The Yarlung Zangbo River

The Yarlung Zangbo River

This entry is compiled and applied by "popular science China" Science Encyclopedia

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Yarlung Zangbo River: the longest plateau River in China, located in Tibet Autonomous Region, is also one of the highest rivers in the world. The jiemayangzong glacier, which originates from the northern foot of the Himalayas in southwest Tibet, is called Maquan River in the upstream. It passes through southern Tibet from west to East, bypasses Namjagbarwa peak at the easternmost end of the Himalayas, turns southward, and flows out of China through baxika. Water energy is abundant, second only to the Yangtze River in China. The Yarlung Zangbo River Grand Canyon at the turn of the Yarlung Zangbo River is the world's largest canyon, which has been certified by the world record association of China as the world's deepest canyon and the world's longest canyon.

Historical changes

The origin of the name

The Yarlung Zangbo River is called yangqiab Zangbo in ancient Tibetan, which means the water flowing down from the highest peak.

Its source has three branches: the North Branch originates from the Gangdise mountains, which is called marongzangbo; the middle branch is called qiemarongdong, which is considered to be the main source of the Yarlung Zangbo River because of its large annual water volume; the South Branch originates from the Himalayas, which is called Kubi Zangbo, which has a large annual water volume in summer. The section from the confluence of the three tributaries to Lizi is collectively referred to as Maquan River, but in zhadong area, it is also called dabulazangbo, which means Mahe in Tibetan, or mazangzangbo, which means mother river in Tibetan. Razi area is called yangquezangbu. To the west of Razi, the Yarlung Zangbo River is collectively referred to as dazhukabu, which in Tibetan means water flowing from the mouth of a good horse.

Qushui is called Yalu in Tibetan, and Yalong (named after Yalong Qu in Shannan area) is the area where the river flows to Shannan. Therefore, this river is called Yalong Zangbo. But in Qushui area, it is called Yalu, because the exact pronunciation of "Lu" in Tibetan is "long", which means the river flowing through the valley plain above Qushui, so the whole section of the river is called Yalu Zangbo River.

Historical evolution

The ancient culture bred by the Yarlung Zangbo River has a long history. The Neolithic culture in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin is represented by Linzhi and Motuo. In Linzhi county and Motuo County, stone tools, pottery pieces, axes, knives, chisels and other relics were collected.

In the late Neolithic period, many tribes were formed in all parts of Tibet. Around the 3rd century B.C., as the leader of Yalong tribe, niechizanpu first appeared in the history of Tibet as Zanpu (meaning king), and established the Tubo kingdom of tribal slavery.

The Yarlung Zangbo River is not only the cradle of the birth and development of Tibetan civilization, but also the witness of Sino Tibetan cultural exchanges. In the history of communication between Han and Tibet, the three most memorable events are Princess Wencheng's marriage to Tibet, Princess Jincheng's marriage to the West and the alliance stele of Tang and Tibet. They fully illustrate the flesh and blood relationship between the Han and Tibetan people and their cultures, which have their own characteristics and interact with each other.

Tibetan worships Buddhism generally and sincerely. To worship Buddhism and believe in religion, there must be temples. There are many temples in the Yarlung Zangbo River Valley, and the ancient temple bells can be heard in the valleys and streams or in the mountains. Among the numerous temples, potala palace and tashilumbu temple are the most representative.

The Yarlung Zangbo River Basin is rich and beautiful. It nurtures the fertile land on both sides of the Strait. It is the cradle of Tibetan people's culture. As a "Tianhe", the Yarlung Zangbo River brings not only the past, but also a brilliant future to the Tibetan people.

In the early morning of October 17, 2018, a landslide occurred 5 km downstream of Gala village, Pai Town, Milin County, Linzhi City, blocking the Yarlung Zangbo River. Main entry: barrier lake of Yarlung Zangbo River

General situation of main stream

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Yarlung Zangbo River: the source of Yarlung Zangbo River is RJE mag.yang vdzoms glacier in the northern foot of Himalayas in Tibet, China, and the upstream is called RTA mchog Kha VBAB), from west to East, traverses southern Tibet; after passing through Milin, it cuts through Himalayas to the north of Motuo, bypasses Namjagbarwa peak at the easternmost end of Himalayas and turns southward to form Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon, the world's largest Grand Canyon; then it goes out of China's actual control line (i.e. McMahon line) in bashika, passes through southern Tibet, and then enters Assam state in India, which is renamed Brahmaputra River, which is called Jamuna River after entering Bangladesh, converges with Ganges River in Bangladesh and finally flows into bay of Bengal to form the largest Delta in the world.

The Yarlung Zangbo River forms a huge Valley in the southern part of China, which is an important highland barley producing area in China. After entering India, it is called Brahmaputra River, which is an important tea producing area in India.

Every summer is the flood season of the Yarlung Zangbo River, and its main supply source is the melting water of ice and snow on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau and the abundant precipitation brought by the summer monsoon from the southwest.

