Qu Dajun

Qu Dajun

Qu Dajun (1630-1696), originally named Shaolong, also known as Shaolong, was born in Panyu, Guangdong Province. At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, he was a famous scholar and poet. Together with Chen Gongyin and Liang Peilan, he was known as "three great masters of Lingnan" and "Xu Xiake of Guangdong". He once engaged in anti Qing activities with Wei Geng and others. Later, he became a monk to avoid misfortune, but he still changed to Confucianism in middle age. Most of his works were destroyed in Yongzheng and Qianlong dynasties. Later generations compiled wengshan wenwai, wengshan yiwai, Guangdong Xinyu and chengrenlu, which are collectively known as "qutuo five books".

Life of the characters

Qu Dajun was born on October 10, 1630 (the third year of Chongzhen). As a child, he lived in Xichang, Nanhai county (today's Xichang, Liwan District, Guangzhou) with his father of the Shao family. In 1645 (the second year of Shunzhi), he returned to Panyu with his father, restored the surname Qu and renamed Dajun. In his early years, he was under Chen Bangyan's family. In 1645 (the second year of Shunzhi), he was a student of Nanhai county.

Participating in the struggle against the Qing Dynasty

In 1646 (the third year of Shunzhi), the Qing army occupied Guangzhou. In 1648 (the fifth year of Shunzhi), Qu Dajun took part in the anti Qing struggle of his division Chen Bangyan, Chen Zizhuang and Zhang Jiayu, and failed in the same year. Later, in Zhaoqing, he presented the six canons of Zhongxing to Yongli emperor of the Southern Ming Dynasty, and was awarded the Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.

In his early years, he was influenced by Chen Bangyan's thoughts. He once participated in the anti Qing struggle launched by Chen Bangyan and others, and took the risk to collect their remains after they were killed. Later, in order to avoid the persecution of the Qing government, he went to the temple to become a monk and named his residence "death nunnery" to show that he would not surrender to the Qing government. During this period, he traveled all over the country in the name of Huayuan, actively participated in anti Qing activities, and sent people to send intelligence to Zheng Chenggong, a famous general of anti Qing Dynasty, in order to guide Zheng's boat division to attack Nanjing along the sea.

Travel all over the world

In 1650 (the seventh year of Shunzhi), the Qing army encircled Guangzhou again. In order to avoid disaster, Qu Dajun cut his hair to become a monk in Haiyun temple, Leifeng, Panyu county. The name of this kind of monk is Yiling, and he named his residence "death nunnery" as an oath not to be used by the Qing government.

In 1656 (the 13th year of Shunzhi), he began to travel all over the world in the name of Huayuan. He traveled to Wuyue, Youyan, Qilu, Jingchu, Qin and Jin. He traveled to Guanzhong and Shanxi in the north, went to Kuaiji to Nanjing to pay homage to Ming Xiaoling, and then went to Beijing to climb Jingshan to find Chongzhen's death. He had contacts with Gu Yanwu, Li Yindu and Zhu YIZUN. And the east out of the mountain customs, pay attention to the mountains and rivers, dark plans to resume business. In Liaodong, he wrote "leaving the fortress" and "songs on the fortress" by paying homage to yuan Chonghuan's former residence. After returning to Guannei, he actively wandered among Qi, Lu, Wu and Yue, and secretly contacted Zheng Chenggong with Wei Jing and Qi bansun in Kuaiji. Later, Zhang Huangyan led his army up the river, conquered Wuhu, took Hui, Ning, and xiazhou County for more than 30 years.

Participating in the anti Qing campaign

In the autumn of 1660 (the 17th year of Shunzhi), Qu Dajun visited Nanjing, visited the mountains with Zhu YIZUN, and took part in the anti Qing activities of Qi brothers. In 1662, Wei Jing, Qian zhanbai, Qian zuanzeng and pan tingcong were killed in Hangzhou. Qi bansun sent Xu Ning ancient pagoda and Dajun fled to Tonglu.

In 1673 (the 12th year of Kangxi), Wu Sangui, the king of Pingxi, denounced the rebellion against the Qing Dynasty with the title of "ready to return to the throne". Qu Dajun went to Guangxi to take part in it, and was appointed as the Deputy Secretary of Guangxi inspection department to supervise sun Yanling's army. Not long after, he was aware of Wu Sangui's intention to fight for hegemony in the name of anti Qing, so he resigned and returned to Guangdong.

Returning home to write

In 1674 (the 13th year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi), after Taiwan returned to the Qing Dynasty, Qu had stopped his anti Qing activities. He shifted his mind to the collection and compilation of Guangdong literature, materials and anecdotes, and compiled Guangdong anthology and selected works of Guangdong. What people admire is that, despite the ban of the Qing government, he wrote the record of Chengren in the four dynasties of the Ming Dynasty, praising the anti Qing patriots at the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, which caused great repercussions among the adherents at the end of the Ming Dynasty. He also wrote Guangdong new language, which records the materials of astronomy, geography, mineral resources, plants, animals, culture, nationality and customs of Guangdong. It is considered as a love letter of Guangdong with high historical value. Qu Dajun is one of the "three great poets" in the field of Lingnan poetry. He has a great influence on the style of Modern Lingnan poetry. Most of the poems in his later years expressed the feelings of anti Qing struggle.

On June 27, 1696, he died of illness in his hometown. After his death, he was reported to have anti Qing feelings because of his work Chengren record of the four dynasties of the Ming Dynasty. Emperor Yongzheng and Emperor Qianlong respectively ordered a thorough investigation and burned the book.

