Wan Shouqi

Wan Shouqi

Wan Shouqi (1603-1652) was a writer, calligrapher and painter in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. He was born in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, and his ancestors moved to Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province. In the same year of Chen Zilong's rural examination, he was a fellow of Yan Ermei in Peixian county. He once took part in the anti Qing activities and lived in seclusion in Jianghuai area after defeat. His masterpieces include "farewell to the autumn river", "pine stone", "landscape" and so on. Wan Shouqi is elegant and elegant. He is good at calligraphy and painting. He is good at six books and is fond of seals. His descendants, Wan Zhonghua of the 16th generation, also enjoy a certain reputation in today's painting and calligraphy circles.

Life of the characters

In 1630 (the third year of Chongzhen), after being elected, he took part in the examination for five times, but did not take the second place. He is well read and versatile. He is proficient in etiquette, music, military, agriculture, astronomy, calendar, history, geography, poetry, calligraphy, painting, gold and stone, Qin and chess, swords, embroidery, leather and sewing, etc. He took part in several gatherings in Nanjing and lived in Suzhou, Zhenjiang and Songjiang successively. He sang with Chen Zilong, Yang Wencong and Gu Mengyou, who were famous people with lofty ideals at that time. He tried to serve the country when he saved the country. In 1645 (the first year of Hongguang and the second year of Shunzhi), the Qing army crossed the river, the Hongguang government collapsed, and the people in the south of the Yangtze River began to fight against the Qing Dynasty. Wan Shouqi raised his troops near Suzhou and cooperated with Chen Hu's division of Shen Zibing and Qian Bangqi, Mao Hu's division of Huang Jiarui and Chen Zilong, and Lize's division of Wu Yi. After the defeat of the righteous master, Wan Shouqi was hidden and held. He was in danger. He was rescued and had to leave for Jiangbei. Later, in a group of poems entitled "Xixi thatched cottage", he recalled the previous situation, with the sentence of "the past is sad, and the rest of his life is sent to Chuzhou". In a group of paintings entitled "six pictures of self-determination", he drew a picture of Pan Lake to show his story. Gu Yanwu's poem, a gift to Wanju life insurance company, also specially praises his story: "the white dragon turns into a fish, once you enter Henan, you will be caught in the net. Stunned Yi dare not kill, longitudinal then long to. Wanzi is talented and affectionate at the present time, but his loyalty is not in vain when he is in danger. "

In the spring of 1646 (the second year of Longwu and the third year of Shunzhi), Wan Shouqi changed his monk's clothes and left his mark in Buddhism.

In 1650 (the fourth year of Yongli and the seventh year of Shunzhi), he read in the volume of singing poems written by him and Tang Yunjia (the name of Zuming), a scholar with lofty ideals (the old collection of the Zhangs' sidangzhai in Changzhou), "if you can't hear your ambition, you will think about it; if you can't think about it, you will sing and sigh about it. If you can't think about it, you will be born. I'm a bhikkhu. I have no way to be sentimental. I don't want to be sentimental. But I sing and sigh with each other in the day. There are people who like to travel in the country, and there must be people who know me and me

In 1651 (the fifth year of Yongli and the eighth year of Shunzhi), he wrote in the painting "farewell to the autumn river" (the old collection of Yu's Hanke hall in Longyou) "Zi Yu was a merchant, and Yu Yin was a Salmonella. Although the road was different, his ambition was full of sorrow." And Mian to think of the past reputation, "give up merchants for Ningren." Obviously, he did not forget the world and get rid of everything. On the surface, he seemed to declare that he had nothing to do with the world. In fact, he was implying that he did not cooperate with the people of Qing Dynasty and insisted on national integrity.

After Wan Shouqi was elected, he was trapped in Chunwei for 16 years and hidden in Salmonella for another eight years. During these 20 years, he never entered the officialdom.

Artistic achievements

poetry

Wan Shouqi's poems originated in the Han and Wei dynasties in ancient style, and in the prosperous and middle Tang Dynasty in modern style. Liu Xiang, one of his disciples, thinks that "the poems of Mr. Xi are blunt and elegant, approaching Yuanming" (preface to collection of Xixi thatched cottage). Zhu YIZUN believes that "poetry is also elegant, without the appearance of raising the beard" (a comprehensive collection of Ming poetry). All of these words can be seen, but they are biased. Although the artistic style of his poems has the common characteristics of elegance and lightness, his times, experience, ambition and feelings make his works present the wind and frost atmosphere and excited sound to a certain extent, especially in the poems. In the existing collection of Xixi thatched cottage, the words "singing Garden Music, Pinglin wanzhutian" are excluded. The evening wind, the Huaishi moon, the spring rain, the lake smoke (true meaning), "light from tonight full, wine floating to the old friend. In addition to such poems as "the curtain rolls, the steps give birth to shadows, and the wind blows through the trees for autumn" ("August 15 night"), there are also many impassioned, crazy songs for crying, and even fierce chapters, such as "after the fall of Yangzhou City, thousands of miles of Suifeng open.". Night South Xu candle, city gate according to drunk back (Miscellaneous feelings of Nanxu), "the national enmity is not snow, the body is still there, the family is scattered, and there is no ambition" (the first day of the first month of bingxu), "the enmity between the monarch and the father is still there, and the hatred between the Chinese and the foreigners is full. They are "the letter from the West on May 13, I feel a sense of it." "when I first heard the letter, I heard that the southern sky had fallen again." "he Fangcun, Xia Si, Hu Qizheng, Zongheng." "when I first heard the letter from minyin, I cried bitterly.".

