Kuncan

Kuncan

Kuncan (1612-1692), a painter of Qing Dynasty. His family name is Liu. After becoming a monk, his name is kuncan. His name is JieQiu. He is called Shixi, Baitu, shidaoren, Shixi daoren, maidaoren and Dianzhu daoren. Huguang Wuling (now Changde, Hunan) people. Together with Shi Tao, they are called "Ershi", and together with Badashan people, Hongren and Shi Tao, they are called "four painting monks in the early Qing Dynasty". After visiting famous mountains and rivers, he lived in Youqi Temple of Niushou mountain in Nanjing and had close contact with Cheng zhengkui. Wang Meng is good at landscape painting. He likes to use dry brush and light ink to render, with light ochre as the base. The layout is complex, dark and dense, and the artistic conception is deep. Good at calligraphy and poetry. The surviving works include the picture of layered rocks and valleys, the picture of sleeping, the picture of green sky, the picture of fishing on the qingcanjiang River, etc.

brief introduction

Kuncan (1612-1692) was a painter in the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty. One of the four monks in the early Qing Dynasty. Liu, a native of Wuling (now Changde City, Hunan Province), lives in Nanjing. He lost his mother when he was young, so he became a monk. The name of kuncan is Shi Xi, Jie Qiu and Bai Tu, and the name of remnant Taoist, Dian Zhu Taoist and Shi Taoist. When he was 43 years old, he settled in Dabaoen temple in Nanjing. Later, he moved to Youqi temple in NIUSHOUSHAN and spent the rest of his life. He was a silent man with a chronic illness. He devoted himself to art. He was good at making friends with Cheng zhengkui (Cheng zhengkui, a Taoist of Qingxi). He was called Er Xi at that time. In art, he was also called Er Shi with Shi Tao. He was good at painting mountains and rivers, as well as figures and flowers. Landscape painting mainly inherited the four traditions of Yuan Dynasty, especially Wang Meng and Huang Gongwang. The composition is complicated and overlapping, the realm is deep and magnificent, the pen and ink are deep and vigorous, and the performance techniques of the mountain stones, such as the hemp covered and textured, and the Jiesuo textured, are mostly changed from Wang Meng; while the barren and gloomy mountain stone structure, the light and calm light crimson color, are close to Huang Gongwang's method. He also lived far away from Dong Yuan and Juran of the Five Dynasties, and learned from Dong Qichang and Wen Zhengming of the Ming Dynasty. On the basis of learning tradition, those who attach importance to learning from nature and say that "on the essence of painting, they must read more history of calligraphy.". Only when there are few sources of mountaineering can we create ideas. He spent most of his life in the mountains and rivers, often stopping at famous mountains and rivers, wandering back and forth. His "secluded nature in the gully", "spring and stone in the gaohuang", subjective emotion, temperament and objective scenery, artistic conception of the induction, blend, make his landscape true feeling, shape and lyric into one. The mountains and waters created in this work are plain and dangerous. The mountains and rivers are complex. They open and close in an orderly way. They are dense but not forced to close. They are well structured, stable and full of changes. They create a unique, deep and fascinating scene and vividly convey the dense and rich atmosphere of Jiangnan mountains and rivers. He likes to use the pen, bald, vigorous and dignified, dry but not dry, and with thick and light ink rendering, so that the pen and ink blend, forming a lush, lush, hearty taste, so that the picture has a magnificent, vertical and horizontal vigorous momentum. The living representative work is the painting of Baoen temple, which depicts Baoen temple outside the jubaomen gate in Nanjing. Through generalization and refinement, it shows the majestic and strange atmosphere of Jinling scenic spot. "The painting of flowing spring in Yundong", "the painting of layered rocks overlapping gullies" and "the painting of rain washing mountain roots" (both in the Palace Museum) show the distinctive artistic characteristics of Shixi with its dense layout, vigorous brushwork, lush scenery and deep realm.

Life

Kuncan has been fond of painting since he was a child. When he was young, he abandoned his career. At the age of 20, he cut his hair to become a monk and traveled around famous mountains. When he was more than 30 years old, the Ming Dynasty perished. He joined the anti Qing team of he Tengjiao in the Southern Ming Dynasty, and took refuge in Taohuayuan in Changde after the failure of anti Qing. The flames of war forced him to stay away from the mountains. About his experience in the jungle of ancient temples, Cheng zhengkui's biography of Shixi recorded: "in the depths of the peach garden, there are many strange mountains and rivers, strange trees, strange birds and rare animals, strange sounds and ghosts, which are indescribable; he drifts away from his bed, or washes with stones in streams, or lies on snakes in mountains, or drinks with blood, or warms his feet with drowning, or swims with grass Although he suffered a lot from the difficult and dangerous life in the jungle, it gave him a good opportunity to feel the strange things in nature, enriched his mind, and accumulated rich materials for his later landscape painting creation. This is obvious in many of his painting poems. Kun can, who likes to visit famous mountains and rivers in his life, has a deep understanding and observation of the broad artistic conception of nature, and finally settled in Youqi Temple of Niushou mountain in Nanjing. He once said that he had "three shames" in his life:“

I feel ashamed that I have never experienced the mountains in the world, and I feel ashamed that my eyes are so blunt that I can't read thousands of books

