Wine(pu tao jiu )

Wine practice:

Raw materials for making wine:

Grape.

Wine making steps:

1. Grape picking. Every September and October is the ripening period of grapes, and Portuguese farmers enter the garden to pick grapes.

2. Crushing and juicing. Grapes must be sent to the winery for crushing and juicing within 24 hours after picking.

3. Fermentation. The fresh grape juice is put into the fermentation tank for fermentation. In the fermentation process, the enzyme bacteria and yeast in the grape react with glucose to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide. When the alcohol content reaches 13% - 15%, the fermentation stops automatically.

4. Aging. After fermentation, the wine can't be drunk immediately, so it needs to be aged to make the unique quality of wine full-bodied and mellow.

5. Pour the bucket. In the aging stage, the wine is in a relatively static state, and the remaining particles will slowly sink into the wine

Wine

This entry is compiled and applied by "popular science China" Science Encyclopedia

to examine

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Wine is a kind of fruit wine made from grapes.

development history

Ancient Persia is one of the birthplaces of ancient civilization. Most historians believe that Persia may be the first country in the world to make wine.

With the ancient wars and commercial activities, the method of wine making spread to Israel, Syria, Asia Minor and Arab countries. Because Arab countries believe in Islam and Islam advocates prohibition, the wine making industry in Arab countries is declining and almost banned. Later, the method of wine making spread from Persia and Egypt to Greece, Rome and Gaul (that is, France). Then, the brewing technology and consumption habits of wine spread from Greece, Italy and France to European countries.

Historical Archaeology

According to foreign media reports, after studying and analyzing a batch of ancient pottery pots, scientists found that human beings may have started to make wine as early as 8000 years ago, hundreds of years earlier than the earliest known time of making wine.

According to the report, scientists said that they found pottery pots with residual wine compounds in two sites south of Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia. These 8000 year old pottery pots became the "earliest" evidence of human wine making.

Before these pots were unearthed, the earliest pottery used for wine making was found in northwestern Iran in 1968. These pottery can be traced back to about 7000 years ago.

The researchers believe that the discovery is the first evidence that humans grow wild Eurasian vines and use them exclusively for wine making. The wine may be made in a way similar to that of Georgia red wine, the researchers said, "flattening the grapes first and then fermenting the stems and seeds of the grapes together.".

In 1915, Zhang Bishi led a "Chinese industrial delegation" to the United States. It coincided with a grand gathering in San Francisco to celebrate the opening of the Panama Canal and hold an international commodity competition. Zhang took his "Keya brandy", "rose red wine" and "Qiongyao pulp" to the exhibition and evaluation, and all won. Later, "Keya brandy" was changed to "Golden Award brandy", which has been used all the time.

The biographies of Dawan in historical records: in 138 BC, Zhang Qian was sent to the western regions at the order of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. He saw that "the left and right of Wan used grapes as wine, and the rich stored more than ten thousand stones of wine, and those who had been for a long time were invincible at the age of several decades.". Later, "the Han emissary actually came, so the emperor began to plant alfalfa, Pu Tao, and fertilize the land..." In the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, farmers in the Central Plains had learned that grapes could be used for wine making, and introduced Eurasian grapes into the Central Plains. At the same time, they also brought in wine makers. Since the Western Han Dynasty, there have been wine makers from the West in China.

In the 14th year of Zhenguan (640 AD), Emperor Taizong ordered Hou Junji, the general manager of Jiaohe River, to lead his troops to pacify Gaochang. Gaochang has always been rich in grapes. In the northern and Southern Dynasties, it paid tribute to the Liang Dynasty. "Ban Fu Yuan GUI Juan 970" records that "he Po Gao Chang collected horse milk Pu Tao, which was actually planted in the garden, and obtained its wine method. The emperor made the wine from profit and loss. All the eight colors, spicy and strong, were awarded to the officials, and the capital began to recognize its flavor.". That is to say, after the Tang Dynasty broke the Gaochang state, it collected Maru grapes and put them in the courtyard, and obtained the technology of wine making. After revising the technical data, Taizong of Tang Dynasty brewed wine with strong aroma and shared it with the ministers. This is the first time that history books clearly recorded that the inland used the method of wine making from the western regions. The poet Wang Xinjian wrote in his poem "tasting wine" like this: "when you wake up, you will see the red glow. Light hand luminous cup, Fang Yi crystal cup. Booze zijiaxing, slightly drunk entertainment Huan Wan. I'm sorry to meet you, but don't get to know you late. " At that time, from the east of Chang'an city to Qujiang, there were all Huji wine shops selling Western Region wine.

type

There are many varieties of wine, because of the different cultivation of grape and the different production conditions of wine, the product styles are different.

