Dynasty, so when Cui Hong was alive, it was not publicized. After Cui Hong's death, his son yuan wrote a book and played it to the imperial court in the Yongan period. Because of the rich contents of the book, it was still a valuable work at that time. When the book of Jin was compiled in the Tang Dynasty, a lot of materials were collected from this book, and many books of Tang and Song dynasties were also included. Unfortunately, this book has been lost since the Northern Song Dynasty. There are two kinds of current editions: one is the supplement to the spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen States compiled by Tu qiaosun in the Ming Dynasty; the other is the supplement to the spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen States compiled by Tang Qiu in the Qing Dynasty.

In the fifth year of Zhengguang (524), Cui Guang, the father of Cui Hongbo, was critically ill. Cui Guang has been in charge of compiling the history of the Northern Wei Dynasty for many years, but he thinks that the history of this dynasty can not be completed by the people of this dynasty. Historians only need to record current events and compile volumes and catalogues to fulfill their duties. Therefore, until his death, the history of Wei was still a little bit more. Cui Guang pinned his hope on Cui Hong for compiling the history of the country. He said to him that "the talent of the group is not the king's", and recommended Cui Hong to Emperor Xiaoming.

In the fifth year of Zhengguang (524), Cui Hong was ordered to write the history of the state. Unfortunately, he fell ill and died the next year. Cui Hongnian was only 48 years old when he died.

In the first year of Yong'an (528), Emperor Xiaozhuang's son Cui Ziyuan wrote a copy of the spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms written by his father, which was presented to the imperial court and stored in the history museum. Later, due to the vicissitudes of the world, the original lost, now there is the Qing Dynasty tangqiu "Sixteen States spring and autumn supplement" handed down.

Work evaluation

Cui Hong was the first person to write history for the minority regime. He regarded the period of the Sixteen States as an important historical stage, raised the history of the minority regime to the official position, and devoted his whole life to it. His "spring and autumn of the Sixteen States" not only has valuable historical value, but also has special significance in the history of historiography. It is the first time in the history of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Liao and Jin Dynasties, Yuan Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, and it is the beginning of the development of ethnic relations in ancient China A symbol of a new stage.

The spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen States, written by Cui Hong of the Northern Wei Dynasty, is an important document for studying the history of the Sixteen States. We can see that the spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen States is a remnant of the Ming Dynasty. Scholars in the Qing Dynasty have speculated on the time when the spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms was lost. Wang Mingsheng believes that "gaidang died in the Five Dynasties and early Song Dynasty." Qian Daxin believes that "Song people have not seen this book." However, Wang and Qian did not do in-depth research. In fact, the spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen States still existed in the Song Dynasty. For example, Taiping Yulan, a large-scale category book compiled in the early Northern Song Dynasty, is the one with the most copies of the spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms. Sima Guang's famous historical work Zizhitongjian in the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty also copied a large number of historical materials from the spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen States. In the Southern Song Dynasty, we can still find traces of the existence of the spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen States. As mentioned in his master's miscellaneous notes in the early Southern Song Dynasty, he read the spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen States. Suichutang bibliography, one of the four catalogues in Song Dynasty, describes the spring and Autumn period of Sixteen States. Even Yang Sheng'an, a scholar in the middle of Ming Dynasty, saw the spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen States, which was earlier than the fragmentary edition of the spring and Autumn Annals of the sixteen states that appeared in Wanli years. This shows that the spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen States still existed in the middle of Ming Dynasty.

The spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen States is a dynastic history written by Cui Hong of the Northern Wei Dynasty, which records the rise and fall of the sixteen regimes in the north from the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty to the unification of the north by the Northern Wei Dynasty. The period of Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties was a turbulent one, but for historiography, it was a developing one. During this period, the name of "official history" began to appear, and in the classification of books, the "catalogue of history department" was formally formed, which promoted historiography from being a vassal of Confucian classics to an independent subject, and established an important position next to Confucian classics. It can be said that the Wei, Jin and southern and Northern Dynasties, which inherited the unification of the Qin and Han Dynasties and then the flourishing of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, showed unprecedented prosperity in the development of historiography.

Cui Hong's family background is not only rich in the tradition of historiography, but also his high family background, which provides favorable conditions for his completion of the book. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, Cui family was a big family of gaomen in northern China. Cui Kuang, the great ancestor of Cui Hong, who originally lived in Qinghe County, Hebei Province, moved to Qingzhou with murongde, the leader of Nanyan in his early years. Cui Kuang was an official to the prefect of Leling when he was Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty. Cui Lingyan, the grandfather of Cui Hong, was the general of Longxiang, the prefect of Changguang and the Marquis of Neiguan when he was Emperor Xiaowu of the Song Dynasty. In the 20th year of Emperor Xiaowen's Taihe reign (496), Murong Baiyao, the great general of the Northern Wei Dynasty, conquered the Southern Qi Dynasty, and Cui Lingyan was captured as a defeated general and moved to the vicinity of Daijing in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Cui Hong's uncle Cui Guang was also moved. Later, Cui Guang became an official of the Northern Wei Dynasty, participated in the confidential affairs, and became an important official of the Tuoba Dynasty. Cui Hong's father, Cui Jingyou, is Cui Guang's younger brother. He once served as the prefect of Zhizhong and Liangjun. More importantly, Cui Guang was also an important historian of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Since he was 30 years old, he was a writer and participated in the compilation of the history of the Northern Wei Dynasty. At the age of 73, he died of illness. Cui Guang spent most of his life in the position of historian, which may have affected Cui Hong's historiography.

Cui Hong is also full of talent and learning. "Wei Shu" said it was "less good at reading, comprehensive classics and history", famous for its talent and learning in Luoyang. In his whole life, he lived in the three dynasties of Xiaowen, Xuanwu and Xiaoming. His official career was relatively smooth. In addition to his official career, he was appointed as a historian. In 496, Cui Hong was worshipped as Zuo Changshi of Pengcheng Kingdom and began his political career. In the third year of emperor Xuanwu's reign in Jingming Dynasty, he moved to wailang, a member of the court, and served as a secretary to Yu caolangzhong. He moved to Shizhong and cibu Lang, and transferred to Shangshu dubing Lang. At the beginning of Yongping period, he moved to San Gong Lang (Doctor of three gongs) to join the general of light chariot, and then moved to other places to lead the doctor. In the fourth year of Yanchang (515), he moved to zhongsan and Wangyou of Gaoyang. He was also the history of situ Chang. In the third year of Zhengguang (520), a former general of Canada participated in the daily life of Emperor Xiaowen and Emperor Xuanwu. In the fifth year of Zhengguang (524), the national history was compiled with this official. At the beginning of Xiaochang, he paid homage to the Minister of Huangmen, and sought to be a regular official of Sanqi and Dazhong in Qizhou.

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