I am ashamed that I have never been taught by the wise

。” Kun can is a versatile person who can write poetry and is good at painting. He is good at drawing people and flowers, especially landscape. He had a patriarchal clan of Huang Gongwang and Wang Meng, and his painting was based on Xie Shichen of Ming Dynasty. His techniques were up to the four masters of Yuan Dynasty and Juran of Northern Song Dynasty. Juran is comparable to the former, which means that Yu can't follow the latter. " While learning from Xie Shichen, he changed his rigid style and studied the painting methods of the four schools of Yuan Dynasty and Dong Qichang. At the same time, he dared to renovate them deliberately and "change the methods to suit the taste" and used calligraphy to paint without copying and imitating. Huang Binhong summed up his characteristics as "falling stones, withered vines, cone hourglass marks, can use the skill of a calligrapher to understand painting." It is his unique strategy of attaching importance to painting with emotion, painstaking efforts and pen and ink skills. Some famous mountains and rivers, which are used to be painted by our ancestors, are unique in his paintings, with new features, which are different from other people's brushwork. Kun Canshan's landscape paintings are well organized, complicated and rigorous, luxuriant but not forced. The scenery is not novel, but deep in the ordinary. The strokes are thick, dignified, vigorous and imprudent. He is good at using bold bald brush and thirsty ink, which can be rubbed and dyed layer by layer. The brush and ink blend, thick but not rigid, and bald but not dry. The rocks are mostly made of Xie Sucun and PI Ma Cun, and thick ink is used to dot moss, which makes the mountains deep Thick, luxuriant. His works are based on the real landscape, with the artistic realm of "mysterious, profound and fascinating". He has been fond of painting since he was young. He abandoned his career when he was young. At the age of 20, he became a monk and traveled around famous mountains. When he was more than 30 years old, the Ming Dynasty perished, and he joined the anti Qing team of he Tengjiao in the cangcui Lingtian scroll of the Southern Ming and Qing Dynasties, but he was ashamed that he had never been taught by the wise men. " His works are based on the real landscape, with the artistic realm of "mysterious, profound and fascinating".

chart

[introduction] color setting, paper version, vertical axis. money knowledge: when the snow is fast and the weather is clear in the early days, I can smell it across the bank. The sound of the water goes down the stream, and clouds come from the mountains. The mud on both sides is smooth and the mountain on one side is straight. Full of chanting, Shen Dewen, the evil spirit of Qing Dynasty. Renyin in summer in June, summer in the hall, electricity live daoren remnant patchwork JieQiu. Seal: Shi Xi (Bai Wen) and Bai Tu (Zhu Wen) this picture shows a hermit in red walking along the mountain road in the early days after the snow. The clouds open in the distant mountains, and the trees are under the forest. The composition is stable, complex and tight. The scenery is not novel, but deep in the ordinary. The artistic features of the hermit are poor. He is good at painting figures and flowers, especially landscape. He learned from Huang Gongwang and Wang Meng, especially close to Wang Meng. His painting style is rigorous and vigorous. He likes to use bald pen and thirsty for ink. His painting is thick and stiff. He has a high reputation among the adherents of the late Ming Dynasty.

Artistic features

Kuncan fan is good at painting figures and flowers, especially landscape. He learned from Huang Gongwang and Wang Meng, especially close to Wang Meng. His painting style is rigorous and vigorous. He likes to use bald pen and thirsty for ink. He is thick but not rigid. He is good at writing ordinary scenery and deep in plain. Together with Shi Tao, Hong Ren and Zhu Da, they are called "four monks of Qing Dynasty". He is good at poetry, calligraphy and painting, landscape and flowers. He learned from Wang Meng and Huang Gongwang and drew on Dong Yuan, Juran, Dong Qichang and Wen Zhengming. We can learn from others' strong points, develop and change, learn from nature, and experience the myriad scenes of famous mountains and rivers. The landscape is full of composition, heavy mountains and complex waters, sparse in the dense. It is good at painting rocks and trees with thick and light ink. It is full of vigor and dignified, rich and elegant. The artistic conception is strange and deep. It has the quality of dense and rich scenery in the South of the Yangtze River. His paintings were very famous at that time and had a great influence on later generations. Later generations called him two stones together with Shi Tao, and four monks in early Qing Dynasty together with Jian Jiang, Zhu Da and Shi Tao. There are "Baoen Temple map", "Yundong Liuquan map", "layers of rock stacked Gully Map", "rain wash mountain root map" and other handed down. In the discussion of painting, "Dong Huating (Qichang) said:" painting and Zen theory share the same purpose, otherwise Zen must be understood, which is not the result of work. Therefore, people in Yuan Dynasty discussed character, while people in Song Dynasty discussed temperament. Character can be achieved by mechanics, while temperament can not be achieved by subtle understanding. " While advocating diligent learning, he also advocates that painting should have "wonderful understanding", which is not a way to achieve the charm of painting. He has a straight and hard nature, a stubborn temper and few friends, so it is difficult to get along with others. This kind of strong personality is shown in his Zen learning as "self-examination and self realization, such as a lion walking alone, not seeking a partner"; in his painting, it is shown as "leaning against an empty sky, holding Zhao's own banner, which can be described as a hero in the six dharmas". He himself said: "although the poor paintings are inferior to the ancients, they do not need the ancients." He has lived in the mountains and forests for a long time. He lives with the misty clouds and friends with the springs and rocks. He wanders on the top of the peak and lingers on the Bank of the cliff. He uses nature to purify the beauty without dirt, compares the bumpy life and the ingenious market customs, and understands the interest of Zen painting. In kuncan's works, most of the prefaces and postscripts are written in Buddhist language, not only because he is a monk, but also because in his opinion, the interest of Zen painting is the same. For example, the axis of Zen painting interest, the axis of drawing into Huacun in three winters, and many inscriptions and postscripts in the book of garden outside things mostly talk about Zen through painting, because Zen talks about painting. One of the main features of kuncan's paintings is the combination of Zen and painting theory.

Impact assessment

Kuncan enjoyed a high reputation among the adherents of the late Ming Dynasty, and his paintings were also famous in the world

Chinese PinYin : Kun Can