Literary achievements

Qu Dajun had many literary talents, among which poetry was the most successful. According to Mr. Zhu Xizu's textual research on Qu Dajun's works, Qu's works were banned three times during the reign of Emperor Yongzheng and Emperor Qianlong, and no less than 30 kinds of Qu's works can be found. Before Qu Dajun's death, his published poetry collections included daoyuantang collection, wengshan's poetry collection, and saoxi. Soon after his death, he published new Qu wengshan's poetry collection and Ling's poetry collection Selected poems of the three great southern poets. Although the main theme of Qu's poems is to resist the Qing Dynasty, restore the Ming Dynasty and carry forward the national solar term, his poems are full of concern for society and people's livelihood. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, Zhou Bing, a famous scholar, wrote a preface to wengshan poetry anthology, saying that his poems could be appreciated and praised by people from all walks of life (from "scholar bureaucrats of the time", down to "scholars in remote areas and ordinary scholars of small life"), and enjoyed a great reputation in China. This is also a true portrayal of wengshan school's popularity in the future. Some scholars point out that Qu Dajun's poems follow the example of the patriotic poet Qu Yuan and follow the example of Du Fu, a poet who pays attention to the people's livelihood. However, he creates his own "wengshan School of poetry" and forms a unique style with bright words, strong emotions and magnificent images. He organically combines the beauty of literary grace, sexy beauty and rational beauty And the beauty of emotion follows the beauty of reason. This perfect combination makes his poems have soul stirring artistic appeal

All his life, Qu Dajun traveled through mountains and rivers, contacted people with lofty ideals, and hoped to restore China. "In sixty-six years When it's difficult, prepare to taste the hardships "(Sheng Kuang Zi Zhi). Therefore, poetry is mainly about this kind of experience and feelings. For example: "the country's rivers and mountains are dreamy, and the Chinese characters are lost again" (ren Xu's Tomb Sweeping day work); "the sad wind of thousands of miles goes out of the fortress, and the bright moon shines homesickness in three years" (seeing off guests in the road of Zijingguan); "today we are in a state of confusion, and the sun and the moon shake our way." The mountain ghosts are charming, and the pioneers are two wolves. If you are loyal to your master, how can I hurt you when you die "(12 of yonghuai);" sages are shameful and good, but they are precious and have a hard time. ". If you don't cut too much, the dragon will make waves. In the suitcase, there are "Yin Fu" and "how can I have leisure in my life" ("farewell to Wang Er Zhang Yu an") and so on. They are all generous and passionate, full of boundless affection for ambition.

For example, Guo Daliang, Sai Shangqu, Han shanghuai, Wang Yunzhou, Jiu Jing Qinghuai, zaofa Datong, Lu liantai, yonghuai, etc. all of them are the expressions of his passion for patriotism. Qu Dajun expressed his sorrow for the corruption of Nanming regime in some other poems, such as Yangzhou Ganjiu, baimen qiuwang, menghuxing, Datong exclamation, folk songs, cairenai, Gaozhou dashuizuo, leinv Zhige Ge and so on. He exposed and criticized the tyranny of the Qing Dynasty and expressed deep sympathy for the sufferings of the people. The artistic characteristics of Qu Dajun's poems are bold, vigorous and full of fantastic imagination, which is the top of the "three schools of Lingnan". Wang Ying's preface to the poems of the three great masters of the south of the five ridges was rated as: "like a thousand gullies rushing to the waves, it flows for thousands of miles, without stopping, without exhausting. Among them, there are many dragon gods and monsters, not like the shallow water of Pinghu Lake, only fish and turtles. "

One of Qu Dajun's Zhuzhi CI in Guangzhou reads: "foreign ships are officials and businessmen, and cross doors open to the two oceans. Five silk and eight silk satins are good, and thirteen lines of money are piled up. " It is not only a strong local color, but also the earliest written record of the thirteen elements in Guangzhou. It is still the main historical basis for historians to study the origin and change of the thirteen elements. Qu Dajun left precious historical and cultural wealth to later generations.

His prose is steeped in the Qin and Han Dynasties, simple and ancient, with extraordinary character. There are not many CI works, such as Ziyu Xiangman, Songyan, Changting grudge, and staying at Yanmen pass with Li Tiansheng in winter. They are also worthy of being the works of "excited voice and emotion, gushing out" and "vertical and horizontal arrangement" (ye gongchuo's guangchaizhongci).

Guangdong Xinyu, one of his representative works, records the astronomy, geography, economy, scenery, characters and customs of Guangdong. It is a collection of the strengths of various historical records, with detailed description and rich content. It has high historical value and academic value. It has been handed down from generation to generation and has always been highly appraised. Contemporary scholars call it "Guangdong encyclopedia". Although it is not a special book on science and technology, some scholars have counted that it covers 68% of the whole book. There are 100000 words about agriculture, and two thirds about the national economy and people's livelihood, which comprehensively reflects the general situation of Guangdong's economic development in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. Some scholars also specially discussed Qu Dajun's research on natural science. They thought that he paid attention to scientific practice, comprehensive research and philosophical generalization, which reflected his simple dialectics. Qu Dajun established a practical historiography centered on social and economic life, and "taking poetry as history" played a pioneer role in the transition from feudal traditional historiography to modern historiography.

Selected Poems

For example: folk songs, farewell to Lord Cen on autumn evening, autumn evening of mountain shooting, white chrysanthemum, reading biography of Chen Sheng, Lu liantai, confessions to Li and his disciples, long Zhong, Huaqian, Renwu Qingming, moling, etc.

member of family

There are eight children raised by Qu Dajun, named after "Ming", such as Ming Hong and Ming Dynasty

Chinese PinYin : Qu Da Jun1