Yulinglong

The treasure of the town garden of Shanghai Yu Garden is also known as the three peaks of Jiangnan, Suzhou Rui Yun Feng and Hangzhou crepe peak. The peak is about 3 meters high, 1.5 meters wide, 80 cm thick and weighs about 3 tons. It has the beauty of wrinkle, leakage, thinness and transparency of Taihu stone.

narcissu

synonym

Yulinglong (Narcissus of Lycoris family) generally refers to Narcissus (perennial herb of Lycoris family)

Narcissus tazetta (< IL. Var. < ichinensis < / iroem.): also known as Chinese Narcissus, is a variety of Narcissus multiflora. It is a perennial herb of Lycoris family. The leaves of Narcissus extract from the green and white tubular sheath at the top of the bulb, and the flower stem (commonly known as arrow) is extracted from the leaves. Generally, each bulb can draw 1-2 flower stems, and the most can reach 8-11 flower stems in umbels. Most of the petals were 6, and the end of petals was goose yellow. There is a bowl like protective cover outside the stamen. Bulbs ovate to broadly ovate globose, covered with brown tunica. The leaves are long and narrow, and the capsule is dehiscent. It blooms in spring.

Narcissus is warm, moist and well drained. It has been cultivated for more than 1000 years in China. It is a traditional ornamental flower and one of the top ten famous flowers in China.

The bulbs of Narcissus are juicy and poisonous. They contain many alkaloids such as lycorine and Narcissus. They are used as analgesics in surgery. The bulbs are smashed and applied to treat carbuncle. When cattle and sheep eat bulbs by mistake, spasm, pupil dilation and sudden diarrhea appear immediately.

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History of Botany

introduction

The original Chinese Narcissus was introduced from Italy in the Tang Dynasty. It is a variety of French Narcissus with more than 1000 years of cultivation history in China. After thousands of years of breeding, it has become one of the world's unique Narcissus and one of the top ten traditional Chinese flowers.

The earliest reliable document recording the introduction of Narcissus into China is a passage in Beihu Lu: "Sun Guangxian continued to note that he was engaged in Jiangling day, hosted a Tibetan guest Mu Simi, tasted several Narcissus flowers, picked them from water vessels, and did not wither for many years." It means that musmi, a Persian living in Jiangling, presented sun Guangxian with some Narcissus flowers. Sun Guangxian was an important poet of Huajian School in the late Tang and Five Dynasties. At that time, he worked in Jiangling, which is equivalent to Jingzhou in Hubei Province. Therefore, it is generally certain that Chinese Narcissus was introduced from abroad, probably in Jingzhou, Hubei Province. Qu Yuan's image of xingyinzepan is quite similar to Narcissus, a narcissistic God by the water in Greek legend. At that time, the Tibetan immigrants who came from Narcissus did as the Romans did, so they used Narcissus, the native name of Chu, to replace Qu Yuan's Western name. This should be the source of the Chinese name Narcissus.

Song and Yuan Dynasties

After Narcissus was introduced into Jingzhou, it was first planted and spread in this area. Since then, the literary works of singing Narcissus in the Northern Song Dynasty were highly concentrated in Northern Hubei and Western Henan with Jingzhou and Xiangyang as the center. Huang Tingjian praised the narcissus for its "fragrance and body element, and the alum is the younger brother, and the plum is the elder brother" (Wang chongdao sent fifty Narcissus flowers, happily knowing and chanting for them).

In the Southern Song Dynasty, the spread of Narcissus was more extensive, and there were traces of Narcissus in the whole Jiangnan area. The cultivation center was moved to Lin'an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) and the coastal areas of Fujian and Zhejiang, which is recorded in various local chronicles of the Southern Song Dynasty. The commercial production of Narcissus also flourished in this area. For example, Liu Xueji of the Southern Song dynasty recorded that the Narcissus planted in Jianyang (now belonging to Nanping City, Fujian Province) was "as green as onion and as long as Allium macrostemon".

The rise of Narcissus cultivation in the coastal areas of Fujian and Zhejiang in the Southern Song Dynasty was due to biological and sociological reasons. The southeast coast is the distribution center of overseas trade, and it is easy to obtain alien species directly from overseas. Narcissus originated from the Mediterranean coast is also more suitable to be planted in the southeast coastal areas of China. Zhejiang and Northern Fujian are close to the capital city Lin'an at that time, which is the focus area of politics, economy and social population at that time, which is conducive to the development of commodity production of this ornamental consumer species. This production and planting situation established the basic pattern and the corresponding industrial tradition of Narcissus cultivation and distribution in China.

The cultivation and distribution of Narcissus in the Yuan Dynasty basically continued the situation of the Southern Song Dynasty. Looking up the local chronicles of the Yuan Dynasty in the local chronicles series of song and Yuan Dynasties, the local products in the local chronicles of changguozhou (Dade) were recorded, and Narcissus was found in the flowers. Literature and art is a reflection of real life. In Yuan Dynasty, whether it is literature or painting works with Narcissus as the theme, the author's living areas are highly concentrated in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Fujian, reflecting the characteristics of Narcissus cultivation and distribution in Yuan Dynasty.

Ming and Qing Dynasties

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the planting scope of Narcissus was further expanded. Except Zhejiang, Fujian, Hubei and Hunan, there were records of Narcissus in Anhui, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi and Hainan. For example, there are many products in the annals of guangdezhou (Jiajing), Nan'an (Jiajing), Pu'an (Jiajing), Hongya (Jiajing), Leizhou (Wanli), Yunnan (Kangxi) and Guangxi (Qianlong) Narcissus is recorded in all the books.