painting

Wan Shouqi's paintings are composed of landscapes, figures and flowers, but few of them are handed down from generation to generation. Ni Zan, the master of mountains and waters, didn't like to write about the mountains. He often wrote about the quiet and beautiful scenery in a simple and simple way, full of leisure and interesting. More ink, ask shi light color. He is very good at calligraphy. In Ming Dynasty, it was popular to imitate the ancients, but wan Shouqi was one of the few realistic painters who paid attention to imitating nature and describing mountains and rivers. In a landscape painting of Jingkou, he said: "when you climb the ancient silver mountain in the late days, you can see the two peaks of gold and coke, just like a light gull floating on the water, retreating and closing." (postscript self painting landscape) and "Jinjiao Xiaojing fan" (old collection of Shao's Xi'an in Changshu) said: "when you climb the Jinshan mountain and look to the west, you can see Guo Jingchun's stone tomb, whose left and right reefs stand in the middle of the river, it's a copy.". "The painting of beautiful women on Sunday is like" quiet women leisurely hearing "(Jiang Shaoshu: history of silent poetry). The portrait of a great master in plain drawing is as delicate as gossamer, elegant and lovely.

Calligraphy

Wan Shouqi's calligraphy is far from Wang Xizhi's, near Yan Zhenqing and Mi Fu's. He is a master of all the famous calligraphers of the past dynasties. He is directly influenced by the contemporary calligrapher Chen Bi (Zi Shao Zhai). Gonglishu, especially Xingkai. His regular script has a neat and generous structure, a smooth but vigorous brush, and a glossy and rich texture. His works generally present a beautiful and vigorous style. Yan Ermei, his friend, outstanding poet and calligrapher, once said: "calligraphy is young for thousands of years It is often a new look in a show, such as a beautiful woman's first appearance, with a light plain single Ru, enough lines and smooth muscles. I'm the first in this dynasty. " Mr. Wan Zhonghua, the 16th generation of his descendants, is deeply influenced by his genetic background and his calligraphy attainments. He has participated in many domestic competitions and has been recognized at home and abroad.

After the chaos, wanshouqi's family lost all their money and made a living by painting, calligraphy and seal cutting. It said: "I am a calligraphy servant, and I belong to many people. I work hard, but I can't support you" (attached to the regulations of painting, calligraphy and seal cutting). Cang ancestral court, a friend of Salmonella, said: "now I have made an appointment with all gentlemen. If there is one who can provide the Taoist with congee, it is not enough." We can imagine its hardship. Even in this foreign situation, he still insisted that all congratulations, memorial ceremonies, Zhangqi, Moshu, Shibei and chuntie should not be taught "(ditto). This kind of upright and noble style is in sharp contrast with those famous writers who used to flatter the tomb and praise virtue in the former and contemporary dynasties.

Although he changed to be a monk out of obscurity, he was very devout when he wrote Buddhist scriptures. In 1647 (the first year of Yongli, the fourth year of Shunzhi), he once "closed the door to write scriptures" (with Yue Weng Xu Su). In 1648 (Wuzi), he wrote many Vajra sutras. "Seven days after the beginning of spring" and "Neijing Daosheng life" are attached to the regular script "Vajra Sutra"; volume "of the old collection of Liugui Hall of he family in Shanyang. It is said in the postscript:" Wuzi chongxia, Vajra Sutra, the second volume of Vajra Sutra, started from may. Shen Chaozong was a learned and talented man in Liangyuan. At that time, the wise and noble elders believed in the righteousness of the school and had a good root, so they returned to it. " For example, Shen Chaozong, a foreign "erudite talent", has a wide influence among the "virtuous elders", and "if you have a good root, you can return to it." Shen Chaozong's "erudite talents" have a wide influence among the "virtuous elders", and those who "have a very good root" are included in this book, which shows his reserved attitude. "Regular script; Vajra Sutra; volume" collected by Nanjing Museum is the eleventh book written in this year. The title is Vajra Prajna paramita Sutra. Money knowledge cloud: "Wuzi winter October Shuo Renchen, Seng Shou Xun Mu Jing Shu Xi." Under the seal "longevity" two words Zhu Wenfang seal. In the front of the volume is attached the postscript of "the first month of the first month of the first month of the first month of the first month of the first month of the first month of the first month of the first month of the first month of the first month of the first month of the first month of the first month of the first month of the first month of the first month of the first month of the first month of the first month of the first month of the. It will take five years to complete. The eleventh part of this book is the same In the year of Xinmao, "classmate song Cao" wrote: "after Yiyou, I had a taste of Xixi thatched cottage. Xixi's life experience shows me that I said:" zibinhai people, temperament is close to me, Zizhen and I are friends. " Yue Xinmao also passed Pushang with Pingxuan. At that time, Xikou was able to write books, which is called Yu RI: "Yu Yayuan's 100 Vajra sutras are two out of ten now, but Wuzi's books are the best, which was obtained by koutongxuanzi. Zisuo Jing is tongxuanzi I feel that the book is a gift, and I know the old words. " In the year of Xin Chou, Wan Shouqi could not write for some reason (probably because he was ill), but the next year, in 1652 (ren Chen), he died of illness. The volume is ironed and pasted, and the lines are even. It is completed in one stroke and meticulous. Xun is one of the best works in the 20 volumes of Vajra Sutra. It is close to the implicit style of Jin people. However, when we savor it carefully, we can see that it not only shows the elegant state of "the breeze comes out of the hill, and the moon comes into our hearts" (Li Sizhen's comment on Wang Xizhi's words, quoted from Li Sizhen's book houpin), but also implies "the hard crossbow wants to open, and the iron pillar stands out" (Mi Fu's comment on Yan Zhenqing's words, quoted from sun Yuexuan, etc.)

Chinese PinYin : Wan Shou Qi