Tao Yuanming

Tao Yuanming

Tao Yuanming (about 365-427) was named Tao Qian in his later years. Another name is Mr. Wuliu. He was posthumously named Jingjie and is known as Mr. Jingjie in the world. Xunyang Chaisang (now Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province) people. From the end of Eastern Jin Dynasty to the beginning of Liu Song Dynasty, he was an outstanding poet, Ci Fu writer and essayist. It is known as "the family of recluse poets" and "the originator of pastoral poetry". He is the first literary master in Jiangxi.

He once served as a sacrificial wine officer in Jiangzhou, a soldier in Jianwei, a soldier in Zhenjun, and a magistrate of Pengze County. He was the last magistrate of Pengze County. After more than 80 days, he left his post and went back to the countryside. He is the first pastoral poet in China, known as "the family of ancient and modern hermit poets", and has Tao Yuanming collection.

Life of the characters

Early life

Yuanming's great grandfather may be Tao Kan (there are still disputes, but their kinship is certain). His grandfather, Meng Jia, was a famous scholar in Jin Dynasty and married Tao Kan's tenth daughter. My grandfather was a prefect (there are two names for my grandfather, or Dai or MAO). My father is a person who "lives in the wind and clouds, including his happiness", and his specific deeds can not be tested. There was a concubine's younger sister, Xiao Yuanming, who was three years old and later married a family with the surname Cheng. Therefore, when Tao Shiwen mentioned her, she was called Cheng's younger sister. As far as his father still has a concubine, Yuanming's initial family situation is not too bad. At the age of eight, Yuanming's father died and his family gradually declined. When his 12-year-old concubine's mother passed away, Yuan Ming later wrote in his composition: "I've been a child for a long time. I am 26 years old and I am only nine years old. When he was 20 years old, his family was especially poor, which can be proved by a poem: "when he was weak, his family was poor" (a book written with a meeting).

Yuanming "studied Confucian classics since childhood, loved leisure, thought of good deeds, cherished loneliness, loved hills and mountains, had strong ambition, and was different from the common customs.". The preface of rongmu says: "Zongjiao hears the Tao", and the sixteenth part of drinking: "young people are rare and travel well in the six classics". In his early years, he had received Confucian education and had the ambition of "being brave and willing to travel all over the world, and thinking of Yuanzhu in Qianhe" (Miscellaneous Poems). In that era when Laozi and Zhuangzi were popular, he was also influenced by Taoism, and he liked nature very early: "few people are suitable for the common customs, and nature loves hills ”(Part one of guiyuantianju) and another Aiqin book: "learn less about Qinshu. I love to be quiet sometimes. When I open a book, I will forget to eat happily. See trees cross shade, when birds change voice, also rejoicing. As the saying goes, in the middle of May and June, when you lie down at the North window and meet a cool wind, you are called emperor Xi. The meaning is shallow and the knowledge is rare, which is called Si Yan Ke Bao. He has both Taoism and Confucianism.

Official career

At the age of 20, Yuanming began his career as an official to make a living. The tenth part of drinking: "in the past, I traveled far to the corner of the East China Sea. The road is wide and long, and the wind and waves block the way. Who made this trip? It seems to be driven by hunger. If you are satisfied, you will have more than a little. I'm afraid it's not a famous plan, so I'm going to live in leisure. At this stage, the details of the low-level officials he was forced to serve for his life are no longer available. After a short life at home, at the age of 29, he took up the position of Jiangzhou sacrificial wine (the specific responsibility of this official position remains to be examined). Soon he was unable to bear the official position and resigned to return home. Soon, the state called him to be the master of the book, but he left the matter and still stayed at home.

In the second year of Long'an (398 AD), Yuanming joined huanxuanmu. At the beginning of the fourth year of the reign of Long'an (400 A.D.), he served as an envoy to the capital. In May, he returned home from the capital and was hindered by the strong wind in Guilin. A poem named "gengzi returned home from the capital in May" expresses his desire to return home and his nostalgia for the garden and his old residence. One year later, he returned to Xunyang for his mother's funeral. At the end of the three-year period of Ding you's reign, Yuan Ming became an official again with the idea of "forty years without news, but not enough fear". He became a general of the town army, and Liu Yu joined the army. At this time, his mood was contradictory. He wanted to show his ambition as an official, but after he became an official, he was still nostalgic for the countryside. "His eyes were tired of the rivers and the roads were different, and his heart was yearning for the mountains and rivers" (the first work of the town army and joining the army).

In March of the first year of Yixi (A.D. 405), Yuanming joined the army for Jianwei General Liu Jingxuan and passed through Qianxi. There is a poem named "Yisi joined the army for Jianwei in March and passed through Qianxi". It says: "seeing the mountains and rivers in the morning and evening, everything is as it used to be", "paying attention to the goods and things, righteousness and wind are not separated", "garden and field day dream, peace and separation for a long time". It has been more than ten years since the turbulence between official and farming, and he is tired of watching it Through the official life.

Living in seclusion

In August of the first year of Yixi (AD 405), Yuanming became an official for Peng Zeling for the last time. In November, Cheng's younger sister died in Wuchang. Yuan Ming wrote a poem of returning home and resigning from office, officially starting his life of seclusion until the end of his life. At this time, Yuanming's political attitude entered a clear period, and his ideology also entered a mature period. Different from his previous life of working hard, he was conscious: he did it, and he understood why he did it. In the past, his pastoral life seemed to be a small and medium-sized landlord, but now he worked more, which was closer to the life of ordinary farmers. During this period, he created many poems and essays reflecting pastoral life, such as five poems of returning to the garden and living in the fields and twelve Miscellaneous Poems.