Narcissus cultivation in the south of Jiangsu Province has developed obviously, and some famous producing areas have been formed, and many excellent varieties have appeared. Wang Shimao of Jiajing, in his book xuepu Zashu, said that "the flower with heavy platform is the most precious, and the Narcissus with single petal is the most precious. Jiading short leaves, high flowers, the best species. Wanli Yu Ruoying's preface to daffodils in Jinling huapin Yong also says that "there are daffodils everywhere in the south of the Yangtze River, but the most common species are in Jiading of Wuzhong, where the other species are hidden in the leaves while the flowers are clustered in the leaves". All of these are said to be produced in Jiading County (i.e. Jiading County, Suzhou Prefecture in Ming Dynasty, Shanghai city today), with single petal, short leaf, high flower and high quality. It can also be confirmed that "Wuzhong daffodils are the most abundant in Jiading, Shanghai and Jiangyin" in the history of runanpu by Zhou Wenhua of Wanli. In addition to the above-mentioned areas rich in Narcissus, Wuxian county (now Suzhou, Jiangsu Province) also produces Narcissus, which mainly comes from "Guangfu (now Guangfu Town, Wuzhong District) along Taihu Lake". According to the local chronicles of Suzhou in Ming Dynasty, Narcissus is also recorded in the local chronicles of Suzhou (Zhengde), Wujiang county (Jiajing) and taicangzhou (Jiajing). All kinds of signs show that since Jiajing of Ming Dynasty, the areas of Jiading and Wuxian in Suzhou have become the center of Narcissus cultivation, which has a great influence. In addition, Qianshan in Haining County of Hangzhou is also famous for producing Narcissus. Cao Xuequan's Hangzhou Fu Zhi Sheng recorded that "Qianshan produces Narcissus". At the end of Ming Dynasty, Narcissus breeding base and trade also appeared in Beijing. In the scenery of the imperial capital by Chongzhen, Liu Dong and others, "the grass bridge in the south of youanmenwai" and "the people living there were born of flowers". The spread of Narcissus in Ming Dynasty was expanded and the development of marketization was illustrated.

In the Qing Dynasty, Narcissus was further marketed and sold to Guangdong. This situation continued until the Qianlong period. Notes to the poem "Narcissus" written by Bi Yuan of Qianlong: "the iron handle is famous in the West Village of Deng Weishan (yinzhe note: it is located in Guangfu Town, Wuzhong District today). The local people have many kinds of Narcissus as their business." In the early Qing Dynasty, Qu Dajun's Guangdong new language recorded that "Narcissus head (quoted by: bulb) came from Wumen in autumn Every other year, they will not spend any more, they will buy it every year. ". Qianlong Zhang Jiuyue's "Qinyuanchun · gengxiangmen see Yi with Narcissus" notes: "Narcissus from Wumen or piaohai or duling to Yangcheng." It's all about the trade of Narcissus from Suzhou to Guangdong. At this time, Narcissus in Jinling (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) also began to flourish. In the early Qing Dynasty, Li Yu wrote "Jinling Narcissus is the first in the world. Those who plant this flower and sell it to people can also take charge of the right to create things. If you want it early, it will be early, and if you want it late, it will be late." When you buy it, you plant it for the basin and stone. "This is about the production and trade of Narcissus in Jinling.

In the middle and later period of Kangxi, the focus of Narcissus cultivation was transferred to Fujian again, and Zhangzhou Narcissus rose suddenly. Fujian is a traditional producing area of Narcissus in China. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Jianyang was famous for its rich production of Narcissus. In the Ming Dynasty, there were records of Narcissus in Funing, Fuzhou and Quanzhou, but there was no record of Narcissus in Zhangzhou. We look up the existing Zhangzhou Prefecture and its county annals in Ming Dynasty, such as (Zhengde) Daming Zhangzhou Prefecture annals, (Jiajing) Longxi County annals (1535 Edition), (Wanli) Zhangzhou Prefecture annals (1573 edition and 1613 Edition), and (Chongzhen) Haicheng county annals (1633 Edition). Narcissus is not recorded in the property annals. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Chen Zhengxue, a Bachelor of Longxi County, said in Guanyuan vegetation knowledge that "Zhangnan is warm in winter, and most Narcissus flowers are not used as flowers", which may explain the reason. This shows that Narcissus was planted in Zhangzhou in Ming Dynasty, but it is not prominent. In the early period of Kangxi, Narcissus in Zhangzhou mainly came from the south of the Yangtze River. According to the annals of Zhangpu County (Kangxi) published in the 39th year, "Narcissus flowers can also be produced by local people, but those from the south of the Yangtze River are very prosperous."

From the middle and late period of Kangxi, Narcissus in Longxi County of Zhangzhou Prefecture began to show its own way and had an impact. Longxi County annals of Kangxi (published in 56) "Narcissus grows in Suzhou at the end of the year, but not in local products.". That is to say, Narcissus planting and sales in Longxi County are relatively prosperous, and supply exceeds demand. Huang Shufan, who was an envoy to Taiwan at the end of Kangxi and the beginning of Yongzheng, wrote in the record of envoys to Taiwan: "the city of Guangdong marked Taiwan water

Chinese PinYin : Yu Ling Long