Yuan Yishan

Yuan Haowen

Yuan Hao (H à o) asked (August 10, 1190 October 12, 1257), the word Yuzhi, No. Yishan, known as Mr. Yishan. Taiyuan Xiurong (now Xinzhou, Shanxi) people. He was a writer and historian from the end of Jin Dynasty to the great Mongolia.

Yuan Haowen has been intelligent since he was a child and is known as a "child prodigy". In the fifth year of the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Jin Dynasty (1221), Yuan Haowen became a Jinshi. In the first year of Zhengda (1224), when he was ranked the first by the Department of Hongci, he authorized the Academy of national history to edit it. After the fall of the Jin Dynasty, Yuan Haowen was imprisoned for several years. When he returned to his hometown in his old age, he lived in seclusion and wrote at home. Yuan Haowen passed away in 1257, the seventh year of Yuan Xianzong.

Yuan Haowen was the main representative and literary leader of Northern Literature in the confrontation period between Song Dynasty and Jin Dynasty. He was also a bridge connecting the past and the future in literature between Jin Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty. He was honored as the "literary hero of northern China" and "literary master of a generation". He is good at poetry, prose, CI and music. Among them, his poems are the most successful, especially his "melancholy poems"; his Ci is the highest in the Jin Dynasty, comparable with the famous poets in the Song Dynasty; although his Sanqu is not much handed down, it has a great influence at that time. There are "Mr. Yuan Yishan complete works", "Zhongzhou collection" and other works handed down.

Life of the characters

family background

Yuan Haowen is a descendant of the royal family of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Hao Jing said in the tomb inscription of Mr. Yishan that he "came from zheba (Tuoba) Wei". Their ancestors successively moved to Luoyang, Ruzhou (now Linru County in Henan Province) and Pingding (now Pingding County in Shanxi Province). When Yuan Haowen's great grandfather yuan Chun moved to Xinzhou, he became a native of Xinzhou. His grandfather yuan Zishan was the Cheng of Roufu (now near Tuoketuo, tumed Right Banner, Inner Mongolia) in 1157, the second year of emperor Zhenglong of hailing in the Jin Dynasty; his father Yuan Deming failed in the imperial examinations many times and wrote Dongyan Ji, a collection of local studies.

Study tour

Yuan Haowen was born on July 8 (August 10, 1190), the first year of Mingchang reign of emperor Zhangzong of Jin Dynasty, in a scholar bureaucrat family in Xinzhou rural area. Since his second and third uncles have no sons, Yuan Haowen has three brothers, and he is the third. Rooted in Chinese tradition, his uncle yuan Ge took him as his adopted son seven months after he was born, and then took him to the magistrate of Ye County.

According to records, Yuan Haowen was intelligent and could write poems at the age of seven, so he was known as "child prodigy". When he was 11 years old, Yuan Ge worked in Jizhou. Yuan Haowen was appreciated by Lu Ze, a Bachelor of Hanlin and a scholar of dengwen drum Academy. Lu Ze "loved his beauty and taught him literature.". At the age of 14, Yuan Haowen learned from Hao Jinqing, a native of Lingchuan. When Yuan Haowen was 17 years old, Yuan Ge was dismissed from his post as magistrate of Lingchuan County. However, for the sake of his son's study, he continued to live in Lingchuan until he finished his studies at the age of 19.

Setback in the imperial examination

Yuan Haowen began to take the imperial examination at the age of 16. In 1190, Jin Zhangzong went to Bingzhou to take part in the provincial examination, but he didn't appear on the list. Later, at the age of 19 in the eighth year of Taihe (1208), he went to Chang'an to take part in the government examination, but he failed this time.

At the age of 21, Yuan Haowen returned to his hometown and studied in the Yishan mountain of Dingxiang, which is dozens of miles away from the ancestral hall. Two years later, the Mongol army raided Xiurong, slaughtered more than 100000 people in the city, and killed his brother yuan Haogu. In order to avoid military disaster, Yuan Haowen moved his family to Fuchang, Henan Province, and later moved to Dengfeng.

In 1212, the first year of Wei Shao and Wang Chongqing, Yuan Haowen went to Zhongdu (today's Beijing) to take the exam for the third time, but he still failed. In the first month of this year, the 300000 troops of Jin Dynasty were defeated by Mongolia, and Mongolia was approaching Zhongdu. The bumpy road, the crisis of the country, and the failure of the examination made him very depressed.

In 1214, the Mongol army besieged and the Jin army retreated. Emperor Xuanzong moved his capital to Nanjing in a hurry. In the summer of this year, Yuan Haowen went to Bianjing to prepare for the exam to be held in autumn. Although he failed in the exam again, he passed the exam and became well connected with celebrities such as Zhao Bingwen, Yang Yunyi, Lei Yuan, Li Yan, etc. he wrote a lot of poems. Among them, "Jishan" and "Yuanlu County Qintai" won the praise of Zhao Bingwen, the then Minister of rites. His works were famous in the capital, and he was known as "Yuan talent". But soon, because of the siege of Mongolian soldiers, Yuan Haowen had to flee from Shanxi to Henan, and gradually settled down in western Henan. In 1217, Yuan Haowen, 28, went to Beijing to take the exam, but he failed.

Rough official career

In the fifth year of Xingding (1221), Yuan Haowen, a 32 year old Jinshi Ji, was falsely accused of being a member of the yuan family because of a dispute over the imperial examination, so he angrily refused to be elected. In the first year of Zhengda (1224), when he was thirty-five years old, Yuan Haowen got a tribute from Zhao Bingwen and others and won the imperial examination. Yuan Haowen was appointed editor of the Quanguo Academy of history and stayed in Bianjing, but his life was rather miserable.