According to the latest wine standard of China (GB 15037-2006), wine is a kind of alcoholic drink which is made from fresh grapes or grape juice and fermented in whole or in part. The alcohol content is not less than 7.0%.

According to the color of the wine

1. White wine: made from white grapes or grapes with red skin and white flesh. The color of the wine is yellowish green, almost colorless or light yellow, straw yellow, golden yellow. Dark yellow, earth yellow, brown yellow or brown yellow do not meet the color requirements of white wine.

2. Red wine: it is made from grapes with red skin and white flesh or red skin and flesh by fermentation of grape skin and juice. The color of the wine is natural deep ruby red, ruby red, purplish red or garnet red. The color of yellow brown, brown or earth Brown does not meet the color requirements of red wine.

3. Peach red wine: it is made by skin fermentation or separate fermentation of colored red grapes. The wine color is light red, pink, orange or rose. If the color is too dark or too light, it does not meet the requirements of peach red wine. This kind of wine has freshness and obvious fruit flavor, and the tannin content should not be too high. Rose aroma grape, Pinot Noir, Carrey, French blue and other varieties are suitable for making peach red wine. In addition, red and white wine can also be regarded as peach red wine.

According to sugar content

1. Dry wine: the sugar content is lower than 4G / L, no sweet taste, clean, elegant, harmonious aroma of fruit and wine.

2. Semi dry wine: the sugar content is 4-12g / L, slightly sweet. The taste of the wine is clean, elegant and round, with harmonious and pleasant fruit and wine aroma.

3. Semi sweet wine: with sugar content of 12-45g / L, it has sweet, smooth and pleasant fruit and wine aroma.

4. Sweet wine: sugar content is more than 45g / L, with sweet, mellow, comfortable and smooth taste, with harmonious fruit and wine aroma.

According to carbon dioxide content

1. Static wine without self fermentation or artificial addition of CO2 is called static wine, that is, static wine.

2. Sparkling wine and sparkling wine which contain a certain amount of CO2 gas can be divided into two categories

① Sparkling wine: CO2 is produced by wine fermentation with sugar. The sparkling wine produced in the region of French champagne is called champagne, which enjoys a high reputation in the world. The same type of products produced in other regions are not allowed to be called champagne according to international practice, and are generally called sparkling wine.

② Sparkling wine: adding CO2 to wine artificially is called sparkling wine. Because of the effect of CO2, the wine has a fresh, pleasant and refreshing taste.

According to the brewing method

1. Natural wine: the raw material of grape is used for fermentation, and sugar and alcohol are not added in the fermentation process. The method of improving the sugar content of raw material is selected to improve the alcohol content of finished product and control the residual sugar content.

2. Strengthen wine: after fermenting into original wine, add brandy or deodorizing alcohol to improve the alcohol content, which is called strengthen dry wine. Both add brandy or alcohol, and add sugar to improve the alcohol content and sugar called to strengthen the sweet wine, China called strong sweet wine.

3. Flavored wine: it is made by soaking aromatic plants in grape wine and then blending, which belongs to appetizer type wine, such as Weimeisi, clove wine and osmanthus wine; or it is made by soaking medicinal materials in grape wine and elaborately blending, which belongs to tonic type wine, such as ginseng wine.

4. Grape distilled wine: it is obtained by distilling excellent grape wine, or by distilling pressed grape skin residue after fermentation, or by distilling skin residue separated from grape pulp by grape juice separator after fermentation with sugar water. Generally, brandy is carefully blended, while grape wine is not blended.

By alcohol content

1. Soft drink wine (or no bubble wine): bonus, white two color. This kind of wine is called table wine, and its alcohol content is below 14 degrees.

2. Sparkling wine: produced in champagne, Burgundy, Moselle, USA, etc., with alcohol content no more than 14 degrees.

3. Fortified wine / fortified wine

Chinese PinYin : Pu Tao Jiu