In June of the fourth year of Yixi (408 A.D.), Yuanming's house was destroyed by fire and was forced to move.

In the 11th year of Yixi (415 A.D.), the imperial court ordered him to be Zuo Lang, but Yuanming said he was ill and didn't apply.

In the 14th year of Yixi reign (418 AD), Wang Hong was the governor of Jiangzhou. He made friends with Yuanming about this year or later. There were anecdotes between them, such as wearing leather shoes and delivering wine in white.

In the first year of Yuanjia (424 A.D.), Yan Yanzhi was the prefect of Shi'an and made friends with Yuanming. There is an anecdote that Yan Gong paid for wine.

In the fourth year of Yuanjia (427 AD), Tan Daoji heard about Yuanming's name, went to see him and offered him Liang meat. He advised him to become an official, but Yuanming refused him and did not accept the Liang meat. In the same year, Yuanming died in Xunyang. After his death, his friend's posthumous title was "Jingjie" and later was "taojingjie".

Literary achievements

Poetry works

There are 125 poems and 12 essays in Tao Yuanming's handed down works, which have been compiled as Tao Yuanming's collection by later generations.

Volume one: four words of Poetry:

Stop cloud (parallel sequence), time luck (parallel sequence), rongmu (parallel sequence), present to Changsha Duke (parallel sequence), reward Ding Chaisang, reply to Pang Canjun (parallel sequence), persuade agriculture, Mingzi, return to bird

Volume 2: five words of Poetry:

Xingyingshen (parallel sequence), jiurixianju (parallel sequence), five poems of guiyuantianju, youxiechuan, xiejingyisanlang, the ancestor of Xuzhou, qieshi, Baixia, the tomb of Zhoujia, dengzhizhong, a poem of resentment against chudiao, daizhubo, lianyuduyin, two poems of migration, he liuchaisang and reward liuchai Sang, he Guo Zhubo, Yu Wang Fu junzuo, farewell to Yin Jin'an, present Yang Changshi, Sui Mu and Zhang Changshi, he Hu Xi Cao shegu thief Cao and Bei Cong Di Zhongde

Volume three poem five:

Qu'a's works of Shi Zuo Zhen Jun's joining the army, two songs of gengzi's joining the army in mid May to stop the wind in Guilin, two songs of Xin Chou's leaving in July to return to Tukou in Jiangling, two songs of GUI Mao's recalling the ancient farmhouse in spring, two songs of GUI Mao's joining the army in mid December and his younger brother Jingyuan, two songs of Yisi's joining the army in March to Jianwei's passing Qianxi, one's former residence, one's meeting fire in mid June of Wushen, nine September of Jiyou《 In September of Gengshu's age, zhongxitian got early rice; in August of Bingchen's age, he got early rice in tianshe of Xiashu; in addition, he drank 20 songs of wine; in addition, he stopped drinking; in addition, he wrote about wine; in addition, he was responsible for his son; in addition, he wrote about the meeting; in addition, he wrote about the last day of the twelfth lunar month

Volume 4: five words of Poetry:

Nine poems imitating the ancient, twelve Miscellaneous Poems, seven poems praising the poor, two poems praising the poor, three good poems praising Jingke, thirteen poems reading the classic of mountains and seas and three poems imitating Elegy

The fifth volume is Fu CI

Fu on the feeling of not meeting a scholar (parallel preface), Fu on leisure and CI on the way home

The sixth chapter of volume

：

Taohuayuan Ji (combined poems), biography of Shi Mengfu Jun, commander of the west General of the Jin Dynasty, biography of Mr. Wuliu, painting praise on the fan and nine chapters of history reading (combined preface)

Volume 7: Sacrificial Rites:

Yu Ziyan et al. Shu, Ji Chengmei Wen, Ji congdi Jing Yuan Wen, Zi Jiwen

Types of works

Drinking Poems

Tao Yuanming is the first poet who wrote a lot of drinking poems in the history of Chinese literature. In his "intoxicating" voice, he criticized the upper class society for reversing right and wrong, or reflected the sinister official career, or expressed the poet's happy and intoxicated mood after leaving the officialdom, or expressed the poet's grievances in the predicament.

poems from the heart

Tao Yuanming's poems are represented by twelve Miscellaneous Poems and thirteen reading the classic of mountains and seas. More than 12 miscellaneous poems show the political depression of being determined and unable to run after his retirement, and express his noble personality of not being in harmony with the secular world. It can be seen that the poet's heart is infinite and deep. The thirteen poems of the book of mountains and seas express the same content by chanting the strange things in the book. For example, the tenth poem expresses and shows that its ambition to help the world will never go out by singing the praises of Jingwei and Xingtian.

Pastoral Poetry

Tao Yuanming has the largest number of pastoral poems and the highest achievement. This kind of poetry fully shows the poet's noble integrity of keeping his ambition; fully shows the poet's love for the simple pastoral life, his understanding of labor and his friendly feelings for the working people; and fully shows the poet's pursuit and yearning for the ideal world. As a literati, such thoughts and feelings, such content, appear in the history of literature, is unprecedented, especially in the patriarchal system and the concept of strict society is particularly valuable. Some of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems reflect his predicament in his later years, which can make readers indirectly understand the miserable life of the peasantry at that time. Tao Yuanming is the pioneer of pastoral poetry. His pastoral poetry, with its simple and natural language and lofty and popular artistic conception, has become an important part of Chinese poetry

Chinese PinYin : Tao Yuan Ming