Yuan Haowen, 36, returned to Dengfeng in 1225 when he was dissatisfied with his official life and asked for a long vacation. During that time, he wrote an important book Du Fu's poetics, including Du Fu's biography, chronology and comments on Du Fu's poems since the Tang Dynasty.

In 1226, Yuan Haowen was appointed magistrate of Zhenping county in Henan Province. The next year, he was changed to the county magistrate of Neixiang, Henan Province. Later, due to the death of his mother Zhang, Yuan Haowen lived in the inner town of Bailuyuan. At the invitation of the governor of Dengzhou, he was appointed as an aide. Soon after, the Mongolian army captured Fengxiang and surrendered to yuan. Yuan Haowen took the opportunity to resign from the shogunate.

In 1231, Yuan Haowen was transferred to Nanyang County Magistrate. He made great achievements in reform. Therefore, Henan chronicles said that he "knew Nanyang County, especially good governance". "Nanyang county annals" records: "Nanyang County, more than 100000 soldiers and people, (Yuan Haowen) commander-in-chief's office to Zhenfu, very save prestige.".

National death and imprisonment

Not long after that, Yuan Haowen went to Beijing to transfer money to the central government, where he served as a minister and provincial magistrate, and moved to Bianjing. After that, he was promoted to zuosidushi and transferred to wailang, member of zuosidushi of Shangshu province. The official to the Imperial Academy know how to make a patent.

In the second year of Tianxing (1233), the Mongolian army surrounded Bianjing and Yuan Haowen was besieged. Jinaizong escaped from the capital, defeated Weizhou and fled to guide mansion. Without a leader in the court, Cui Li led his troops to Mongolia to surrender to the city. After Cui Li surrendered to Mongolia, he coerced his courtiers to set up steles to praise his merits. Yuan Haowen, Wang Ruoxu, Liu Qi and others were forced to participate in the writing of the steles. They polished off the writing of the "manna stele" set up by song Huizong and engraved the steles.

In April of 1233, the second year of Tianxing, Yuan Haowen recommended 54 Central Plains scholars Wang Ruoxu and others to Yelu Chucai, who was then the commander of the Mongolian Kingdom, to protect and appoint him.

After the death of Jin Dynasty, Yuan Haowen was captured with a large number of officials of Jin Dynasty, and was escorted to Liaocheng, Shandong Province for two years. Later, he lived in Guanshi county. As a prisoner, Yuan Haowen traveled with his family in Liaocheng and other places, and gradually connected with Yan Shi, the leader of the Han Army in Mongolia, and Zhao Tianxi. His life gradually improved, and his movement was more free.

During this period, he was distressed by the fall of the state of Jin, and in order to preserve the history with poetry, he worked hard on Zhongzhou collection, a collection of poems by the late monarchs and ministers of the state of Jin. The collection named "Zhongzhou" has the deep meaning of remembering the motherland and taking gold as orthodoxy.

Life in old age

In the autumn of 1239, the eleventh year of Emperor Taizong of the Yuan Dynasty, Yelu Chucai accepted Yuan Haowen with all his heart. But Yuan Haowen, who was 50 years old, had no intention of becoming an official. He returned to his hometown to live in seclusion, made friends and traveled, and devoted himself to compiling works.

In the second year of Yuan Xianzong (1252), Yuan Haowen met Kublai Khan who was "stationed in Huan and Fujian". Hope to persuade Kublai Khan to respect Confucianism, and ask him to be the "great master of Confucianism", and urge him to appoint Confucian scholars to govern the country.

Yuan Haowen died in Huolu's house on September 4, 1257 (October 12, 1257) at the age of 68.

Main impact

poetry

Yuan Haowen's literary achievements are most prominent in his poetry creation, and his position in the history of literature is established by his "melancholy poems". These poems were written before and after the fall of the Jin Dynasty, mainly including three of Qiyang, five of Renchen's driving and hunting in December, fifteen of Haiti Xuexiang Pavilion, three of Guisi's crossing to the north on May 3, and ten of xuxiaoniang's songs.

These poems are of great significance in the history of poetry. Yuan Haowen's "melancholy poems" are rare after Du Fu in terms of artistic generalization and emotional sincerity. But he didn't have the same hope for the revival of the country as Du Fu did. He was both desperate and unwilling. His melancholy feelings erupted into elegy, and the appeal was very strong. Moreover, these "melancholy poems" set off another climax of the realistic poetic style after Du Fu. For example, in the second part of Qiyang, "the river grass of Baier pass is not horizontal, and ten years' army has concealed the capital of Qin Dynasty.". Qiyang West no letter, Longshui East heard crying. The wild vines linger in the battle bone, and the setting sun shines on the empty city. Who should I ask cangcang to dispatch Chiyou as five soldiers? Another example is "Guisi's northward crossing on May 3." the road is stiff and full of prisoners, and the past chariots are like water. Red powder crying with Uighur horse, for whom step by step a turn back. How many plunders did you plunder? Don't ask. The big ship carried Bianjing. "White bones crisscrossed like tangles. In recent years, Sangzi became Longsha. I only know that Heshuo's life is exhausted, but there are several broken houses with sparse smoke. " The pen is full of blood and tears, and the words are full of grief and indignation. Just as Zhao Yi, a great writer and historian of Qing Dynasty, said in his poem titled Yishan: "the country is unfortunate, and the poets are lucky. It's easy to write when the vicissitudes come." It is the broken mountains and rivers and the poet's worries that make up these works.

Yuan Haowen's poems are mainly like Du Fu's, but they are also deeply influenced by Su Shi and Huang Tingjian.

Chinese PinYin : Yuan Yi Shan