The jiemayangzong glacier originates from the northern foot of the Himalayas in southwest Tibet. The Yarlung Zangbo River runs through the south of Tibet from west to East and turns to the north near Milin county

Trend of main stream

After passing through Bangladesh, it is renamed Jamuna river. After meeting with Ganges River in its territory, it flows into the bay of Bengal in the Indian Ocean. The total length of the river is 2104km. The river in Tibet is 2057km long, with a total drop of 5435m. The average gradient of the river is the highest in China. The river basin is long and narrow in east-west direction, with a maximum East-West length of more than 1450km and a maximum north-south width of 290km, with an average altitude of 4500m. The terrain is high in the West and low in the East, with the lowest in the southeast. The total area of the river basin is 240480 square kilometers, accounting for 20% of the total area of all river basins in Tibet, and about 40.8% of the total area of the outflow river systems in Tibet, ranking fifth in the area of all river basins in China.

The Yarlung Zangbo River in Tibet is 2057 km long, divided into three sections: upstream, midstream and downstream.

① The upper reaches. The section from jiemayang zongqu to Lizi, the main source of the Yarlung Zangbo River, is the upper reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River. The river length of the section is about 268 km, accounting for 13% of the total river length of the Yarlung Zangbo River, and the catchment area of the section accounts for 1% of the total basin area. The altitude is 4 530-5 590 m, and the water surface drop is about 1 060 M. The valley in the upper reaches is plateau wide valley type, with Valley width of 1 000-2 000 m, many branches and river bars, many swamps and lakes. Both sides of the basin are dominated by crescent dunes. (2) middle reach. In the section from Lizi to paizhen, Milin County, the river length is about 1 340 km, accounting for 65% of the total length of the Yarlung Zangbo River, and the catchment area in the section accounts for 68% of the total area of the whole basin. The water surface drop is 1200 meters and the river bed elevation is 4600-2800 meters. The main tributaries flowing into the reach are duoxiong Zangbo, Nianchu River, Lhasa River, Niyang River, PALONG Zangbo, etc. The canyons in the river reach are wide and narrow with Beaded shape. They are all wide valley river reaches, mainly including ganglai, renqingding, tuoxia, Yongda, sangriyijiacha, LANGXIAN and rimin canyons. Renqingding gorge is a continuous gorge with a length of 49 km, a water surface width of 80 m, a drop of 110 m and a bottom width of 100-200 M. SANGRI Jiacha gorge is 37 kilometers long, with a water surface width of about 50 meters and a drop of 270 meters. Its banks are more than 500 meters above the water surface and its bottom is 80-100 meters wide. There are two waterfalls and 13 water drops of about 1 meter in this section of gorge. The middle reaches are the main farming areas in Tibet. (3) downstream reach. From Pai town to the exit of Milin County, the length of the river is about 496.3 km, accounting for 24% of the total length of the Yarlung Zangbo River. The water surface drop is 2725m, accounting for 50.1% of the total River drop, and the catchment area in the section accounts for 21% of the total basin. The section between Milin county and lidongqiao in paizhen in the lower reaches of Yarlung Zangbo River forms a U-shaped bend around Namjagbarwa peak, which is a famous bend in the world. The total length of the bend is 213km, with a total drop of 2190m. From the peak of Namjagbarwa to the water surface of the Yarlung Zangbo River in Motuo, the elevation difference between the two places is about 7100 meters, and the vertical distance between the water surface is 40 kilometers, forming a unique landscape from the permanent ice and snow zone to the subtropical and tropical zones. The neotectonic movement in the canyon section is strong, with many earthquakes and developed faults. The tributaries of the lower reaches are mostly converged at the bend of the main stream. The average flow velocity of the river is 8 m / s, and the local flow velocity is 16 m / s. The hydropower resources at the great bend are about 70 million kilowatts, accounting for about 2 / 3 of the natural hydropower reserves of the whole Yarlung Zangbo River and about 1 / 10 of the national hydropower reserves. The average annual flow of the mainstream of the Yarlung Zangbo River is about 4425 cubic meters per second, second only to the Yangtze River and the Pearl River, ranking third in China. The natural water energy reserves of the main stream and five tributaries are nearly 100 million kilowatts, second only to the Yangtze River Basin, ranking second in China.

geographical environment

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To the south of the Yarlung Zangbo River stands the world's tallest and youngest Himalayas, and to the north are the Gangdise mountains and nyainqentanglah mountains. Between the north and the south is the valley of southern Tibet, which is called "Luoka" in Tibetan language, meaning "south". The valley is a wide and gentle zone with east-west trend, and the Yarlung Zangbo River lies quietly in the valley. Consistent with the landform of the valley, the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin is long and narrow from east to west and short from north to south. The maximum length from east to west is about 1500 km, while the maximum width from north to south is only 290 km.

In 1975, the Chinese Academy of Sciences organized the comprehensive scientific research on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau

Chinese PinYin : Ya Lu Cang Bu Jiang